Psych 273 Exam 4 (Ch 12-15)

As a result of an industrial accident Phineas Gage suffered bilateral damage to the ____ cortex.

orbitofrontal

A prominent structural asymmetry in the brains of typical humans is apparent in the _______, which is located on the superior surface of the _______ lobe.

planum temporale; temporal

A principle effect of the drug chlorpromazine is the

postsynaptic blocking of dopamine receptors

The delay, measured in milliseconds, between presentation of a stimulus and an individual's response to it is called _______ time.

reaction

The primary pharmacological treatment of Tourette's syndrome are

dopamine D2 receptor antagonists

Many first-generation neuroleptic drugs have a high affinity for postsynaptic _______ receptors, which they _______.

dopamine D2; block

The frontal eye field and intraparietal sulcus (IPS) make up the cortical network called the

dorsal frontoparietal system

Which brain area(s) is/are implicated in patient K.C.'s inability to recall autobiographical details of his life from many years before his accident?

frontal and parietal cortex

The _____ is (are) critically important for establishing gaze in accordance with ____ processes and cognitive goals

frontal eye fields; top-down

Adult rats living in enriched conditions have more neurons in the

hippocampus

bird species that cache food in many locations have a relatively large ____, which facilitates ____ learning and allows the birds to find the food fat a later time

hippocampus; spatial

The "easy problem of consciousness" refers to understanding

how particular patterns of neural activity create specific conscious experiences

One of the revealing finds of neuroeconomics is that

humans are risk-averse

Tricyclic antidepressants

inhibit the reuptake of norepinephrine, serotonin, and/or dopamine.

Declarative memory is said to deal with ____ questions.

"what"

Which drug, when used repetitively can produce a state akin to schizophrenia

Amphetamine

The adage "cell that fire together, wire together" refers to a hypothesis proposed by

Donald Hebb

The risk of developing schizophrenia is highest for which population?

Individuals who were exposed to an infection during gestation

Which of the following represents the correct sequence of the brain events that determine reaction time on a choice reaction time test?

Retina,LGN,V1 V2,V4, inferior temporal lobe, prefrontal cortex, premotor cortex, primary motor cortex, spinal cord, finger muscle

Which response is a negative symptom of schizophrenia?

Social withdrawal

Which feature of birdsong suggests it is analogous to human speech?

Some birds require early exposure to species-typical birdsong in order to develop their characteristic song

You feel a splinter in your hand and look down to examine it. Which brain area controls the movement of your eyes toward the object of your attention (the splinter)?

Superior colliculus

A model of the environmental stress and genetics involved in schizophrenia proposes that the disease emerges from

The interaction of stress and genetic factors

OCD and _______ are believed to be part of a spectrum of related disorders.

Tourette's syndrome

What did patient H.M.'s case, plus data from experiments with monkeys prove about brain regions needed to make new declarative memories?

We need at least one intact medial temporal lobe (including hippocampus) in order to make a new declarative memories

Hemispheric specialization is also know as

lateralization

Disturbance in reading is called

alexia

People with damage to the ____ have trouble with tasks involving skill learning, such as the Tower of Hanoi problem

basal ganglia

The most convincing evidence for a link between LTP and learning comes from

behavioral LTP

The mirror-tracing task is classified as a ____ skill, whereas learning to read mirror-reversed text is an example of a ____ skill

motor; verbal

____ pregnant women will show symptoms of depression

1 out of every 7

A person whose brother has schizophrenia has a ___% chance of developing the disease as well

17

As much as _______% of the adult population in the United States experiences psychiatric symptoms in the course of a year.

19

The average reaction time in an uncomplicated choice reaction time test (i.e., the time it takes from the initial visual signal until the subject pushes the choice button) is approximately ____ms.

250

The concordance rat for depression disorders in identical twins is about ___ compared to ___ for fraternal twins.

40%; 20%

The study by Soon et al. showed that brain activity associated with making a decision appeared in fMRI scans up to _______ seconds before subjects were consciously aware of making the decision.

5-10

Atypical neuroleptics tend to be more effective on _______ receptors.

5-HT2A

Children show evidence of sensitivity to the "rules" of language by the age of _______ months.

7

Which scenario provides an example of instrumental (or operant) conditioning?

A cat learns that raising a paw to beg results in a dish of milk

Which statement about schizophrenia and ventricular changes is false?

