Psych 305 HW

Theories that are verified by research are vital to the field of child development because they

c. often serve as a basis for practical action.

Six-year-old Jorge spends most of his day at home alone and he rarely has any loving contact with a caregiver. He is very short in stature, shows decreased GH secretion, and has serious adjustment problems. Jorge most likely has

c. psychosocial dwarfism.

Baby Tom accidentally pushes over a tower of blocks. Each time his sister rebuilds the tower, Tom tries to push it over again and again. In Piaget's theory, this is an example of a ________ circular reaction.

c. secondary

Caregiving that involves prompt, consistent, and appropriate responding to infant signals is likely to promote a(n)

c. secure attachment.

Compared to the first two years of life, growth during the school years is

c. slow and regular.

Preschoolers' same-sex peer groups

c. strengthen gender-stereotyped beliefs and behaviors.

When parents model sympathy, teach the importance of kindness, and intervene when a child shows inappropriate emotion, their children

c. tend to show high levels of sympathetic responding.

The following is characteristic of relativistic thinking:

c. the awareness that a diversity of opinions exist on almost any topic.

Studies using mental tests demonstrate that

c. the majority of children show substantial fluctuation in IQ between toddlerhood and adolescence

When asked to describe their prenatal-care visits, many low-SES ethnic minority expectant and new mothers reported that

c. they experienced belittling interactions with medical staff and impersonal, hurried checkups.

Piaget

c. underestimated children's moral capacities.

In the brain, ________ consists largely of myelinated nerve fibers and ________ throughout childhood and adolescence.

c. white matter; increases steadily

In industrialized nations, the rate of childhood diseases has declined dramatically in the past 50 years, primarily as the result of

c. widespread immunization of infants and children.

According to the psychoanalytic perspective, personality development is greatly influenced by

c. how children resolve conflicts between biological drives and social expectations.

According to a recent United Nations report, ________ is the most effective means of combating the most profound, global threats to human development.

c. the education of girls

During the first stage of labor, the

cervix dilates and effaces

Radsheda wonders when she will first be able to feel her baby's movements. You tell her that this should happen by the

middle of the second trimester.

Compared to children who eat an evening meal with their parents, children who eat alone or on the run eat

more fried foods

Vinny and Marguerite are both building towers from the same large pile of blocks, but they do not talk to each other or direct each other's activities. They are engaged in __________ play.

parallel

Which of the statements below is accurate?

c. Feelings of loneliness peak during emerging adulthood

According to Erikson, a mother who ________ is likely to promote autonomy in toddlerhood.

a. waits patiently while her son puts on his socks and shoes

An early overabundance of synapses

. ensures that infants will acquire basic motor, cognitive, and social skills.

In 1960, the average number of children per North American couple was ________. Today it is between ________ in the United States and Canada.

3.1; 1.6 and 2.1

The male produces an average of ________ sperm a day, yet only ________ reach the ovum

300 million; 300 to 500

Emerging adults explore vigorously trying to try a wide variety of experiences before settling down to the responsibilities of adulthood. Which of the following statements about this time are true?

1. drug taking peaks between ages 19 and 22

Approximately ________ percent of adolescent pregnancies in the United States end in abortion

33

_______ have slightly more body fat than ________ during the middle childhood years.

c. Girls; boys

The period of the zygote lasts about ________, beginning with ________.

2 weeks; fertilization

Between ages 2 and 6, approximately ________ new epiphyses emerge in various parts of the skeleton.

45

The hormonal changes that underlie puberty begin by age

8 or 9

Between ages 2 and 6, the brain increases to ________ percent of its adult weight.

90

The child sexual abuser is most likely to be

c. male, and either a parent or someone the parent knows well

Which of the following statements is accurate?

c. Identity achievement in the vocational realm is more challenging for women than for men.

Two-year-old Haakem tells his babysitter that he is a "big boy." This statement demonstrates that Haakem is beginning to develop

c. a categorical self.

