Psych 312

Podcast #7: 1st woman president on APA, Mary Calkins, history

exceptional parents, versed in different languages like french, german, and english -taught greek at Welsey university -Calkins training in psych then teaching at Welsey, wanted to learn about lab based psychology -applied to harvard, calkins accepted to work with james after her father petitioned, she had personal tutorials in principles of psychology with james -set up lab at Welsley for psychology

Medical model

indicating the assumption that abnormal behavior is the result of physical problems and should be treated medically -Deinstitutionalization and mental health centres act - treat patients through medication - less expensive treatment - less time consuming -Individuals are better managed in communities by being on medication -significance? Treatment is informed by theory - we think mental illness is biological - we treat the biological through meds

what is the unifying framework for cognitive psychology?

information processing theory -proponent for this was Turing with his idea of open system with input and output

Podcast #34: History of early psychotherapy: treatment of mentally ill in 1900 and coma inductions

insulting cerebrum -thought brain would be repaired after waking up

Podcast #9: The story of psychology: Charles Darwin and Evolution: Galapagos

interested by finches and their beak size due to their ecological niches -natural selection! -searching how nature perfomed this without intelligence

Helmholtz

interested in studying neural impulses, as well as vision and audition. He wanted to know how fast nerve impulses travel. He used a micrograph to measure nerve stimulation and contraction of muscle in frog leg. -demonstrated possible to measure psychophysiological processes. Supports psychology as a real science

Podcast #24: Gestalt Psychology: insight learning

-solving a problem by the recognition of a gestalt or organizing principle -chimp named Sulton, many different practical problems like getting hard to reach banana -considered it thoughfully, assembled poles to reach for banana outside of his enclosure -5yo girl with geometry question out of her realm, asked for pair of scissors, turned parallelogram into rectangle-- called productive thinking -world of our experience is meaningfully organized

Podcast #37: The cognitive movement Part Two: future of cog psych

-some of major proponents have their doubts -more sophisticated than behaviorism -advantage of being tied to rapidly developing technology (computer)-- but some dont see this as a good model for humans

Podcast #16: history of ancient psychotherapy: heritics

-someone who teachers false doctrine, being whispered in ear -have to correct this theological error -spirit inside must be holding onto someone like bones-- could lead to bone breaking

Podcast #14: TWITHOP Cayman

-speciality was rat running -read hurstein's article- relied largely on burt's study for heritibility -found that it was impossible to tell what burt had done, didnt explain how he measured intelligence- relied mostly on personal interviews -suspicious finding: strange stability of correlations btwn intelligence scores of MZAs as sample size inc over time -sample size increasing, correlations remained identical to three decimal places-- thought it was fraudulent -not worthy of scientific attention

Podcast #30: Paul Broca: Skull size

-started thinking skull size would be important -large skull may not be indicitive of genius but very small skull indicative of impairment -Broca came to conclusion that large skulls not indicative of heightened intelligence -found the frontal lobes very important in brain functioning more so than brain size

Reflex Arc

-stimulus, organ, motor response -functionalists would argue that breaking this down into its steps into looking at the whole, which is more important. What is this mechanism for? Learning, survival etc

Podcast #3: William Wundt: volition

acts of the will- voluntaristic psychology (motivation) can range from impulses to complex decisions -development of logical thought that Wundt considered highest form of will

psychotrpic drugs

affecting mental activity, behavior, or perception, as a mood-altering drug.

Podcast #15: TWITHOP: replication of cattells work

all failed -he claimed "no one else outside his lab did factor analysis correctly" -although, very widely used whether or not they are true underlying dimensions of personality

why is evolution important to psychology?

animal testing (We all came from a common ancestor and therefore have some things in common) -majorly influenced people like Freud and Spencer who came up with social darwinism -also prevalent today in evolutionary psychology

Podcast #30: Paul Broca: work with patient with tan

anthroplogical society: debate with overall size of brain and relevance to intelligence or a part of the brain -he was on Broca's surgical ward -this man was going to die very shortly -loss of speech due to frontal lobes, could only utter "tan" -after a week of evalutation died -brain removed and it had softening in left hemisphere -this was in location on the side -issued short report to anthropolical society and then a more detailed study -just one part in anterior cortex important, talking about loss of fluent speech, brocca had second case who showed brocas aphashia, lesion always on left side of brain

Podcast #34: History of early psychotherapy:

asylums were often a dark place where not much was known about how to treat people with psychosis. Debilitated patients were restrained and strange techniques were used like shocking.

Wundt and attention as consciousness

attention is consciousness, looking at people's immediate experiences. Thought memory was a problem in scientific study so this is why he kept the experience immediate- he thought it would be easier to study

Podcast #5: William James and functionalism, his history

born in NYC, enrolled in Harward, first studied chemistry then medicine (he was more interested in the science behind it) -travelled to the Amazon river to collect samples of new species, then Germany to study physiology under Helmontz -suffered from depression -1869 returned home to US to finish medical degree but still depressed

Podcast #36: The cognitive movement: Norbert Weiner

born in missouri -wanted his son to be a genius, masters from Harvard by agge 17, phd one year later -taught at columbia, harvard and main -wrote for enclopedia, wrote as journalist, prof of mathematics at MIT -worked for military in WWI -studied particles and quantum physics -studied control mechanisms -coined cybernectics: built in correction mechanism, wrote book on it -used words: input, output, and feedback -concerned technology could overcome humanity -won national medal of science, died few weeks later

Podcast #31: Phineas Gage's background

born into farming family -new hampshire is where he grew up -regarded by the company that employed him as the best foreman

Podcast #21: Behaviourism: Watson

born outside of South Carolina, lived on farm then to Greenville, became troublemaker and barely passed school -grad with masters -studied under Dewey, found him incomprehensible -switched to psychology and neurophysiology -earned way through phd by waiting tables, feeding rats -suffered nervous breakdown -exaccerbated into depression -finished phd, made an instructor, develped animal lab -Johns hopkins offered him full position -said rats useful model for human behaviour -absorbed Pavolov's work with conditioned reflexes -expanded lab work to include human infants: little Albert 9mo child, conditoned to fear white rat by presentation of rat with loud noise, fear generalized to furry white things, never decondioned -Peter 3yo conditioned, fear of rabit with milk and cookies, then deconditioned -Johns Hopkins asked him to resign after affair with lab assistant -worked at V Walter thomson advertising agency, made VP, sold things like johnsons baby powder -psych is the science of stimuli and responses, brain processes unimportant -argued against too much hugging from parents -hired VP at William Estey and company, devoted himself to business, retired ten years later

what causes the flynn effect?

no one knows. but cannot be genetic -must be environmental factors involved -no gene for IQ -60% of IQ variation in white population is due to genetics

Gestalt psychologist against behaviourism

not in support of baheviourism -they thought perception, thinking, cognition, personality etc was very important not just observable phenomenon

Podcast #1 Psychology comes of age: B.F. Skinner

operant conditioning -reward and punishment shapes behaviour -e.g. pigeon and ping pong example when rewarded with food

Podcast #37: The cognitive movement Part Two: Piaget

originally biologist -development of cognition -responsible for creation of cog psych -introduced in english in 1950s -born in Switzerland -collected shells, pub first paper at 10 -published on mollusks in high school, worked part time at museum of natural history -later on, turned to psychology -wrote down his philosophy: structuralist -introduced to work of freud and jung -did research on intelligence testing, interviewed the test takers -Geneva: researched reasoning of elementary school children -pos public reaction. -research on own children. -general theory of structures developing through psych and biology -died in Geneva, one of most significant psychologists

Podcast #9: The story of psychology: Charles Darwin and Evolution: recieved essay from Wallace for comments

outlined theory of natural selection, idea came to him in a flash -Darwin had postponed his idea for 20 years -nature selects variations by permitting only the most adaptive mutations to survive-- nat selection -1859 published origin of species- instant success and debate

Podcast #7: 1st woman president on APA, Mary Calkins, paired associates procedure

paired associates procedure --for investigating memory and personality theory focused on the self

Podcast #1 Psychology comes of age: Wundt and structuralism example

pendulum swings into bell and a sound is created. as you look at the bell, you dont hear the sound as the pendulum touches the bell but 1/8th of a second afterwards. (how long it takes to switch from one stimulus to another) -another example: Walt Disney in crafting mickey mouse realized that when the picture and the audio were perfectly synchronized the perception was off- Had to delay sound track by 1/8th of a second. *structuralism is no longer used but represented the start of psychology