Almost all patients with both schizophrenia and enlarged ventricles have denser tissue in other brain regions.

Which statement about cortical thinning and the development of schizophrenia is true?

Although thinning of cortical gray matter is a normal part of adolescent brain development, in schizophrenia, gray matter is lost over wider regions and at a faster pace

Compared with controls, during emotional processing depressed people show increased activation in the ____, and during cognitively demanding tasks they show increased activity in the ____.

Amygdala; Frontal lobes

Which symptom is an example of an obsession?

An overwhelming fear that something terrible will happen at any moment

The unconscious shifts in attention that came about in response to important changes in out environment are considered _____ processes

Bottom-up

Patients with ____ are likely to have right-sided weakness or partial paralysis; those with _____ are likely to experience right-sided numbness

Broca's aphasia; Wernicke's aphasia

Because apes seem able to learn a version of American Sign Language (ASL), some researchers have concluded that they are able to acquire language. Those who disagree, however, offer which criticism of this conclusion?

Chimpanzees may only be imitating the gestures of trainers

research shows that rats living in enriched conditions have more dendritic branches on cortical neurons and enhance activity of ___ neurons throughout the cortex

Cholinergic

Which last-resort psychosurgical intervention has been shown to produce reduction in the strength of obsessive-compulsive disorder symptoms?

Cingulotomy

Which method has not been used to treat depression?

Cingulotomy

"where's Waldo?" is a puzzle in which one must find the right combination of features to identify Waldo in a busy scene. Which type of attentional process does this refer to?

Conjunction search

People with posttraumatic stress disorder exhibit a long-term reduction in

Cortisol

Which gene has been associated with schizophrenia?

DISC1

repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) has been promoted as a treatment for

Depression

The monoamine hypothesis of depression proposes that

Depression is a result of too little stimulation at monoamine synapses

In the shadowing experiment, subjects are presented simultaneously with different stimuli to each ear and asked to focus their attention only on one ear. The result is that subjects are unable to report much about the content in the unattended ear. Which form of attentional processing accounts for this difficulty

Early selection

Which statement provides evidence that bipolar disorder has much in common with schizophrenia?

Families with a history of bipolar disorder are more likely than other families to contain individuals with schizophrenia

Which region of cortex is crucial for face recognition?

Fusiform gyrus

The antianxiety effects of benzodiazepines are related to effects on receptors for which transmitter?

GABA

Which response is a positive symptom of schizophrenia?

Hallucinations

Some patients with PTSD have anatomical anomalies of the _____

Hippocampus

Which statement most accurately describes the role of heredity in depression?

Increased susceptibility for depression can be inherited though there is no single gene responsible for depression

When focusing attention on an, for example, an image of a tree (not simply gazing at it) which part of the brain shows enhanced activity?

Intraparietal sulcus

A proposed treatment for PTSD involves using beta-adrenergic antagonist drugs either just before or after the traumatic event. What is the effect of this treatment?

It blocks the effects of epinephrine in the amygdala

What was the important discovery in Moran and Desimone's study on attention, which involved recording the activity of individual neurons in the monkey visual cortex while attention was shifted within each cell's receptive field?

It showed that when attention was focused on the preferred stimulus the cell produced many action potentials, but when attention (not gaze) was shifted, the stimulus provoked far fewer action potentials

Which statement about synapses is true?

Just like muscles, synapses respond to training; they can form or die back depending on use.

Which potential antidepressant currently under study has the potential benefit that it relieves depression almost instantly in contrast to SSRIs and SNRIs, which must be taken for several weeks before the effect is felt?

Ketamine (similar to PCP)

Which statement about childhood aphasia true?

Language abilities impaired by childhood brain injury are usually restored by adulthood.

The drug ____ is often used to treat bipolar disorder.

Lithium

Under resting conditions, NMDA receptors are unable to respond due to the presence of _______ in their central channels.

Mg2+ ions

Auditory attention produces an enhancement of the _______ ERP component, whereas visual attention produces enhancement of the _______ component.

N1; P1

In ERP studies of normal subjects it has been found that a grammatically correct sentence containing a word whose meaning does no fit into the sentence provokes a(n) ____ wave from _____cortex.

N400: temporoparietal

PCP and ketamine affect which type of postsynaptic receptor?

NMDA

Which statement about long-term potentiation (LTP) is false?