Samantha has recently divorced. She and her 2-year-old are likely to experience which of the following in the initial period after the divorce?

c. a disorganized family situation

Of the following, which is supported by research on emotion in infancy?

b. When caregivers fail to regulate distress for young infants, brain structures that buffer stress may fail to develop properly.

Research demonstrates that make-believe play is

b. a major means through which children extend their cognitive skills.

When Oliva says, "Daddy goed to work," her father replies, "Yes, I went to work." Oliva's father's response is an example of

b. a recast

Which of the following has been shown to contribute to early sexual activity?

b. absence of a father in the home

The reliance on test scores for making decisions about students

b. amplifies achievement gaps between racial and gender groups.

Pediatricians usually test newborn reflexes carefully because weak, absent, or exaggerated reflexes in an infant may indicate

Brain damage.

Sternberg's triarchic theory of successful intelligence is comprised of which interacting intelligences?

b. analytical, creative, and practical

Common, everyday explanations for the causes of behavior are known as

b. attributions.

In Thomas and Chess's research, ________ children are at high risk for anxious withdrawal and aggressive behavior in early and middle childhood.

b. difficult

Studies show that a type of discipline called induction

b. helps children notice others' feelings and points out the effects of children's misbehavior on others.

According to Vygotsky, private speech during the preschool years

b. helps young children guide their behavior during challenging tasks.

The ability to control internal and external distracting stimuli is known as

b. inhibition.

Suzanne questions her parents' religious beliefs and has begun to visit other churches to find out about alternatives. What identity status characterizes Suzanne?

b. moratorium

Adolescents' planning and decision making are

b. much improved for schoolwork, but are still difficult in daily life.

Rock has overly high self-esteem, in spite of his academic difficulties and status as a social outcast. When another student challenges his arrogant behavior he is likely to

b. physically lash out in anger.

Children in Scott's class think he is "cool," even though he frequently gets into fights and defies authority. He would be classified as a ________ child.

b. popular-antisocial

Research on the development of make-believe play indicates that

b. preschoolers who spend more time in sociodramatic play are seen as more socially competent by their teachers.

The first ejaculation is known as

b. spermarche.

When most 2-year-olds (young preschoolers) throw a ball, they

b. stand still facing the target and throw with their arm thrust forward.

Preschool programs that stress formal academic training

b. undermine children's motivational and emotional well-being.

Researchers regard ________ as central to the development of abstract thought.

c. metacognition

Of the following, which is supported by research on body growth?

In early childhood, boys are slightly larger than girls

Of the following, which is supported by research on prenatal care?

Lack of health insurance is one common reason why low-income pregnant women do not seek early prenatal care.

Three-year-old Alicia wants to dress herself this morning. She puts on a top and pants that do not match and two different color socks. What should Alicia's mother do?

Let Alicia wear the unmatched outfit and be patient with Alicia's dressing ability

Which of the following is supported by research on family size?

Parents with lower intelligence test scores tend to have larger families than parents with higher scores.

Of the following, which is supported by research on alcohol use during pregnancy?

The defects of children born with FASD vary as a function of the length and timing of their mother's drinking during pregnancy.

The four self-esteems that have typically developed by age 7 or 8 in Western cultures are:

c. academic, social, physical/athletic, physical appearance

Which of the following is more likely to be seen in a Vygotskian, than a Piagetian, classroom?

c. activities to foster peer collaboration

Researchers believe that habituation and recovery are an especially effective early index of intelligence because they

c. assess skills that underlie intelligent behavior at all ages.

What factors are most likely to contribute to an individual actively experiencing the emerging adulthood phase?

c. level of education and high SES

In the Strange Situation, when reunited with his mother, Naaman approached his mother with a flat, depressed emotion and then suddenly cried out. Naaman would be classified as having a(n) ________ attachment.

c. disorganized/disoriented

Continuum of acquisition refers to

c. gradual mastery of logical concepts.