Podcast #34: History of early psychotherapy: treatment of mentally ill and community mental health act

people who had formerly been in institutions could recieve care in the community with community based services and prevention services-- closure of asylums in US -large state hospitals closed

phenomenology

personalized description of an event

Podcast #18: TWITHOP: Foucault

philosopher -major book called madness and civilization -17th cent: great confinement- king decided certain classes of people had to be put away in institutions -questioned whether or not this great confinement occurred

existnetialism

philosophy and literature existence (you) precedes essence (i) -freedom encounters things in the world and reflects back to you -you are completely free and you recognize this -core concepts: freedom, choice, and responsibility

Podcast #29: The brain as an organ of the mind: Florenz

professor of natural history in paris -discredited phrenology -asked to solve the matter about dif parts of brain having dif functions -Florenz revealed the shape of skull didnt match contours of underlying brain tissue -he used extrapation: removed or destroyed part of animals brains and then observed their behavior -cerebral hemispheres: perception, motor ability , judgement. midbrain: visual and auditory , cerebellum: equilibrium and coordination, brainstem: death -unable to find regions for memory and cognition -worked on anethesia using chloroform

Podcast #16: history of ancient psychotherapy: King George iii from movie described

prophyria -sometimes normal state of mind, then deteriorate -person best able to predict this was the valet who assisted him with his morning routine- in morning could see that kings urine was purple

Podcast #32: phrenology

pseudoscience of telling personality by the contours of the skull, underlying theory: brain divided into regions with associated faculties e.g. could tell if you were a criminal by the size of certain bumps on the head

Podcast #29: The brain as an organ of the mind: phinneas gage

railroad injury to frontal lobe -previously gentle polite man but now impatient, obnoxious and impulsive -underwent personality change -was reduced to displaying himself at circus -skull was removed and is on display at Harvard medical school

Hotbox

raise the persons core temperature, treatment for syphillis -one of main causes of mental illness and dementia was syphilis - can lead to mental deterioration in normal person -physical brain deterioration treatment/therapy informed by beliefs - biological illness that resulted in brain deterioration - focused on treating the body -finally, penacillin almost eliminated this entire phenomeon

Podcast #23: TWITHOP: skinners daughter debrah

raised his second daughter in air crib -now artist living in England, married -Debrah defended accusation that she committed suicide for being raised in a box -Watsons sons did suffer psychological disturbances, perhaps some conflation

Podcast #18: TWITHOP: what led to asylums in 19th cent

this all happens around time of industrialization and urbanization, strangers all living in same area but this cannot be full explanation -during industrialization- familial dislocation and migration, this exaccerbated other factors by breaking up kin networks

factor analysis

Factor analysis is a type of statistical procedure that is conducted to identify clusters or groups of related items (called factors) on a test -developed by Spearman -this is important to the history of psychology because factor analysis is still used today and so is Cattell's 16PF questionnaire. Factor analysis is a way to quantify relationships.

Freud video summary

Freud wanted psychotherapy to stand as a science but now it is seen as a therapy -his passion was antiquity- saw himself as an archaeologist as he dug into the mind -medical education gave him medical knowledge and also interested in philosophy -became an expert in the brain -19th century- all phenomenon could be reduced to elements -he had an interst in hysteria: began using hypnosis, he turned to his collegue Breuer who told him the story of Anna O (she was unable to drink water from a glass), developed the talking cure -free association: listening was productive- not passive, working towards how his patients worked- saw self as a scientist -transference: transfers elements of other relationships on therapist -self analysis: analyzed self, Fleece friends friend helped as an analyst. Dreams factored in, writing down dreams and free associating childhood, dreams thought to reveal sexual and violent urges -where is unconscious revealed? dreams and slips of the tongue -psychoanalysis treated people in WW1 with shell shock -length and process of psychoanalysis does not lend itself to scientific review -it is an ideology over science, comparable to Marx

Podcast #19: TWITHOP: what was Freud's appeal to Hall

Hall was president of Clarke univeristy -majorly involved in development of instituional psychology, founding president of APA, founding editor of american journal of psych, 1st professional journal in feild -developmental psychologist -1904: adolessence published, interested in child developement and role of sexuality in this development, thought Freud's work would be of interest

Podcast #2 "The beginnings of Psychology": Emmanuel Kant

Himself and many other philosophers of the time in the early 1800s claimed that there was no objective way to measure the mind. Psychology could never be a science

Podcast #13: Cognition- Race, Genetics and Intelligence-- Hudson

IQ of 170 is more likely to think well than 70 and rings true if this comparisson is closer -IQ of 120, benefit levels off afterwards this number, no real advantage after this -just need to pass the threshold-- same with basketball and height

Podcast #5: William James and functionalism, description of functionalism

Its core idea is that mental states (beliefs, desires, being in pain, etc.) are constituted solely by their functional role - that is, they are causal relations to other mental states, numerous sensory inputs, and behavioral outputs developed out of pragmatism -invlovles: cause and effect, prediction and control, observation of environment -james thought that sturcturalists ignored the whole

Podcast #1 Psychology comes of age: humanistic approach to psychology

Unique experiences of humans, and human potential. Argues that we are in control of our own lives and have a great capacity for growth. Free to chose identity and destiny.

Podcast #30: Paul Broca: comparisons of Neanderthals brains and trepanation

brains were bigger in the back than the front so to him it was not disturbing that their brains were bigger because it is the frontal lobes associated with trepanation -Neanderthals holes in brain found -Squire (American) went to inspect the skull -individual was operated on, treated for head injury -both male and female skulls have these openings, no fractures, reflect internal disease -concluded that openings were made in children with seizure disorders -early people believed in demons and holes were to let demons out

Podcast #34: History of early psychotherapy: Dorthea dix

brought Pinnel's ideas to America regarded as first mental health reformer here -reformed mental health system in USA

Podcast #26 Humanistic psychology on Personality: Aristotle

wrote meaning of life is happiness -purpose is to live a virtuous life, become skillfull at living life well and making good decisions

Podcast #5: William James and functionalism, differences between structuralism and functionalism

wundt- introspection of conciousness james- behaviour in environment- laid ground work for behaviourism

Podcast #28 Gordon Allport TWITHOP: allports role in shift from character to personality

-Allport brought category of personality into psychology -he did first dissertation on this, 1st textbook, 1 of first classes in personality -he argued against the use of character, saying this focused more on morals -turned personality into measurable thing-- measuring traits

Normal distribution

A normal distribution is an arrangement of a data set in which most values cluster in the middle of the range at the mean and the rest taper off symmetrically toward either extreme (shape is a bell curve) -Galton analyzed test results from cambridge examination for mathematical honors - results corresponded to the upper tail of a normal distribution - he derived the possibility that intellectual ability would show itself to be dist in normal distribution like height, weight (thought it was heritable) -Normal distribution is instrumental to statistical analysis of psychological experiments today

Podcast #3: William Wundt: principle of actuality

conciousness is a reality -conciousness: the mental processes are the activity of the brain and not material- activities are difficult to describe because they are subjective

Podcast #11 TWITHOP: Galton's relation to Darwin

cousin of Charles Darwin -shared common grandfather

Podcast #17: Sigmund Freud and psychoanalysis: oral stage crisis

crisis: potty training, being forced by someone to do with body what they insists

Podcast # 6: Principles of Psychology, TWITHOP, james upbringing

had very privilaged upbringing with wealthy parents -medical student but mentally unsatisfied, worked at Harvard as a prof of pysiology then psychology then philosophy

Podcast #20: TWITHOP: kraeplin's thoughts about rapid diagnosis in clinics

if you could get immediate picture of patients mental functioning using experimental techniques youd be able to diagnose patients quickly and eliviate the clinics at the time

Wilhem Wundt and immediate vs mediate

immediate experience: personal experience conveyed through self report (introspection) mediate: measurement through external means- scientific

Podcast #1 Psychology comes of age: Carl Rogers and self theory

mental health is the difference between ideal self and self image. If you are the person you want to be/ getting there= happy and healthy

Podcast #3: William Wundt: Wundt and his students studies

mostly on sensation and perception- mostly vision -later he became interested in social/ cultrual psychology- these are less ammendable to experiments -also conducted studies on STM, selective attention