NMDA receptors are fully active only when "gated" by a strong depolarization (via AMPA) and ligand calcium

Phencyclidine can produce a state resembling schizophrenia through its interactions with _______ receptors, suggesting that the neurotransmitter _______ may be involved in schizophrenia.

NMDA; glutamate

Chlorpromazine is one of the classes of drugs that are also know as

Neuroleptics

A change in the processing of a stimulus on the basis of prior exposure to the same or similar stimuli is referred to as

Priming

Which type of nondeclarative memory is not affected by damage to the basal ganglia?

Priming

Which procedure in animals produces a state that serves as a mold of human depression?

Removal of the olfactory bulb

____ amnesia is a loss of memories that formed prior to a brain damaging event

Retrograde

Which drug type has been shown to inhibit the symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder?

SSRIs

Which type of drugs have been found to improve the symptoms of ADHD?

Stimulants

In PTSD when a traumatic memory is reactivated it returns to a labile state; it becomes even stronger when reconsolidated in the presence of

Stress hormones

A common movement disorder caused by traditional neuroleptics is called

Tardive dyskinesia

Some people who suffer from recurrent panic attacks have abnormalities in the

Temporal lobe

You have a distinct memory (memory trace) of falling off a slide when you were a child. You find this memory is getting more distant, and less vivid in your mind. What is most likely responsible for this change?

The memory is weakening due to interference from events that took place before and/or after the formation of your memory of falling off the slide

Antipsychotic drugs reduce the chance of relapse within the first two years. What is the effect over the long-term?

Their beneficial effect decreases

How do researchers obtain an ERP (event-related potential) reading

They take EEGs of participants doing a task repeatedly, and then average those readings

Which type of attention can be sustained over the longest period of time?

Voluntary

A patient speaks in a fluent manner, although her speech contains many paraphasias that make it unintelligible. She also demonstrates poor comprehension of verbal material. This patient is most likely suffering from _______ aphasia.

Wernicke's

A clinician is debating whether to prescribe SSRIs drugs or cognitive behavioral therapy as treatment for an individual with significant depressive symptoms. In order to potentially reach the best outcome in this case, which option would the clinician be likely to prescribe?

a combination of CHT and SSRIs for the greatest effect

The discovery of the relationship between syphilis and paralytic dementia revealed that

a mental disorder turned out to have a physiological cause

The relationship between the direction of the whorl of hair on the top of the head and handedness supports the idea that

a single gene has a major influence throughout the body

Which of the following is correct about the word "unbreakable"?

able is a morpheme

A 45-year old individual that played football all his life is showing signs of confusion and memory loss. If you were to examine his brain, what would you expect to find?

abnormal expression of tau

Damage to the _______, which transmits information between Wernicke's area and Broca's area leads to _______ aphasia.

acute fasciculus; conduction

Which intervention has been shown to reduce the symptoms of ADHD and improve task performance in affected children?

allowing children to fidget and engage in more intense physical activity

Henry Molaison's (patient H.M.) surgery involved removal of most of the hippocampus surrounding cortex from the temporal lobes and the

amydala

In the simplest form of nonassociative learning,

an organism becomes less responsive following repeated presentation of a stimulus.

In the Wada test, a short-acting ____ is injected into the carotid artery first on one side of the brain, then on the other

anesthetic

In a symbolic cuing task, ____ attention is shown to enhance processing, reducing reaction time to the stimulus, and ___ cues decrease reaction time the most

answer voluntary; valid

The most striking impairment suffered by Henry Molaison (patient H.M) was

anterograde amnesia

Drugs used to treat anxiety are collectively known as ____; a major class of these drugs-the benzodiazepines- exert their effects through interactions with ___ receptors.

anxiolytics; GABA

Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) findings

are inconsistent with the connectionist model of aphasia.