During the preschool years,

c. it is common for children's appetite to decline.

___ is a case of incomplete dominance.

a. Sickle cell trait

Lauren says to her playmates, "Don't let Renee play with your dolls. She'll steal them." This is an example of ________ aggression.

a. relational

Many students at risk for dropping out benefit from

a. remedial instruction in small classes.

Recent research indicates that kindergartners have higher reading and math achievement when they are in ________ classes.

a. small (13 to 17 pupils)

Adolescence is

a. the transition between childhood and adulthood.

which of the following is the best definition of resilience?

a characteristic involving the capacity to overcome challenge and adversity

The dominant approach to schooling today is characterized by

a. traditional classrooms.

A wealth of recent research suggests that Piaget ________ preschoolers' cognitive capabilities.

a. underestimated

By the end of middle childhood, Nola can expect to have lost ________ of her primary teeth.

all 20

Todd is a late maturing adolescent boy. Which of the following is probably true about Todd?

a. Both adults and peers view him as anxious, overly talkative, and attention seeking.

Which child will be judged the MOST harshly by peers?

a. Child A, a boy, who likes playing with dolls

Selena enjoyed playing sports, but noticed her parents expect more of her brother's athletic performance in school than they do of her. Over time, how will this differential treatment affect Selena?

a. She will start devoting less time to sports.

______ is evoked by the human face and first appears between ________ of age.

a. The social smile; 6 and 10 weeks

Which of the following statements about peer groups is true?

a. They organize on the basis of proximity.

The gender gap in mathematical performance is largest among

a. academically talented adolescents.

Adult milestones, such as independent living, launching of a career, marriage, and parenthood

a. are highly diverse in timing and order across individuals in emerging adulthood.

Emma's parents often tell her, "Do it because I told you so!" and resort to force and punishment when she resists. Emma's parents most likely have a(n) __________ style of child rearing.

a. authoritarian

Brad is an American teen who has experimented minimally with alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana. Brad is likely to

a. be psychologically healthy.

Profound feelings of shame

a. can induce hopelessness or intense anger.

Which of the following is a symptom of anorexia nervosa?

a. cessation of menstruation

A key concept in Mary Rothbart's model of infant temperament is

a. effortful control.

Compared to sociable infants and preschoolers, shy children show

a. greater EEG activity in the right frontal lobe.

Authoritative child rearing is related to ________ for ________.

a. higher grades; both boys and girls, regardless of SES

In biology class, Zia had to determine which of two fertilizers was best for growing African violets. She tested not just for type of fertilizer but also for its concentration and frequency of use. Zia used

a. hypothetico-deductive reasoning.

Before brain lateralization occurs,

a. if a part of the cortex is damaged, other parts can take over tasks it would have handled.

A child who energetically pursues meaningful achievement in his or her culture is exhibiting

a. industriousness.

Erikson's critical psychological conflict during the preschool years is

a. initiative versus guilt

In Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory,

a. all interactions between children and adults are bidirectional

On a few occasions, Razi's mother gave him a lollipop to keep him quiet when she took him to the grocery store. Now every time Razi goes to the grocery store, he asks his mother for a lollipop. This is an example of

a. classical conditioning.

The genetic variability produced by ________ increase(s) the chances that at least some members of a species will cope with ever changing environments and survive.

a. meiosis

Of all Western nations, ________ has the highest percentage of extremely poor children

a. the United States

Sun is learning her first words. Of the following, which is MOST likely to be one of her first words.

b. "ball"

Research on cultural influences on temperament shows that

b. Chinese and Japanese mothers contribute to their infants' tranquility by discouraging them from expressing strong emotion

How does gender stereotyping change during adolescence for girls?

b. Gender intensification during adolescence is stronger for girls.

Which of the followings statements is true?

b. Many emerging adults today regard their parents' home as a safety net and a base of operations.