Moral Treatment

move of mental ill to countryside -people needed respite from life -were given useful work and treated like human beings -disagreed with the tactics used in asylums (blood letting, physical restraints) -showed transitions between custodial institution to trying to actually provide helpful treatment to the mentally ill. -Tracing asylums over time: originally holding place with chains and restraints, then moral treatment, back asylum type care once it became a state responsibility and mixed with the senile, then deinstitutionalization

Podcast #27: Humanistic psychology TWITHOP French people suggested the existential implications of phenomenology

much of this was picked up by North Americans -continental philosophy - many philosophers moved to US to continue their careers

Podcast #9: The story of psychology: Charles Darwin and Evolution: sexual selection

played important part in history of organic world -higher order individuals are affected by sexual selection- propagation of species depends on it -sexual struggle: between individuals of same sex generally amongst males, females are passive -also competition amongst males to charm females, who select agreeable partners

Galtons measures of intelligence

sensory, pain threshold, brain size, RT--> ran over 20,000 people

Podcast #19: TWITHOP: American reception of Freud's speeches

-Hall plays major role- saw Freud as star attraction -convinced Freud to try to recreate lectures in writing after returning to vienna, for translation and publication in american journal of psych, called the origins of psychoanalysis, amounted to historical intro to subject, first of writing to appear in english, created climate for his subsequent translations

Podcast #24: Gestalt Psychology: LaVine

-LaVine born in germany, phd at berlin, went to US as guest lecturer then position at Iowa, created reaserch center for group dynamics at MIT, created topological theory- representing map of life space: patterned with needs desires goals and vectors (directions and strength of these forces) -insipred those in social psych

Podcast #24: Gestalt Psychology: Goldtein

-MD at breslow --taught at neurological institue at Frankfurt -went to berlin then NYC -wrote the organism and human nature in the light of pathology -developed hollistic view of brain function -people with brain damage used other parts to compensate for loss -postualed one drive in humans: self actualization--> influenced humanistic psychology

Podcast #23: TWITHOP: Skinner and time magazine

-appearance due to publication of his book -many other public appearances -not alot of interest in being a TV star

Podcast #25: TWITHOP: Nazis in power and Wertheimer

-aware of the growing Nazi movement -completed dissertation work as quickly as possible at Frankfurt -moved to Czechoslovkia -lived in hotel, to wait out the war hoping that Hitler would be defeated -went to New York, taught there in lecturing

Podcast #20: TWITHOP: Kraeplins ideas about Frued

-didnt share ideas about inconscious and ideas about sexuality -Kraeplin ignored Freud and did not take his work seriously, reflects marginal status of psychoanalysis at the time

Podcast #19: TWITHOP: Frueds 5 lectures

-each one given w/o notes, historical intro and background to development of his ideas -talked about breuer and pscyhotherapy for treating hysteria, talked about Freudian slips, talked about dreams and that they represent unconscious sexual ideas and wishes, talked about techniques for psychotherapy

Podcast #1 Psychology comes of age: Freud and the psychoanalytic approach

-emphasized unconcious conflicts which he thought were the main determinants of behaviour -id: source of instincts, born with desires and drives- mainly sex and aggression. -ego: the self- reality principle- figure out how to sucessfully meet the needs of the id in real life -superego: higher self- keeps track of rules (best way to get what you want is to make other people happy)

Podcast #13: Cognition- Race, Genetics and Intelligence: bias in GRE princeton test

-external bias: scores on test underpredict actual performance in college, test doesnt match real world -internal bias: certain test items biased against test takers-- e.g. GRE exam for Princeton: analogy had to establish relationship between pair of words and find synonymous word pair runner is to marathon--> biased to location of Princeton because of phrase oarsman regatta

Yerkies

-harvard -was majorly involved with comparative animal studies -then he did mental testing -during society of experimental psychologists- Yerkie as APA president thinks its his duty to go into the army and help out -thinks IQ testing will be useful in war--> mass testing -average soldiers mental age = 13, this is on the cusp of "moron" -concerned that IQ of America is in decline -think intelligence fixed -looking for mental stratification between different levels of army, generals, soldiers etc

Podcast #28 Gordon Allport TWITHOP: role of christianity and his understanding of personality

-his religion is at the center of his work -did not advertise his religious orientation, however -thought god was working through him -human nature---> consistent skepticicsm with respect to the scope of science, he preserved the idea that personality could never be completely captured (beyond science)

Podcast #13: Cognition- Race, Genetics and Intelligence Race and ethnic differences in IQ, is there a bias?

-humans vary in cog abilities, consistent among ethnic groups -Asians, --> whites, --> hispanics, -->blacks respectively on IQ tests -black average score 1SD below of average white test score -educational interventions have not helped in past 100 years -can be caused by variety of factors: may not be equally motivated- difference in studying, discrimination, minority students expect they will perform poorly, self defeating attitude -"the bell curve" book Hernstein, Murray- intelligence= better predictor of future life outcomes than SES, parents, or education level -also wrote that low intelligence predictor of social failure like crime and poverty -critics thought book implied genetic inferiority of minorities -significance? The way in which tests are written may have a bias to certain minority groups and therefore psychologists must be wary of this phenomenon. Secondly, when people are aware of a stereotype during a certain situation it leads to sterotype threat which impairs performance. There have been many psychological tests to support this e.g. black vs white people being reminded of their race before taking a test.

Podcast #1 Psychology comes of age: Skinners box

-if he believed the perfect environment creats the ideal outcome... he tried to do this for his daughter Debbie. created AIR CRIB. 8ft tall box with huge window so she could look out, soft cloth at the bottom, humidified, warm temperature, minimal clothing -received hate mail after interview about his hate crib saying he was harmfully raising his child in a box -In reality Debbie had great relationships, family, phD

Podcast #27: Humanistic psychology TWITHOP issues prominent in 1940 psychology

-issue: after second world war -whole nation with lots of people who saw some very awful things -economic difficulties--> solving this by spending money and forming consumer society -beginning of movement to suburbs -politically world dividing into democratic and communist camps -concern for narrowing of feild of psych (Warned by gordon Allport) because the focus was largely on behaviourism -psychologists question: what is the self and how does it react to all of these new elements of life?

Podcast #2 "The beginnings of Psychology": what elements of psychology did Wundt bring together?

-mental phenomenons, importance of the senses, function of the senses, melding of phiolosophy and physiology

Podcast #20: TWITHOP: Kraeplin and taxonomy of psychopathology

-most known for classification of disorders: manic depressive anxiety and schitzophrenia--> fundamental distinction -undertook clinical research to differentiate them -description of symptomology and the course of the disease

Podcast #23: TWITHOP: demise of behaviourism

-multiply determined, not just the public outcry due to skinner -development in psych itself, artificial intelligence and cognitive psychology overshadowed behaviourism -skinner's public upset didnt help the feild of behaviourism, but wasnt responsible for demise of behaviourism

Podcast #34: History of early psychotherapy: treatment of mentally ill and deinstitutionalization

-new social problem: homelessness problem arose, many cases were people who were previously in an institution -e.g. neg side effects for Sx drugs not taking their drugs, decompensate and think less clearly. Hard to get back onto drug regime. End up homeless

Habits (associated with william james)

-people and creatures are bundles of habits -humans habits seem to stem from education -wild animals habits seem to stem from instinct -significance: paved way for behaviorism and its relation to evolutionary psychology

computer related to the human mind

-porcesses information, therefore is an effective metaphor -input and output processing, do things serially

Podcast #28 Gordon Allport TWITHOP: Alport and prejudice

-ppl with no religious affiliation were less prejudiced-- this suprised and startled Allport -suggested this finding was due to the differnce between intrinsic and extrinsic relgion -introduced distinction: intrinsic religion (person less focused on the social side but on the higher ideals) and extrinsic religion (relgion of self-centeredness as a means to an end for what they could get out of it, social apparatus associated with religion, vehicle for respectability and social advancement)

Podcast #21: Behaviourism: Pavlov

-preisthood--> medicine -degree in natural science, then MD -offered position at military medical academy -studied salivary response -awarded nobel prize for work on digestion -hero of revolution award from Lenin

Podcast #19: TWITHOP: American psychiatry in 20th cent

-psychogenic disorders -psychotherapy coming into broad use -conditions illustrated by hysteria, manifest paralyses, disorders of senses -hypnosis: artificial or experimentally induced situation where many of these things could be replicated, memory could be influenced