In early -selection models of attention, when is information filtered out?

at the level of sensory input

The ____ bottleneck refers to a filter that results from the limits of out attentional capacity.

attentional

Declarative episodic memory is also called

autobiographical memory

Imaging studies indicate that the learning of sensorimotor skills, perceptual skills, and cognitive skills are all affected by damage specifically to the

basal ganglia

Research has shown that if a suicidal person is prevented from committing suicide they will

be unlikely to ever try it again

_____ LTP refers to the induction of LTP through training of an animal in a memory task

behavioral

It has been proposed that PTSD can be reduced or eliminated by the administration of drugs that

block the effects of emotional stress on memory

In most split-brain patients, words presented to the left visual field

cannot be repeated verbally

In boxers the devastating effect of repeated blows to the head are evident in the development of progressive cognitive impairment called

chronic traumatic encephalopathy

Eye-blink conditioning is an example of _______ conditioning and has been used to study mammalian cerebellar circuits.

classical

The ____ is an area of gray matter within the white matter of forebrain, and is thought to play an important role in generating the experience of being conscious

claustrum

Information about corneal stimulation is transmitted to an area of cerebellar neurons via

climbing fibers

Despite high levels of background noise, you are able to selectively tune in to what your friend is saying in a crowded cafe. This selective enhancement is referred to as the ______ effect.

cocktail party

Male frogs seeking mates vocalize among birds, insects, and the chorus of other species of frogs. That females are able to locate male frogs of their species among all the ambient noise provides an example of the _______ effect.

cocktail party

Treatment for depression that is about as effective as SSRI treatment is called

cognitive behavioral therapy

_____ neural processing operations cannot be experienced through introspection and are therefore unconscious

cognitively impenetrable

The enlarged ventricles in the brains of some patients with schizophrenia

comes at the expense of volume of adjacent neural tissue

In classical conditioning a previously neutral stimulus when repeatedly paired with another (important) stimulus, becomes the

conditioned stimulus

You routinely order pizza from the same company, which is delivered in a red car with white stripes. After ordering pizza for a couple of years, you notice that any time see any red car with white stripes you feel hungry. For you, pizza delivery car has become a(n)

conditioned stimulus

Patients with Korsakoff's syndrome may ____ in an attempt to conceal gaps in their memory..

confabulate

Which of the following best describes the Wernicke-Geschwind model of aphasia?

connectionist

The three successive systems that are necessary for recall of a past event are encoding, ___, and retrieval

consolidation

If the process of encoding were prevented during learning, then _______ and _______ would also be disrupted.

consolidation; retrieval

According to some studies, stroke patients given _______ therapy can show about a 75% return of normal use of a paralyzed arm within a relatively short period of time.

constraint-induced movement

Patient K.C.

could not access memories of his own past

A person credited with having "eyes in the back of their head" more probably is skilled at

covert attention

The human brain shows a clear _______, during which exposure and practice with language must occur in order for language skills to develop normally

critical period

Synaptic plasticity can be demonstrated in relatively simple organisms like Aplysia. Short-term habituation of the gill-withdrawal reflex to repeated stimulation of the siphon is related to a(n)

decrease in the amount of neurotransmitter released at the sensory motor synapse

According to the concept of perceptual load, a large perceptual load

decreases perceptual resources for unattended items

Prevalence rates for ___ are much higher for women than for men.

depression

Bipolar disorder is characterized by repeated fluctuations of episodes of ___ and ___.

depression; mania

Which brain area(s) is/are implicated in encoding new declarative memories, as demonstrated by the case of patient N.A?

dorsomedial thalamus and mammillary bodies

Unusual groupings of cells in the outer layers of the cerebral cortex have been seen in postmortem studies of

dyslexia

Compared to animals placed in impoverished conditions, animals kept in enriched conditions have thicker cortices. This is evidence for the

effect on experience and learning on brain plasticity

Metacognition has thus far been identified in all of the following species except

elephants

What effect do benzodiazepines have on GABA synapses?

enhancement of GABA- mediated inhibition

Your friend asks you to describe the house you grew up in and what the rooms looked like. Your recollection of your childhood house involves ____ memory

episodic

The method of measuring averaged brain activity, called _____, tracks regional changes in brain activity faster than other brain-imaging techniques

event-related potential (ERP)

According to the dopamine hypothesis, schizophrenia is caused by a(n) _______ of dopamine release or a(n) _______ of dopamine receptors.

excess; excess

Which response is not a characteristic of the sleep of patients with depression?

excessive amount of stage 3 slow wave sleep

The primary symptom of hemispatial neglect is

failure to pay any attention to anything to the left of the midline of the body.