Which of the following children is most at risk for delinquency and dropping out of school?

b. Marie, a rejected child

Since Sheila has become a teenager, she tends to be idealistic, more critical of her parents, and generally indecisive. Which of the following statements regarding Sheila is true?

b. She is displaying characteristics of adolescence that will probably benefit her in the long run.

Joshua recently switched from elementary school to middle school. He feels less academically competent and his liking for school has declined. Which of the following best explains the cause of his feelings?

b. The class sizes are bigger, and the school work is more challenging.

Down syndrome is most commonly caused by

b. failure of the 21st pair of chromosomes to separate during meiosis

Research shows that compared to girls, boys

b. have friendships that are more variable in quality.

A zygote that separates into two clusters of cells instead of just one produces

b. identical twins.

A heritablity ratio of 100 for schizophrenia would mean that

b. if one twin has schizophrenia, the other one always has it.

American black children score, on average, 15 points below American white children on measures of general intelligence. Dr. Jensen argues that this difference is due to genetics and that no amount of intervention could boost the IQ scores of black children. Dr. Jenson believes that intelligence is largely due to

b. nature.

Charles Darwin is considered the forefather of scientific child study because

b.his discovery that early prenatal growth is strikingly similar in many species prompted other researchers to directly observe children's behavior.

Research on newborn hearing shows that

babies only a few days old can tell the difference between utterances with two versus three syllables

During the second stage of labor, the

baby is born

Compared to their agemates who postpone childbearing, adolescent mothers are more likely to

be poor

Two Apgar ratings are given in the minutes following birth

because some babies have trouble adjusting immediately but do well after a few minutes.

John Locke viewed the child as

c. a tabula rasa.

Ella has five good friends with whom she spends most of her time. This group of girls, who resemble each other in family background, attitudes, and values, is called a

clique

Research on vision in newborns demonstrates that

color vision becomes adultlike at about 4 months of age.

Seven-year-old Renu pours water from a tall, thin glass into a short, thick glass and understands that the amount of water remains unchanged. Renu is capable of understanding

conservation

When asked to describe herself, which would 3-year-old Evelyn be most likely to say?

d. "I have a new train set."

Paul and Holly are married. Ben and Jen are both single. Which of the following statements is probably true?

d. Paul and Holly are physically and mentally healthier than Ben and Jen, and are financially better off

Which of the following statements is true?

d. Teenage suicides often occur in clusters.

In Piaget's theory, __________ involves building schemes through direct interaction with the environment.

d. adaptation

Compared to the other identity statuses, young people who are identity achieved or actively exploring

d. are more likely to engage in abstract and critical thinking

In one study, children whose biological mothers had high or low IQs were adopted at birth by parents with above average income and education. Results indicated that

d. children from low-IQ biological mothers scored above average on IQ tests during the school years, but did not score as high as the children of high-IQ biological mothers.

According to your text, what types of attributes promote development through resilience so that young people can make a smooth transition to adulthood?

d. cognitive assets, emotional and social assets, social supports

Children's language comprehension

d. develops ahead of production.

Children will spend ________ of time working out the rules of a game as they will spend playing the game

d. equal amounts

Martine has just been shown two boxes-a plain, unmarked box full of crayons and a familiar Crayola box that is empty. Next, Martine is asked to predict where another child will look for the crayons. This task assesses Martine's understanding of

d. false belief.

During infancy ________. These sex differences will ________ during adolescence.

d. girls have a higher ratio of fat to muscle than do boys; be greatly magnified

Compared to breastfed babies, bottle-fed babies

d. have more allergic reactions and respiratory and intestinal illnesses.

Enrique is 2 months old, painfully thin, and in danger of dying. His mother is too malnourished to produce enough breast milk, and bottle-feeding is inadequate. What is the most likely cause of Enrique's illness?

d. marasmus

Follow-up research suggests that preschoolers attribute lifelike qualities to vehicles because

d. of incomplete knowledge about vehicles.