Podcast #37: The cognitive movement Part Two: Neisser

-studied at Harvard, physics then psych -got his phd in psych -was behaviourist at first -he was encouraged to pursue interest in cognition -wrote: cog psych -said we relied excessively on the lab and linear model of psych -moved toward enviro psych

Podcast #12 TWITHOP: Cattel's repsonse to leaving columbia

-sues columbia, for saying they called him a traitor -depressed -able to recieve signficiant payment -used money to found psychological corporation--> he did not do anything worthwhile here -edits journals thereafter

Podcast #24: Gestalt Psychology: learning

-we often learn the relationships between things first

Podcast #3: William Wundt: dimensions to describe emotion

1) pleasure vs displeasure 2) high/ low arousal 3) strained/ controlled attention vs relaxed attention

Vabor's Ratio

Can tell the difference between 2 objects e.g. weightd with a ratio of 1:40. First true quantitative law of psychology. Signficiance: showed psychologist could be quantifiable and not just qualitative, this is important in seperating it from philosophy when several people believed that these two feilds should be considered one.

assimilation, accomodation, and equilibration PIAGET

assimilation: incorporating new information into an existing schema accomodation: changing an existing schema to fit the new information you have just encountered equilibration: Equilibration encompasses assimilation (i.e., people transform incoming information so that it fits within their existing thinking) and accommodation (i.e, people adapt their thinking to incoming information). Piaget suggested that equilibration takes place in three phases: First children are satisfied with their mode of thought and therefore are in a state of equilibrium. Then, they become aware of the shortcomings in their existing thinking and are dissatisfied (i.e., are in a state of disequilibration and experience cognitive conflict). Last, they adopt a more sophisticated mode of thought that eliminates the shortcomings of the old one (i.e., reach a more stable equilibrium).

Podcast #21: Behaviourism: unconditioned stimulus, unconditioned response

associate neutral stimulus with reflex (unconditioned response) by presenting it with unconditioned stimulus -now neutral stim itself (Conditioned stimulus) will illicit a response after a number of trials

Themes of the class thus far:

basic vs applied reseach -development of modern research techniques -progression of phiolsophy to psych -pragmatic usefullness of psych -presentism of judging the past from now -treatment of minorities in psych -eras in psych, main proponent of idea who disseminated info to students

Podcast #24: Gestalt Psychology: Wertheimer

born in Prague -studied law but decided he preffered philosophy, got doctorate from coltey at University of Wurzburg -went to uni of Frankfurt -interested in perceptions he experienced on train, brought spinning drum to look through with pictures on inside -teacher gave him used of tectisticope to study similar effects, experimented on some students -prof at frankfurt then moved to US and taught in NYC

Podcast #20: TWITHOP: kraeplin

born in north germany -raised in middle class family -kreaplin's relationship with his mother was quite close, marriage dissolved, had poor relationship with father -traveling and nature were two of his major influences -Leipzig, studied zoology, shifted to medicine and became assistant of psychiatric clinic -reading Wundt's material -got his MD at leipzig

Podcast #9: The story of psychology: Charles Darwin and Evolution: agnostic

did not believe in god as a result of his discovery

Podcast #4: David Robinson: where was Wundts biggets impact?

experimental psychology

Podcast #28 Gordon Allport TWITHOP : allports later work

grad from Harvard -travels to Germany, Appreciates Stern's work with IQ -Allport studies with Stern for a year -comes away with the idea that there are limits on the reach of natural science, there are aspects that are unknowable -not able to calculate this unknowable aspect

Podcast #35: Community Mental Health Centers Act 1963: deinstitutionalization

happens around 1965 -passage of medicate: pay for care of people in chronic nursing homes, sent to nursing homes -not paying for state mental hospitals (large push out of mental hospitals) -social security activated- get payments bc of your condition

Podcast #1 Psychology comes of age: Maslow

heirarchy of needs, lowest level= surviving, highest= self actualization

Podcast #21: Behaviourism: criticism of Thorndike's mentalistic lang

how do you know cat is satisfied to be out of box? but you can tell after subsequent trials it takes less time law of affect is essentially same as skinners operant conditioning

Podcast #37: The cognitive movement Part Two: neo- structuralists

interested in the structure of their topics -Strauss: anthropologist -Chompsky: linguist

folk psychology

involves the comparisson of cultures

Podcast #3: William Wundt: 2 stages of consciousness

large capacity WM, narrower consciousness called apperception (selective attention) under voluntary control

Podcast # 10 Great Ideas in Psychology: cognition- history of intelligence testing: Galton

made first intelligence test -contributed largely to statistics, individuality of fingerprints, curious to understand drugs and their medical uses and took each drug in the book -very precocious -IQ- estimated to be 200 -used questionaires to collect data on gentlemen--> those who achieved were more likely to have successful offsprong. Wrote "hereditary genius"- smart parents= smart children, potential other variables -eugenics: study of what it is to be well-born. Two types: positive (Earlier marriage and more children among selective class of people, healthy conditions), negative: discouraged children among those who were unfit -movements to discourage immigration significance? he created the first intelligence test, which are now widely used (Such as the SAT) to admit people into university. He also was one of the first to use questionnaires in order to study the mind which are now used widely in the feild of psychology. He was also largely interested in the concept of hereditary vs environmental influences and this nature/ nurture debate is still largely happening today

Podcast #18: TWITHOP: classification system in early asylums

mania-75% of people admitted melancholy-- relationship to suicide dementia idiocy

Podcast # 10 Great Ideas in Psychology: cognition- history of intelligence testing: binet-simon revision

mental level instead of mental age -more tasks, changes to scoring system -used in WW1 -group format tests rather than one on one testing -replaced informal appraisals of who looks bright/dull -used widely thoughout Europe then US

Podcast #4: David Robinson: Wundt's work largely ignored till 1980s why?

pervasive misunderstanding: US was focused on behaviourism and rigid guidelines for scientific experimentation and measurement. Introspection was wrongfully interpretated to be unreliable even though it involved RT's, practiced subjects and their self reports -secondly after WWI there was apprehension to take information from tained repuation of Germany

Podcast #12 TWITHOP: James Cattel history

phd from Wundt, first American student to earn this PHD as experimental student, focused on RT, didn't make use of introspection, he focused more on behaviour of subjects during experimentation and timed it -worked with Galton, interested in variation -developed techniques to measure psychological differences between people -returned to US to university of Pennsylvania -went to Columbia and established mental tests--> produce qunatitative measurements -tests shown to be useless -subsequently became involved in many different journals

Podcast #1 Psychology comes of age: what is psychology the intersection of?

philosophy and science

Podcast #21: Behaviourism:

position that psych to be a science must focus on what is observable: then environment and behaviour rather than what is only available to the individual-- science must be objective

Podcast #18: TWITHOP: Britain

private madhouse system in 18th and 19th century -profit based, recruiting customers not patients -family has identified as insanity and put them in madhouse -large family involvement -individuals behaving in strange ways e.g. people out to get them, hallucinations, family attempts to accomodate them -this moves them to institution--> interviewed family and individual and then moved after testimony

Podcast #16: history of ancient psychotherapy: psychotherapy definition

process to recognize (understand there is a problem), define (Context of problem) and overcome psychological difficulties and to improve adjustment. Used by mental health professionals

Podcast #14: TWITHOP Leslie Hearnshaw

published biography of Burt -given access to all of his personal papers -transgressions were true -fabricated data

Humanism vs behaviourism and psychoanalysis

pushing back on this deterministic view and lack of free will -Freud said nothing happens by chance -behaviourism focuses on conditoned simple reflexes

Podcast #20: TWITHOP: Kreaplin's psychopathology and reaction time experiments

used substances such as coffee and alcohol bc it was thought that this could simulate certain symptoms of psychopathology -moved into psychiatry -established norms of reactions time between mentally ill and normal

Podcast #18: TWITHOP: certification

"certificate of insanity" needed 2 from different physicians -intended to protect them from being falsely incarcerated -form that physician fills out, gave information provided by family and from the individual themselves-- behaviour, appearance, clothing

Podcast #11 TWITHOP: intellectual intelligence and normal curve, Galton

"hereditary genius" -it was found that at cambridge: rigorous examination for math honours- corresponded to upper tail of normal distribution -Galton thought intellectual ability would be distributed in normal dist. like height and weight

Podcast #5: William James and functionalism, metaphysical clubs idea

"ideas have to compete with eachother and best ideas will last"