The amygdala is directly involved in

fear conditioning

A psychobiological model of PTSD draws connections among the symptoms and neural mechanisms of ____ , behavioral sensitization, and ____.

fear conditioning; extinction

You are looking for your friend at a hockey game. She is easy to find as she is wearing a purple sweater, while everyone else is wearing blue and white. Your behavior is an example

feature search

Patients with ____ lobe lesions struggle with task shifting and tend to ____ (continue beyond a reasonable degree in activity)

frontal; perseverate

The complete loss of the ability to understand language, or to speak, read, or write is called _______ aphasia

global

LTP in the hippocampal formation depends on the excitatory neurotransmitter

glutamate

On the basis of studies of the properties of PCP a _____ hypothesis of schizophrenia has been advanced

glutamate

The natural ligand for the AMPA receptor is

glutamate

Patients like patient H.M. can learn to read mirror-reversed text even though they don't remember practicing it, which demonstrates that their problem is not in learning verbal material, but instead is in

gorming new declarative memories

Entorhinal neurons that fire selectively when an animal crosses the intersection points of an abstract map of the local environment are called _______ cells.

grid

The so-called _______ problem of consciousness refers to the difficulty of understanding the brain processes that produce a person's subjective experience.

hard

The P3 component of auditory processing is associated with

higher-order cognitive processing of stimuli

Place cells, which are located in the ____, become active when an animal moves through its spatial environment or toward a particular location.

hippocampus

Which structure is not required for the conditioned eye-blink response in the rabbit?

hippocampus

Nondeclarative memory is said to deal with ____ questions?

how

In infants, the left planum temporale is larger than the right, suggesting that

humans have an inborn neural mechanism for language

In the delayed non-matching-to-sample task in monkeys the subject

identifies an unfamiliar object in a pair of objects

Under which circumstance would a doctor request that a patient undergo a Wada test?

if a patient may need to undergo neurosurgery

Inhibition of return refers to

impaired detection of stimuli at the previously attended location

In general, brain injury suffered _______ has less severe consequences than brain injury suffered _______.

in childhood; in adulthood

Astereognosis is the

inability to identify objects by touch or manipulation

A viewer closely focused on a complex task, such as being asked to count how many times a group of people throw a ball back and forth, may miss other nonattended stimuli such as dancers moving through the group of people. This is due to an attentional phenomenon called

inattentional blindness

Studies using fMRI show that in addition to face recognition, the fusiform region is also activated when identifying

individual members of other categories, such as birds or cars, especially if the viewer has relevant expertise in those categories

The _____ likely evolved because it prevents reflexive attention from settling on unimportant stimuli for more than an instant, a reaction that would be adaptive in animals foraging for food and/or scanning for predators

inhibition of return

Martin has been treated with lithium for bipolar disorder for most of his adult life. He finds he takes his medication for a while but then stops. The most likely reason he does this is because

it robs him of the exhilaration of the manic phase

Which statement about the evolution of languages is most accurate?

languages are being lost or absorbed as a result of increasing globalization

The experience of having your attention suddenly captured by hearing your name from across the room is support for which type of attentional selection model?

late-selection

In monkeys, direction of attention to particular locations regardless of stimulus modality is correlated with neural activity in the

lateral intraparietal area (LIP)

The ____ model of depression involves a repetitive stressful stimulus such as electric shock, from which there is no escape

learned helplessness

Nonverbal visual stimuli, such as faces or shapes, are recognized more accurately if they are presented to

left visual field

Which form of habituation represents a faster and faster habituation response across days, eventually leading to no response at all?

long-term habituation

Which memory store holds the largest number of items?

long-term memory

After a brief tetanus, the excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) response increases significantly and remains high. This greater responsiveness is called

long-term potentiation (LTP)

When information is retrieved from ____ memory, memories became temporarily unstable and are susceptible to alteration before they are ____ and are once again stable sometimes leading to false memories

long-term; reconsolidated

Anthony is an accomplished gamer, playing all the popular video games. There is some evidence to support the claim that upon analysis of his brain there would be

longer-latency ERP components compared to nongamers

People with Korsakoff's syndrome often show damage in parts of limbic system, especially the

mammillary bodies and dorsomedial thalamus

PET scans of brain activation during progressively more complex language processing tasks showed _______ in Broca's area as compared to activation during simple word repetition or reading aloud.

marked activation

The ____ is not needed to encode sensory information into short-term memory or to retrieve that information from it, but is required to move information from short-term into long-term memory

medial temporal lobe

Which symptom is not one of the forms of brain pathology associated with long-time boxers?

