Psych 3: Final

An experimental drug, Ro15-4513, has been shown to block the behavioral effects of ____.

Alcohol (Ro15)

What happens after damage to the suprachiasmatic nucleus itself?

Animals' activity patterns become less consistent and no longer respond to light and dark cycles.

If a hamster in its home territory attacks an intruder, what will the hamster do if a second intruder arrives shortly after the first intruder leaves?

Attack the second intruder quickly and vigorously.

How do parallel fibers in the cerebellum control the duration of a response?

By altering the velocity of action potentials from Purkinje cells

You have been hired by a pharmaceutical company to develop a hormone-based weight loss medication. Assuming you could work out any safety issues, which of the hormones in your experiment would be most promising for this purpose?

CCK

Stress activates two systems. One is the ____.

HPAaxis, which becomes increasingly important with prolonged stressors

Carlos is being changed to an overnight shift at work. What would be the best conditions for him so that he adjusts?

He needs to buy dark curtains for the daytime and work under bright lights.

What evidence do we have that the preoptic area controls body temperature?

Heating or cooling the preoptic area leads to sweating or shivering.

If a new species were found with legs composed almost completely of fast-twitch muscles, what could we infer about its behavior?

It could chase prey only over short distances.

Through what mechanism does insulin affect appetite?

It enables glucose in the blood stream to enter the cells.

What is the effect of MPTP?

It kills the neurons that release dopamine.

Based on your data, which of the hormones appeared to suppress appetite compared to the saline control condition?

Leptin and CCK

Children with a rare condition called ____ are unable to move their facial muscles to make a smile.

Möbiussyndrome

Based on your data, which of the hormones produced the largest overall change in feeding (increase or decrease) compared to the saline control condition?

NPY

Based on the data you collected, which hormones appeared to increase appetite compared to the saline control condition?

NPY and ghrelin

After isolating a neuron from the rest of the brain, you find that it has a moderately stable circadian rhythm. The most likely home of this neuron is in the ____.

SCN

Which parts of the brain deteriorate most strongly in Huntington's disease?

The caudate nucleus, putamen, and globuspallidus

Why do individuals with prefrontal cortex damage often make bad decisions?

They don't anticipate the unpleasantness of likely outcomes.

An astronaut orbiting earth experiences 45-minute periods of daylight alternating with 45-minutes periods of darkness. What is likely to happen?

They sleep poorly during rest periods.

Suppose you work on a submarine with only artificial light. You are required to follow a schedule of working for 12 hours and then sleeping for 6. What rhythm, if any, will your alertness and body temperature show?

They will follow the usual rhythm of 24 hours.

When traveling across time zones, how does the direction of travel affect one's adjustment to the new time zone?

Travel to the west is easier.

The PER and TIM proteins accumulate during the day until they cause sleepiness. What prevents them from continuing to accumulate at night?

When the proteins reach a high level, they turn off the genes that produce them.

When do the secretions of melatonin begin?

a couple of hours before a person naturally falls asleep

Animals produce endogenous circadian rhythms that last ____.

about a day

The large intestine ____.

absorbs water and minerals

By what means does the brain find out about the nutrient content of food in the stomach?

activity of the splanchnic nerves

The brain finds out about the degree of stretch of the stomach from ____.

activity of the vagusnerve

According to the James-Lange theory, we experience emotion ____.

after we experience autonomic arousal

What are the stages of the GAS?

alarm, resistance, exhaustion

Vigorous use of fast-twitch fibers results in fatigue because the process is ____.

anaerobic

Findings from people with pure autonomic failure suggest that ____.

autonomic output is important for experiencing emotion

The structure composed of the caudate nucleus, putamen, and globuspallidus is the ____.

basal ganglia

Most of the axons of the medial tract go to which side of the body?

bilateral

Studies on conscious decisions regarding voluntary movements suggest that ____.

brain activity for the movement begins before we are conscious of our decision

The flow of ____ ions across the membrane is controlled by the GABAA complex

calcium

One interpretation of how the hormone CCK promotes satiety is that it ____.

causes the stomach to fill more quickly

Speaking, piano playing, athletic skills, and other rapid movements would be most impaired by damage to which structure?

cerebellum

In the revised James-Lange theory of emotion, what occurs first?

cognitive appraisal

The parasite Toxoplasma gondiiis able to reinfectcats when the cats ____.

come into close contact with other infected cats

Homeostasis is to ____ as allostasisis to ____.

constant; variable

If suprachiasmatic nucleus neurons are disconnected from the rest of the brain, they ____.

continue to produce activity that follows a circadian rhythm

Central pattern generators ____.

contribute to rhythmic patterns of movement

Paths from the cerebral cortex to the spinal cord are called the ____.

corticospinal tracts

In response to infection, leukocytes release proteins called ____.

cytokines

The small intestine ____.

digests proteins, fats, and carbohydrates

After a lesion to the lateral preoptic area, a rat would react to an increase in sodium levels by ____.

drinking less and excreting highly concentrated urine

One advantage of being homeothermicis that it ____.