Podcast #26 Humanistic psychology on Personality: Carl rogers childhood

-his parents were strict and religious -eventually he rejected their fundamentalism and rejected rules imposed upon you

Podcast #11 TWITHOP: Galton

-invented term eugenics for selective breeding, intelligence tests, developed basis for number of statistical procedures

Podcast #25: TWITHOP: Wertheimer in US

-recieved very politely -correspondacne between him and Hall and Beuring -showed strong respect for him and tried to understand Gestalt psychology

Podcast #16: history of ancient psychotherapy: Phillipe Pinnel

-saw that treatment of mentally ill was really punishment-- time was right for change

immediate experience

-using self report e.g. emotions and ideas

Podcast #3: William Wundt: 's lab and introspection requirements

1) observer must know when experiment begins and ends 2)observer must maintain sustained attention 3) phenomenon must be capable of experimentation 4) phenomenon must be repeated multiple times with same results

Podcast # 6: Principles of Psychology, TWITHOP, his textbook

12 years to write, comprehensive work including abnormal psych, religion, education, darwinian ideas, habit, affect, the self etc. -thought cognitions parasidic on affect -known largely for conceptual work-- stated nothing includes everything (pluralistic perspective) -thought empirical psych begins with experience, very robust and inclusive

Podcast #11 TWITHOP: Galton's african expedition

1850 set out for Capetown South Africa, only 28y old -previously lived the life of the idle rich -phrenologist suggested that he should do outdoorsy type activities, he decided to lead this expedition, returned two years later, productive --> returned with accurate map of country, wrote formal memoir about his trip, wrote book "tropical south africa" -known as explorer and geographer

Podcast #3: William Wundt: What was the founding year of experimental psychology?

1875

Podcast #1 Psychology comes of age: By what age did Freud believe the personality was shaped and how could you change it?

6 y.o. Thought it could only change by a great deal of effort with a psychotherapist

Laws of Learning Thorndike

A behavioral learning theory based on connectionism that studied increasing a behavior with the use of rewards, punishment, and practice. Three major laws in the theory inlcude

Pragmatism

Associated with James and functionalism -ideas can never be proven true or false, should just look at their practicality -James focused on cause and effect -significance: the emphasis on cause and effect paved the way for behaviorism. Has similiarities to Darwinism.

Podcast # 10 Great Ideas in Psychology: cognition- history of intelligence testing: Goddard

Callicack family study -heritibility of feeble-mindedness -age 22 Debra cllicack had mental age of 9 category of "moron" -acceptable scientific term with meaning -traced history--> there was a history with a feebleminded bar maid -feeblemindedness equated to opposite of intellgience- thought there was a gene for this -Translated the Binet-Simon intelligence scale into English -trongly argued the hereditarian position significance: Psychologists are still looking at the concept of heredity today and the degree to which someone's genes vs environment influences them. He was majorly involved in intelligence testing which is currently still a widespread phenonmenon and the use of questionnaire-style tests in psych. He also propagated the race/ intelligence debate that would continue long after his measurements at Ellis island.

Podcast #9: The story of psychology: Charles Darwin and Evolution: Spencer

England -parents were dissenters: religious non-conformers -he was self-educated and wrote articles for magazines, became editor of the economist -published the principles of psychology textbook -believed in inheritence of acquired characteristics , became follower of Darwin (he conined the survival of the fittest) -also transformed theory into social theory- individualism called social darwinism- people competing against other people, some should be rich and others should be poor"survival of the fittest!" -Darwin did not approve of this: false analogy -considered one of the great productive thinkers of his day

Podcast # 10 Great Ideas in Psychology: cognition- history of intelligence testing: Pasteur

Germ theory: doctors finally began washing their hands

Podcast #14: TWITHOP -- Gilly and claims of Fraud on Burt

J Conway and Margaret Howard -coauthors on Burt's paper -Burt always said they were out of the country-- thought they didnt actually exist--> but there is no solid proof for this, some people said they remembered conway -Gilly said that he faked the data

JND

Just noticeable difference, discovered by Vabor -this is a constant fraction of 1:40. IT can be exemplified by the smallest difference in weight a person is able to percieve though holding 2 objects. -if you're holding a 20pd weight you can detect half a pound of weight difference in the other hand significance: Demonstrated psychological events are measured to physical events in a systematic way and it was thought previously impossible. Shows psychology is quantifiable and a real science (1st quantitative law of psychology).

Podcast #25: TWITHOP: Gestalt and legacy in america

Kurt Lewin had strong effect on social psych -continuing use of Gestalt psych -major rediscovery of Gestalt now in the feild in cog and visual neurosicence, and in social and personality psych

Podcast # 33: Brief history of lobotomy: Antonio Moniz

Lisben medical school -invented improvement to brain Xray techniques -worked with psychotic patients- cut nerves from frontal cortex to thalamus to stop their intrusive repetitive thoughts -drilled 2 small holes on either side of forehead and severed PFC from rest of brain this became known as lobotomy -some patients became calmer, some did not -advised extreme caution: last resort

Podcast #1 Psychology comes of age: John Watson

Little albert experiment: taught him to be afraid of a white rat by associating it with a loud scary noise. Now whenever he saw the rat he instantly began to cry -Watson beleived baby could grow up to be anything based on the environment "blank slate" -way they turn out depends on their environment -Said mind has no role -classical conditioning

mental illness

Mental illness refers to a wide range of mental health conditions — disorders that affect your mood, thinking and behavior. -this is at the core of psychology, is trying to resolve mental illness through treatment. Now it is realized that mental illness has biological roots such as imbalances in NT's and this conecption of biology of mental illness dates back to hippocrates and his four humors.

Operationalism

Operationalization is defining your variables of measurement for a certain construct. example from class: For hunger - when animal deprived of food for 18 hrs then that is how you operationalize hunger problem - another says 25 hrs - not agreeing - subjective -Touches on themes of psychology - introspection wanted to make things quanifiable - wundt thought there were limitations in what we could study -Behaviorism - couldn't look at the brain - brain was unscientific -Cog movemement - brain was back in -Now we seem to think anything is operationable provided enough people agree on the way in which it is operationalized - will always be dissenting opinions

psychoanalysis

Psychoanalysis promotes awareness of unconscious, maladaptive and habitually recurrent patterns of emotion and behavior, allowing previously unconscious aspects of the self to become integrated and promoting optimal functioning, healing and creative expression. significance? This is a type of therapy that is still used today and may concepts are still important today such as the unconscious and the ego, which has now been named ego psychology. Also Freud popularized the talking cure which is used extensively in therapy.

Williams James' method of study

RT's, comparative methods, introspection

Podcast #1 Psychology comes of age: Behaviourism and Ivan Pavlov

Russian studying digestion. Mostly used dogs in his experiments, presented dogs with food and measured their saliva production. But they already salivated before the food was presented --> why?? This is because they came to expect the food, so with the use of tuning forks they associated the sound with the arrival of food and anticiapted being fed and therefore salivated! This is classical conditioning.

How have we come full circle with cognition?

Started with Wundt and structuralism and studying immediate consciousness and now we are largely studying cognitive psychology and people's attention and thought processes

Podcast #17: Sigmund Freud and psychoanalysis: Freud's past

Sigmund had many siblings, moved to Vienna where he lived for most of life, went to medical school -became involved in research under Bruc, believed in popular notion called reductionism: no other forces than the common physical chemical ones are active within the organism -Freud later tried reduce personality to neurology, later gave up on this -invented cell staining technique -Studied with Carchot in Paris, investigating hypnosis with hysterics -came back to Vienna and set up practice in neuropsychology -brought him fame and ostracism -people rejected people who didnt agree with him -immigrated to england before WWII, died of cancer of mouth and jaw eventually -- not cancer that killed him but overdose of morphine that killed him

Spencer

Social Darwinism -coined survival of the fittest -transformed Darwins theory into social theory -set stage for eugenics and intelligence testing, gave support to upper white class

Titchner

Student of Wundt's -equates structuralism to the anatomy of the mind -he was responsible for the periodic table of the mind and how the different elements work together -he was a stucturalist and his difference from Wundt was based in his introspective technique: introspection did not have to be immediate, believed in prolonged introspection--> self report -extremely rigid about experiments, controlled setting, clear design, top equipment -had to be highly trained to work in his lab -his method of operationalizing his variable was flawed-- the DV as systematic experimental introspection was not a proper measure of consciousness -he is largely responsible for experimental psychologists having their own labs -His DV did not align with the rest of his research procedure

Podcast # 33: Brief history of lobotomy: brain surgery to improve mental health: Berkheart

Swiss medical institutions attempted surgeries on schitzophrenic patients, some were calmer but 2 died

information processing theory

The IPM consists of three main components, sensory memory, working memory, and long-term memory. Sensory and working memory enable people to manage limited amounts of incoming information during initial processing, whereas long-term memory serves as a permanent repository for knowledge. -Within this model, information is taken in (or input). If a person is working on a task, this is where the working memory is enacted. information is encoded, given meaning, and combined with previously stored information to enact the task. The latter step is where the information is stored where it can later be retrieved when needed. -foundation of the theory is the analogy or input, output and processing as compared to a computer

Chomsky's language acquisition device

The LAD is a hypothetical tool hardwired into the brain that helps children rapidly learn and understand language. Chomsky used it to explain just how amazingly children are able to acquire language abilities as well as accounting for the innate understanding of grammar and syntax all children possess. (theoretical device) They display generative language and a universal grammar.

medical model

The medical model of mental illness treats mental disorders in the same way as a broken arm, i.e. there is thought to be a physical cause. This model has been adopted by psychiatrists rather than psychologists.