micropolygyria

_____ is an anatomical abnormality of developmental dyslexia that is associated with excessive cortical folding in areas such as the temporoparietal junction

micropolygyria

After a tetanus there are _______ AMPA receptors, and these receptors are _______ effective, so the synaptic response to glutamate is _______.

more; more; strengthened

Aphasic patients may produce nonsensical or meaningless words called

neologisms

The "hard problem of consciousness" refers to understanding

neural processes that result in a person's unique subjective experience

The study of brain mechanisms at work during economic decision making is called

neuroeconomics

The drug clomipramine has been shown to bring about significant improvement in many people suffering from

obsessive-compulsive disorder

An inability to reach for objects using visual guidance is referred to as ______. This phenomenon is typically seen in _____.

optic ataxia; Balint's syndrome

Diminished social insight, distractibility, and emotional lability are associated with injuries to the _______ cortex.

orbitofrontal

Reflective Attention is

oriented on the basis of sensory events

Attention in which the focus coincides with the individual's sensory orientation is called

overt attention

Reaction time is slower for the processing of complex versus simple stimuli because the processing of complex stimuli

participation of more brain pathways

Hillyard's classic study of auditory attention found that ERPs for attended stimuli are

particularly evident in the N1 component

When we focus on simple task or objects, out relatively light ____ allows for the processing of additional stimuli (i.e., multi-tasking)

perceptual load

Which response is the most commonly exhibited OCD symptom?

performing excessive or ritualized behaviors related to obsessions

Which state is the deepest degree of unconsciousness?

persistent vegetative state

The sounds that make up a language are called _____, and the system of rules for producing sentences is called _____

phonemes; grammar

TMS brain mapping has shown that _______ regions of Broca's area are important for _______ processing.

posterior; phonological

Benzodiazepines enhance GABA-mediated ____, reducing the excitability of postsynaptic neurons.

postsynaptic inhibition

You see a scary movie and are frightened several times as the movie plot unfolds. Later that night, at home, you find you are scared by sounds that normally do not bother you. This is an example of

priming

Birdsong is similar to human speech in that

proper expression of the FOXP2 gene appears to be crucial.

Bilateral damage to the fusiform gyrus results in

prosopagnosia

You are talking to a friend while waiting for a bus, and while you converse you are also aware of passing vehicles so you are sure not to miss your bus. Which structure is responsible for filtering out distracting stimuli while you talk to your friend and wait for the bus?

pullvinar

In humans, the _______ occupies the posterior quarter of the _______ and is involved in the orienting and shifting of attention.

pulvinar; thalamus

Prosopagnosia is the inability to

recognize faces

PET brain studies of schizophrenia have shown

reduced metabolic activity in the frontal lobes relative to other brain regions.

Your are at a train station and hear an extremely loud crash. You and everyone else immediately orient their attention to the location of the sound. This is an example of ____ attention.

reflexive

The dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia is challenged by data showing that clozapine

relieves the symptoms of schizophrenia via serotonin receptors

Which behavior would allow you to strengthen a memory (for ex while studying for an exam)?

repeated retrieval of the information

The goal of constraint-induced movement therapy is to encourage stroke patients to use the afflicted arm by _____ the unaffected arm

restraining

In LTP formation nitric oxide may serve as a(n)

retrograde transmitter

In LTP formation, nitric oxide may sever as a(n)

retrograde transmitter

Allowing the following may aid in stabilization after brain damage except

reverse transcription

A left-ear advantage for verbal sounds can be observed in up to 50% of

right-handed individuals

Abnormal visual tracking of moving objects is a symptom associated with

schizophrenia

Family studies of schizophrenia reveal that

schizophrenia is more evident among first-degree relatives of patients than it is among more distant relatives.

Treatment with L-dopa to control the symptoms of Parkinson's disease has been associated with the development of

schizophrenia-like symptoms

As related to memory, which term does not belong with the others

semantic

Knowing the meaning of a word, without knowing where or when you learned it, describes ____ memory

semantic

You are riding on the bus and catch a very brief glimpse of a ravine with rushing water as you pass over a bridge. The impression you have of the view is called an iconic memory or

sensory buffer

Anna has been diagnosed with deep dyslexia. The most obvious symptom she has is

she interprets a word when reading not as the word on the page but as a semantically related word

An example of the evolutionary significance of the attentional spotlight is the ability to

shifting our attention around the environment highlighting important stimuli for enhanced processing