enables the individual to stay active when the environment is cool

A "zeitgeber" is a(n) ____.

environmental cue that resets a biological clock

In movement, the ____ muscle straightens the arm.

extensor

Eating salty potato chips increases the concentration of sodium in the ____.

extracellular fluid

The eye muscles can be moved with greater precision than the biceps muscles because ____.

eye muscles have a lower ratio of muscle fibers to axons

Which action is an example of a motor program in chickens with featherless wings?

flapping wings if suddenly dropped

During aerobic exercises such as dancing, as glucose is used by the muscles, ____.

glucose use decreases

When asked to draw pictures expressing different emotions, which emotion will cause the most difficulty for a person with Urbach-Wiethedisease?

happiness

The term ____ refers to temperature regulation and other biological processes that keep body variables within a fixed range.

homeothermic

Sodium-specific hunger is closely associated with ____.

hypovolemic thirst

Your posterior pituitary is most likely to release antidiuretic hormone (ADH) ____.

if you are very thirsty

The behavioral inhibition system is associated with ____.

increased attention and arousal, decreased action, and fear or disgust

Vasopressin and angiotensin II are similar in that they both promote ____.

increased blood pressure

The premotor cortex ____.

is active during preparations for a movement and less active during movement itself

The stretch reflex ____.

is caused by a stretch

A disruption of circadian rhythms due to crossing time zones is known as ____.

jetlag

The posterior parietal cortex ____.

keeps track of the position of the body relative to the world

When bacteria, viruses, fungi, or other intruders invade the body, it mobilizes ____ to attack them.

leukocytes

The behavioral activation system is associated with ____.

low to moderate arousal, tendency to approach new objects, and pleasant mood

Depression is linked to ____ serotonin, aggressive behavior is linked to ____ serotonin, and suicide is linked to ____ serotonin.

low; low; low

Humans expend most of their energy on which activity?

maintaining basal metabolism

The pineal gland releases _____, which is responsible for creating the feeling of being sleepy.

melatonin

The pineal gland releases the ____ hormone, which influences both circadian and circannual rhythms.

melatonin

A human's body temperature over the course of 24 hours is usually highest ____.

mid to late afternoon

The basal ganglia are most critical for learning ____.

motor habits that are difficult to describe in words

A sudden stretch of a muscle excites a feedback system that opposes the stretch. This message starts in the ____.

muscle spindles

Processes that reduce any discrepancies from the set point are known as ____.

negative feedback

What is the name given to the synapse where a motor neuron's axon meets a muscle fiber?

neuromuscular junction

What kind of thirst is produced by an increased concentration of solutes in the blood?

osmotic

Tryptophan enters the brain by an active-transport protein that it shares with ____ and other large amino acids.

phenylalanine

After a loud noise, information travels from the medulla to the ____, and then to the neck muscles.

pons

The role of the Golgi tendon organs is to ____.

prevent extreme muscle contractions

A ballistic movement ____.

proceeds automatically once it has been triggered

The SCN produces circadian rhythms by altering ____.

production of proteins

A boxer's ability to sense the position of his arm and hand before planning a punch is dependent on the sense of ____.

proprioception

Beyond about 40°or 41°C, ____ begin to break their bonds and lose their useful properties.

proteins

The lateral tract cross over point is in the ____.

pyramids of the medulla

The brain gets part of its information regarding low osmotic pressure from ____.

receptors around the third ventricle

The absence of acetylcholine will cause a muscle to ____.

relax

The term "serotonin turnover" refers to the amount of serotonin that is ____.

released at synapses and resynthesized

Suppose you fell into a cave and lost your watch. Without any time cues, your circadian rhythm would ____.

remain relatively stable

The circadian rhythm is reset by input from special ganglion cells in the retina. These ganglion cells are unusual in that they ____.

respond directly to light, but respond very slowly

A small branch of the optic nerve, known as the ____ path extends directly from the retina to the SCN.

retinohypothalamic

A combination of the hormones aldosterone and angiotensin II leads to an increase in preference for ____ tastes.

salty

The concentration of 5-HIAAin the blood, cerebrospinal fluid, or urine provides an estimate of ____.

serotonin turnover

Which of the following is most clearly under the control of a circadian rhythm in most animals?

sleep

What type of muscle is responsible for the movement of your body through the environment?

striated

In Parkinson's disease, which pathway in the brain degenerates?

substantia nigrato caudate nucleus and putamen

Just thinking about the intention to put your arm around your attractive date would activate which motor areas?

supplementary motor cortex

The autonomic nervous system is divided into two parts; the ____ nervous system (which prepares the body for emergency action), and the ____ nervous system (which calms the body).

sympathetic; parasympathetic

Cerebellum is to ____ as basal ganglia are to ____.

timing; voluntary movements

Which hormone, released by the posterior pituitary, both raises blood pressure and enables the kidneys to reabsorb water?

vasopressin

Mirror neurons are active when ____.

watching others perform movements

Social stimuli -that is, the effects of other people -are weak ____, unless they induce exercise or other vigorous activity.

zeitgebers