Wilhem Wundt: voluntarism

Voluntarism: the power of the will to organize the mind's content into higher-level thought processes. This in modern day could be considered attention.

Podcast # 10 Great Ideas in Psychology: cognition- history of intelligence testing: Standardized intelligence testing primary way for determining success in academics and public school students

WISC (R)-for childnen--> Wesler Intelligence Scale for Children WAIS (R)-for adutls - Wesler Adult intelligence scale

lobotomy

a surgical operation involving incision into the prefrontal lobe of the brain, formerly used to treat mental illness.

Podcast #21: Behaviourism: reinforcement

abandoned mostly all of his research except for the 1st half of law of effect/ reinforcement also known for-transfer of training: only similarity of 1st subject to second subject that will help you with second subject e.g. latin and italian

conference humanistic approach and trend of the times in the 1960s

around this time, rejection of previous thoughts of people being deterministic -art and music flourishing, drugs, partying

Podcast #34: History of early psychotherapy: treatment of mentally ill, syphillus

can cause physical brain deterioration -penacillin almost eliminated this entire phenomeon which often led to mental illness

Podcast #16: history of ancient psychotherapy: trepanning

cutting of hole in the skull -allows for release of evil spirit -points to importance of theory in driving treatment -people still advocate for this- inc oxygen supply to brain --> ppl say brain is trapped in skull leading to depression, some people support this significance? ethics in psychology. People may have thought that this treatment was aiding the mentally ill but in reality they were really just making people more docile and compliant. This treatment often happened to those who were mentally ill and even some unruly children and there was no consent involved. This paved the way for better ethics and also more effective and human treatments such as psychotropic drugs.

Podcast #4: David Robinson: Wundt at university of Leipzig

marked turning point in his career- physiological approach to psychology. Opened lab there- main figure in the discipline

Podcast #34: History of early psychotherapy: treatment of mentally ill and psychotropic drugs

drug therapy made impact on ability of patients to function outside of institutions -daily functioning much better and they could potentially hold jobs even significance? Move away from lobotomies and focus on less permanent and more modern treatment of mental disorders

Podcast #5: William James and functionalism, his hollistic idea

emotion is nothing w/o the body, emotion has evolutionary purpose and suggests practical application of his theory

Podcast #3: William Wundt: language has its origin in...

emotional sounds and gestures emotion is experienced first and then physiological and behavioural responses follow

James- Lange Theory

event--> arousal--> interpretation--> emotion William James -significance: hollistic idea, we would just be cognitive without emotion. Emotion has evolutionary purpose which has influenced psychology. Started the conversation around emotion and arousal and its purpose.

Watson's three emotions:

fear, rage, and love

Podcast #11 TWITHOP: fingerprinting and Galton

fingerprints- thought they might be unique marks of individuality -developed classification system, with arcs and swirls

Podcast #5: William James and functionalism, what started behaviourism?

james focused on habit-- sparked behaviourism -habit is conservative agent of society, dooms us to fight the battle of life

Podcast #2 "The beginnings of Psychology": Herman Van Helmontz

neural impulse, vision and audition research -wanted to know how fast the neural impulse could travel -used micrograph to measure nerve stimulation and contraction of muscle in frog leg -between 50-100m/s -demonstrated it is possible to measure psychophysiological processes significance? showed that you can measure psychophysiological states quantitatively and established psychology as a science, separating it from philosophy.

Podcast # 33: what ended use of lobotomy?

new drugs developed to control symptoms of mental illness, there were better alternatives and less invasive approaches

Podcast #34: History of early psychotherapy: treatment of mentally ill in 1900 and ECT

new technology: electricity in form of ECT -observed that rate of Sx among epileptics was very low- many inducing seizure would lessen Sx -attached electrodes to either side of head sending electrical shock through brain -effective for treatment of depression not Sx -side effect: memory loss, about themselves and past

Podcast #8: James Goodwin on E.B Titchner, TWITHOP, did Titchners group have an impact on the APA

no

Helmoholz major contribution to psychology

studying nerve impulses using RT

Podcast #36: The cognitive movement: feedback

take output of system, feed back in as input and thus alter the process (Process in which the effect or output of an action is 'returned' (fed-back) to modify the next action) -e.g. thermostat in house. -the goal of this system in equilibrium and improvement -performance feedback provision: starting with first draft and then correcting it -comparisson to natural selection: feedback used to improve ourselves bc human brains are dynamic -pos feedback: when output tells the system to produce more of something. e.g. economic bubbles

Podcast #31: Phineas Gage's exprience on railroad

tamping explosive charge into a rock using an iron tamping iron -struck spark which ignited the charge and his tamping iron went right through his brain -behind the eye and out through coronal suture then landed 30m behind him -got himself into cart and driven into the inn, sat down on the verandah and doctor came to examine gage -stopped the bleeding and hole can still be seen in skull -how he survived

aphasia

the loss of a previously held ability to speak or understand spoken or written language, due to disease or injury of the brain.

Podcast #27: Humanistic psychology TWITHOP: 3rd force

trying to displace behaviourism and psychoanalysis

Podcast #17: Sigmund Freud and psychoanalysis: oral crisis

weaning, being removed from breast

Podcast #18: TWITHOP: pejorative terms for mental ill

were initially called lunatics, crazy -now we say mental ill and psychiatry -asylums dated to 19th century, slow decline into 20th century

Podcast #34: History of early psychotherapy: Pinnel

young frenchman -reform to the asylum system -felt strong compassion with those who struggled with insanity-- he had experience with personal friend -thought they needed treatment -salt petre asylum- moved his way into positon of leadership -1st act of kindness: removed their chains, systematic gradual approach, talked and listened to them, removed their restraints -Charles (patient) murder occured when he was younger, been in asylum for over 20 years, those who worked there were afraid of his strength and size, Pinnel led him into courtyard -people slowly began to be released into society

general systems theory: Ludwig von Bertalanffy

ystems theory studies the structure and properties of systems in terms of relationships, from which new properties of wholes emerge. -The concept of system, though it seems to be intrinsic to human thinking, has been extensively employed and developed over the last few decades He defined a general system as any theoretical system of interest to more than one discipline. This new vision of reality is based on awareness of the essential interrelatedness and inter-dependence of all phenomena - physical, biological, psychological, social and cultural. It transcends orthodox disciplinary and conceptual boundaries.

Podcast #26 Humanistic psychology on Personality: heirarchy of needs by Maslow

- 1st level: physiological (food, drink, oxygen, temp) -2nd level: safety (security) these two described as basic needs** -3rd level: belongingness and love (Emotional need to belong to something larger than yourself) -4th level: esteem (prestige or accomplishment) -5th level: self actualization (achieving full potential including creative activities, full potential as a human) -many people have a deficiency orientation in personality-- focus on unmet needs for material things, renders life meaningless -want to develop growth orientation: satisfied with what you have, more likely to have peak experiences here (feelings of joy over the mere fact of being alive, human and fulfilling potential. Take in the world around you and filled with joy of how good your life is. Filled with wonder and goodness around you.) significance? His theory of the heirarchy of needs has been applied to modern psychology and psychologists have expanded upon his hierarchy, adding new levels. New psychologist believe that at the top there is now mate acquistition, mate retention, and parenting at the height of the pyramid. This is controversial, however; not everyone wants to become parents. Secondly, Maslow's notion of self actualization has helped the production industry sell and market self-help books.