A friend gives you a phone number but you don't have your phone with you so you concentrate on committing it to memory. As soon as you have called the number you forget it. The memory of the number would be classified as a ____ memory.

short-term

Which statement about language lateralization in monkeys is true?

similar to humans, monkeys show a preference for using the right ear (which has connects to the contralateral side) to listen to vocalization of conspecifics

A patient is shown a hammer and a wrench but can only attend to and identify one of these objects at a time. This condition is called ____ and is associated with_____.

simultagnosia; Balint's syndrome

Hemispatial neglect may led to a person's inability to notice stimuli on one half of the body even if both halves have been stimulated simultaneously. this phenomenon is referred to as

simultaneous extinction

The observation that NMDA receptor blockade interferes with performance in the Morris water maze provides and example of a ____ supporting the connection between LTP and memory

somatic intervention experiment

The challenge facing researchers who seek to study the functions of the brain hemispheres have many connections and function as one. This solution to this has been to study _____ patients in which the _____ has been cut, thereby separating the connection between the hemispheres

split brain; corpus callosum

When the term schizophrenia was first introduced in the early twentieth century, one of the original descriptions indicated that functions of the mind (e.g., memory, perception, etc.) in the sufferer were

split from one another

People with depression show different sleep patterns, a major one being a striking reduction of time spent in ____ sleep.

stage 3

In nonhuman primates, the brain regions in which electrical stimulation elicits vocalizations seem to be those involved in

strongly emotional behaviors, such as defense, attack, feeding, and sex behaviors

Prolonged treatment with traditional antipsychotic medications can lead to a sudden, dramatic increase in positive symptoms of schizophrenia, a condition known as

super sensitivity psychosis

A native English-speaking person with _____ dyslexia would have great difficulty reading the title the Tough Coughs as HE Ploughs the Dough

surface

In the ___ task, a single stimulus or stimulus location is held in an attentional spotlight

sustained-attention

In the ____ task subjects are provided with a cue that predicts target location

symbolic cuing

What statement about plastic changes at the level of the synapse is false?

synapses of less active neural pathways start completing for neurotransmitter by engulfing neighboring synapses

Long-term motor problems associated with the use of antipsychotic drugs are symptoms of a disorder called

tardive dyskinesia

You are walking on a calm but drizzly evening when an unexpected lighting bolt suddenly flashes in front of you. Your involuntary reaction to move your attention to the flash relies on the system

temporoparietal

Early studies using electrodes to stimulate discrete areas of cortex, thereby disrupting neural function, found

that electrical stimulation interfered with language abilities

Split-brain individuals are those who have undergone surgery to______ as a treatment for _______

the corpus callosum; epilepsy

The phenomenon of "pop out" refers to the

the distinguishing feature of a sought-after item that makes it sufficiently different from all distracters.

The persistence with which patients with PTSD recall traumatic memories may be a result of

the failure of mechanisms to forget

The historical account of the effects of Phineas Gage's brain injury provided early information about the functional role of

the frontal lobes

Apraxia is

the inability to execute a learned sequence of movements

The main cause of Korsakoff's syndrome is

the lack of thiamine

Wernicke's aphasia is usually associated with lesions of

the left posterior temporal region

NMDA receptors are gated by

the ligand glutamate and a strong depolarization of the membrane.

Speech mechanisms may have evolved from ancient systems controlling gestures of the face and hands in agreement with

the motor theory of language

Consistent with the motor theory of speech perception, deaf people who use American Sign Language use ______ language-related regions of the left hemisphere as hearing people who use spoken language do

the same

Because voluntary attention is under direct, conscious control, researchers refer to it as a _______ process.

top-down

Which of the following is not a basic process in learning?

transduction

Mirror therapy has been shown to be useful for rehabilitation after brain injury as it

tricks the brain into thinking they are moving the paralyzed arm

The overall level of alertness of an individual is called ____, as distinguished from the process by which we select and focus on one or more stimuli, which is called____.

vigilance; attention

Which statement best illustrates the motor theory of language?

when we listen to speech, we process the speech sounds using the same neural systems that we use to make those sounds

The ____ hemisphere plays a major role in the perception of music. The _____ hemisphere plays a major role in prosody

right; right

In monkeys, stimulation of the _______, but not of the _______, results in vocalizations.

subcortical regions; cortex

Williams syndrome provides evidence for

the heritability of language