When parents do decide to use punishment, they can increase its effectiveness by

d. offering an explanation regarding the inappropriateness of the misdeed

Inclusive classrooms refer to

d. placing pupils with learning difficulties into regular classrooms for part of the school day.

In the violation-of-expectation method, ________ suggests that the infant is surprised at a deviation from physical reality.

d. recovery to the unexpected event

Miguel spent a year volunteering in a homeless shelter. At the end of the year Miguel is likely to

d. redefine his own identity to include a responsibility to combat the misfortunes of others.

Growth of the ________ throughout early childhood and into adolescence contributes to improvements in sustained, controlled attention.

d. reticular formation

By adolescence, ________ is a strong predictor of academic success.

d. self-regulation

An X-ray of the bones of the body can determine ________ and produces the best estimate of physical maturity.

d. skeletal age

Preschoolers rarely use memory strategies because

d. strategies tax young children's limited working memories

Stimulant medication helps children with ADHD because

d. the medication increases frontal lobe activity, improving capacity for sustained attention.

Two-month old Yueh-Wen grasps a rattle and shakes it vigorously. She probably is using

d. the ulnar grasp.

The writing of 6-year-olds is quite large because they

d. use the entire arm to make strokes

Compared to older babies, very young babies prefer to look at large, bold checkerboards over checkerboards with many small squares. This is because

d. very young infants cannot resolve the more complex patterns in checkerboards with many small squares.

_______ is the only industrialized nation in the world that does not have a universal, publicly funded health care system.

d. The United States

Of the following age groups, which does the most niche-picking?

d. adolescents

The ultimate responsibility for the ethical integrity of research with children lies with the

d. investigator

Early in his career, Piaget derived his ideas about cognitive change during the first two years by

d. making observations of his own children.

The concept of ________ is characteristic of ________ theories.

d. stage; discontinuous

Between 6 and 12 years of age, Noriko's movements become more elastic, allowing her to swing a bat, do tumbling routines, and kick a ball more easily. This ability is known as

flexibility

Angela and Tony's first child died in infancy. They badly want to have another child but are worried about Angela's family history of genetic disorders. They want to find out if Angela is a carrier. Angela and Tony are candidates for

genetic counseling.

High levels of stress hormones produced by infants during childbirth

help infants withstand oxygen deprivation by sending a rich supply of blood to the brain and the heart.

Erikson's theory recognizes ________ as the major personality achievement of adolescence.

identity

Teenage mothers are at greater risk than older mothers for prenatal complications because

many pregnant teenagers do not receive adequate prenatal care.

Eating faster, chewing food less thoroughly, and being more responsive to stimuli associated with food but less responsive to internal hunger cues are all characteristics of children who are

obese

Changes in the physical features of reproductive organs, such as the uterus or scrotum, are considered ________ sexual characteristics.

primary

In the Kauai study, a few children with both serious birth complications and troubled families grew into competent adults. These children

relied on factors outside the family and within themselves to overcome stress.

Among Western children, intense __________ following emotions is associated with feelings of personal inadequacy and maladjustment.

shame

Research has shown that (historically -- prior to the recent changes in program pacing) the more Sesame Street children watch,

the higher they score on tests designed to measure the program's learning goals, like reading, grades, and value of learning.

In induced labors,

the possibility of inadequate oxygen supply is greater than in naturally occuring labors.

Bryan hears the following statement: "Either the train is moving or it is not moving." If Bryan is in the formal operational stage, he will say that

the statement is true

Direct instruction in which of the following activities is MOST likely to accelerate motor development in early childhood?

throwing

Research on early taste and odor preferences shows that

variations in the tastes and smells of the amniotic fluid influence newborn preferences

Studies on parenting show that

when men and women have had good relationships with their own parents, they are more likely to be effective parents during infancy and early childhood