Podcast #15: TWITHOP: famous production 16 PF personality test Raymond Cattell

-Cattell saw potential of factor analysis for personality- data reduction process, seeks to identify smaller number underslying factors that give rise to correlations -wanted to identify source traits- personalities fundamental categories -problem: where to start? started with every personality trait in english 4000 trait terms--> reduced by eliminating redundant terms but this got him to 171 then used cluster analysis and subjective methods -came up with 35 variables and then did factor analysis: 3 kinds - behaviour ratings, self report questionaires, objective tests -some duplication but differences between the three -he took 11 from behaviour, 4 from questionaire, then 1 objective -final 16 were thought most important by him -replication of his work all failed, claimed :"no one else outside his lab did factor analysis correctly" -significance? His factors of personality are still widely used today as a guide to personality. He also differentiated the concepts of fluid and crystalized intelligence which are concepts still discussed today (someone's reasoning skills versus their semantic knowledge). Brings to light the role ethics plays in research, high profile case of person supporting Nazi Germany who was in academia and research.

Severed Corpus Callosum Movie

-Dartmouth College, New Hampshire -Mike Gazzaniga brain scientist -Joel had surgery to correct epileptic problem--> severed corpus callosum (prevents spread of electirc storms but stops hemispheres from communicating) -his epilepsy is under control, working at egg farm -in normal person, it is difficult to draw two separate images, one with right hand and one with left hand -Joe can do same task as if operated by two separate brains (each hand only does what its half of the brain sees) -When word is flashed to his right brain he can't report it but he can draw it (ability to speak resides in hemisphere) only after he draws the image e.g. phone he can name it -sees two words simotaneously (bell and music): he can report music but not bell. He is then given the options of 4 other choices for what the possible other word was: He chooses bell. This is because speaking left brain plots a story about why he chose bell (which was seen on the right side and he couldn't report it). Left side seeks to explain this--> determination to find cause and effect (need to interpret why 2 events occurred) -ability to recognize faces is in the right hemisphere (first painting goes to right hemisphere and Joe points to face, next painting goes to left hemisphere and this time he points to fruits) -left hemisphere is seemingly more important than the right for analytic thinking and reasoning

Summary of Darwin video

-Darwin's ideas were a challenge to the church -Darwins time and his theory arose before the feild of psychology began -separate species of finches for each galapagos island, as well as tortoises led to the idea of survival of the fittest and natural selection -Reasoned there must be a law for new species to replace old species -Everything is part of one ancestral tree of life, each species has a branch -all living things on earth are related -Darwins observation: beaks of finches had unique shape and size adpated to food source of different islands -Forces of nature selects who will survive and pass on their positive traits to their offspring -Case example of evolution: HIV evolution--> discovered that by taking HIV patient off drug, for a few months, there will be evolution back to the wild type of the virus instead of the drug resistant version, then hit it with a combination of drugs -Emma, Darwin's wife believed that he was uncovering the hand of god by publishing his theory -Slit-like eyes used to be naturally selective but now a lens is preferred bevause it is more adaptive and light is focused more sharply on the retina -Darwin believed he was responsible for daughters sickness- 1st cousin marriage -Annies death destroyed any shred of darwin's faith- she didnt deserve punishment and he disbelived that god could have been responsible for this -natural selection is the creation, not God-- no direction is necessary -Alfred Wallace- same ideas as Darwin at same time regarding natural selection -DNA of chimps and humans will congeal almost perfectly, common ancestor lived only a couple million years ago -what seperates humans? explosive development of mental capacity like language and use of symbols

Podcast #23: TWITHOP: Skinner's foray into public realm

-Project pigeon: asked by general mills to develop pigeon missile guiding system -at dinner party after war, one of women at table talking about world that soldiers would come home to -skinner had ideas about world he could envision -manuscript on: Utopian community with pos reinforcement used for prosocial behaviour in small community -skinner became an icon of the community movement, many communities sprang up, not just because of skinner academics

Podcast #16: history of ancient psychotherapy: hysteria

-Symptoms of the illness included partial paralysis, hallucinations and nervousness. -explanation for mental illness, uterus is wandering through body -accounts for outbursts of woman -significance? those diagnosed were female, those who gave the diagnosis were male--> could be related to personal agendas. White males wished to remain atop of the social pyramid and therefore they were the ones giving out these diagnoses of hysteria strictly to women. This was influential to the history of psychology because it kept women repressed and docile (treatment often recommended resting and not too much mental exertion) which allowed men to remain dominant and in control in the feild of psychology. The condition of hysteria also influenced the development of the talking cure by Breuer which helped to relieve some of her symptoms. The famous Anna O was helped simply by talking about her condition and her life which she referred to as "chimney sweeping"

Systematic experimental introspection

-Titchner and structuralism -his definition of introspection was more open, it did not have to be immediate. -Systematic introspeciton today could be modeled by the statement: "tell me about that experience" -this is opposite from Wundt who did not want to involve any memory or reflection in his experiments as he thought they were confounding. -Tichner is responsible for Western society misunderstanding Wundt and his work--> this shows the power of students and their representation of your work (they influence your legacy) -Titchner popularized experimental labs, created society of experimental psychologists, he was oppositional to James who was more philosophical

Podcast #36: The cognitive movement: Von Bertalanffy

-Uni of Vienna, recieved doctorate, phd on Fekner -"modern theories of development": Can we explain biology in purely physical terms? he said yes. -went to chicago: gave lecture on general systems theory -became prof at vienna -summarized work in book: Problems of life -worked on cancer then cog psychology -believed systems would unify sciences --> open door to "generalist" scientists -transfer insights from one feild to another -took concepts from different theories and perfected flow diagram idea -idea of open system: system in context of larger system e.g. animals in ecosystems, and societys as organisms

Podcast #22: TWITHOP: Little Albert

-Watson conditioned fear response in little albert -banged steel bar after everytime they presented white rat -Beck examined archival records at Johns Hopkins and discorvered alberts identity, douglas meritte -found child died of hydrocephallus, contracted long after watsons experiment -new team claimed that Mertitte intellectually unstable at birth, perhaps with hydrocephallus at the time of the experiment, leads to questions about the generalizability of the experiment -Albert appeared less responsive to stimuli than normal child, thought they were neurologically impaired -contacted Beck with this information -located Merittes medical records: hydrocephalus from birth, no healthy or normal infant -never able to walk, little expressive lang -there are ethical implications to this procedure significance of little albert? demonstrated that classical conditioning—the association of a particular stimulus or behavior with an unrelated stimulus or behavior—works in human beings, suggesting many phobias may be due to classical conditioning. Although, this experiment raises some ethical considerations: Albert's fear was never extinguished and there was also speculation about Albert's condition entering the experiment.

Podcast #26 Humanistic psychology on Personality: Abraham Maslow's history

-abusive parents who rejected him -found stray kittens and hid them in box under bed, mom killed his kittens by smashing them against the wall -Openly talked about his hatred for his mother -formed theory by studying great leaders

Podcast #13: Cognition- Race, Genetics and Intelligence-- Repository for germinal choice Plotts "genius factory"

-accepted sperm donations from nobel prize winners, maximized genetic portential for offspring -not nobel prize winners, above average but normal, more than just IQ that matters! -now closed

Morril Land Act and its significance (1862)

-all states in the US were given 30,000 + acres of federal land you get to keep on one condition: within 5 years you have yo build a university on that land -by the end of the 1800's, university's shooting up accross the US- need money- how did they get it? Students! -graduate system- for teaching at higher level than your peers -women very absent from the scene- was thought that education was dangerous to womens resproduction -Cornell was one of the few universitys where women could get a degree -Coloured people had seperate university- retreated back to south if they could get a job

Podcast #25: TWITHOP: early approach to gestalt psych

-apposed to peice meal approach to psych, like Wundts with with elements -argued that its important to look at the whole -nature of the whole determines what the various subparts must be

Podcast #35: Community Mental Health Centers Act 1963: state of mental health care prior to WWII

-appropriate place for insane was in mental hospital of the state -bad reputation -factors in individuals life such as business failures, bad marriages were cause of illness. So if you remove them from environment the mental illness could be reversed. -most stayed from 3-9 mo -changes to law at end of 19th cent: elimate local gov's from care of mentally ill-- all people with mental illnesses are responsibility of the state. Alm's houses had large number of old age people and sent all these people to mental hospitals. Hospital became custodial institution- sent to die here. -problem compounded by depression and WWII -1945 stage set for change

Podcast #1 Psychology comes of age: Albert Bandura

-bobo doll experiment -observational learning done with children -*requires thinking -little children watched adult interact with bobo doll either gently or agressively then either saw their violence punished or rewarded. Children then left alone with dolll and if they witness the violence they were too and vice versa

Podcast #24: Gestalt Psychology: Wolfgang Kaehler

-born in Estonia -phd at uni of berlin -worker with Wertheimer in Frankfurt -became chair of psych lab in berlin -wrote Gestalt psychology -moved to US

Podcast #23: TWITHOP: Skinner

-born in Pennsylvania, arrived at Harvard with no background in psychology -ran accross Watson and Pavlov in his readings -single-minded, determined, confident -once he got to Harvard he was pretty much unsupervised -studied psych at Harvard, he forged his own path here

Podcast #24: Gestalt Psychology: Koffkah

-born in berlin -phd at uni of berlin -assistant of Frankfurt -moved to uni of Geissen, wrote growth of the mind while teaching here -introduced Gestalt program to readers in US -moved to US

Podcast #25: TWITHOP: Wertheimer

-generated Gestalt psych -discontent with peicemeal approach to science -holistic atmosphere in psychology -example: symphony-- orchaster will orchestrate whole symphony so the subparts become what they are because of the whole -whole determines the nature of its part -he lived and breathed gestalt psych everyday significance? This was a backlash to structuralism and breaking things down into specific parts. He believed you had to take in the "whole" in order to truely experience something --> this had important implications for not only focusing on quantitative but qualitative research - intrigued by the phenomenon of perception of motion and stopped at Frankfurt long enough to buy a toy stroboscope with which to test his ideas. He noted that two lights flashed through small apertures in a darkened room at short intervals would appear to be one light in motion; this perception of movement in a stationary object, called the phi phenomenon, became a basis for Gestalt psychology.

Podcast #36: The cognitive movement: Alan Turing

-born in london -raised in someone elses home -best friend died while he was in school--> thought about nature of existence and if it ends with death -Turing machine: modern computer introduced in a paper. -went to princeton, recieved phd then back to kings college -mentioned "building a brain", also mathmetician -best known for worth with breaking enigma code (with british intelligence) constructed code breaking machines -used by nazis during WWII to stop interpretation -turing helped break enigma code, provided much of original thinking to reliably break code with machine -decrypt captured message, lots of intelligence caputred (called ultra). influenced winning the war. -attempting to build first computer -he considered human brain: unorganized machine that learned through experience -arrested and tried for homosexuality, agreed to take estrogen pills -worked on pattern formation and quantum mechanics -eventually comitted suicide by ingesting cyanide -considered to be father of computer science -turing machine (computer): can be turned to any well defined task by being supplied with the appropriate program -9y later this technology tested (at time, idea lived only in his mind)

Podcast #13: Cognition- Race, Genetics and Intelligence-- Solution, The bell curve

-central argument is that human intelligence is substantially influenced by both inherited and environmental factors and is a better predictor of many personal dynamics, including financial income, job performance, birth out of wedlock, and involvement in crime than are an individual's parental socioeconomic status, or education level. Murray purposed solution for social stratification of low and high IQ -modern society, we are sorted by education, carrer, marriage, money-- Most separates from the least -create a society in which there is a valued place for everyone- throughout the range of intelligence can find a valued place for themselves (would be missed if you were gone) -wide range of social functions for neighbourhoods, municipality, social organization should be communities, suggest criminal justice system should be made simpler, marriage is a stabalizing factor. Coded way of suggesting that minorities were genetically inferior. Significance? People were not pleased by this book and it suggests that society was moving away from the notion that IQ is genetically determined.

Podcast # 33 lobotomies on who?

-convicts -difficult children -psychiatric patients

Podcast #27: Humanistic psychology TWITHOP: Allport

-correspondance with people in Germany, very good sense around what was going on there in Nazi germany -trait personality theory: looking at individual differences -humanism: seeing people hollistically -serious doubts about quantification of personality, responsible for the term is methodolatry (describing fetish of methods in theory) -he talked about operationalizism as a major focus of the field

Podcast #21: Behaviourism: McDougall

-dislike for Watsons behaviourism -born in England, M.D. -reffered to himself as anthropologist -made fellow of royal society -served in medical core in WWI for shell shock -offered position as prof of psych at harvard -debate with Watson at psychology club meeting, McDougall voted the winner -resigned from Harvard, taught at Duke university -hereditarian- psych based on instincts, believed in evolutionary psychology, hated Watson and his beliefs -proposed instituion of eugenics program, but not Naxism 3 compenents of instincts: perception, behaviour and emotion, they are goal directed, not just stimulus response behaviourism

Podcast #13: Cognition- Race, Genetics and Intelligence IQ practicality in early tests and more recent SAT scores

-early IQ test psychophysical tests- visual acuity, hand strength, head circumference, mental ability-- who did best? young, verbal, healthy, male undergrads -considered well adapted--> biased -later, became standardized, better predictors. -SAT and college performance? Study by berkman, combo of highschool grades and SAT good predictor of academic performance, non academic achievement and post college income -correlation between freshman GPA and SAT scores .42, 18% of variability is explained by performance on SAT -predicts who will graduate -conversely, study on freshman engineering students found weak relationship between SAT and school performance--> many colleges have dropped this requirement -subject test scores may be better predictors of success in university: math and science good predictors, language weak predictors -imperfect predictors but allows colleges to make comparissons, but shouldn't be only consideration

Podcast #16: history of ancient psychotherapy: lunacy

-feminine conotations -lunatic affected by the pull of the moon

Podcast #17: Sigmund Freud and psychoanalysis: Oedipal crisis in phallic

-first love is mother, want her in a pleasure based sexual way, young boy's rival is his father, becomes aware of difference between him and girls is that he has a penis and they dont, because of castration anxiety they drop this love story because of fathers superiority, ego defences, displaces sexual wanting for mom to other girls and identifies with "dad" to be a man -girl begins life in love with mother. She has penis envy, sets her sights on dad to have baby instead of penis, displaces to boys and then men, identifies with mom-- doesnt suffer from castration anxiety -Freud felt that this lack of fear shows women are less morally inclined and less heterosexual

Podcast #24: Gestalt Psychology:

-founded by Max Wertheimer, Gestalt psych taking precedence in Germany -word means: unified whole, study of humans as a whole -roots in older philosophers ideas -behaviourism was ruling the US at this time

Podcast #28 Gordon Allport TWITHOP: Allport's history

-founded feild of personality psych -his work informed by his religious committments -intense religiosity, devote methodists, no dancing smoking or drinking in the home -theme that pervaded his career -went to Harvard, majored in psych -Studied with McDougall -focus was on the continuation of his parents views-- using science to improve the human condition

Podcast # 33: Brief history of lobotomy: Carlile Yokabsun

-frontal and prefrontal lobotomies on chimps -calmer after surgery -john fulman attempted to make chimps feel nervous with contradictory signals, they were immune to this process of inducing this neurosis

Podcast #23: TWITHOP: application of skinners theory

-skinner well known in psychology circles -decided to write book that would extend ideas to wider public, he was concerned about the number of social issues--> "beyond freedom and dignity" -said had give up free will and self determination, his ideas thought to engage people in prosocial behaviour -reported that he was shocked by the reaction to his book

Podcast #37: The cognitive movement Part two: Chompsky

-he proofread fathers manuscripts by the time he was in highschool -passionate about politics -BA from pensylvannia -3 kids and wife -phd from pen Uni -taught at MIT -began work on generative grammar: how to create new sentences we have never spoken before? -critical of traditional linguists and behavioural psychologists (like skinner) -chomsky said children learn language without reinforcement -begin speaking when brains ready to acquire lang -understanding requires the language acquisition device (hard wired capacity--- genetic) -innate ability to learn language (we have universal grammar, ready to absorb whatever lang presented to us) -surface structure: language as we know it e.g. english -deep structure: abstract, exist at level of meanings and universal grammar -vocal critic of vietnam war

Podcast #15: TWITHOP: APA almost awarded him gold metal, delayed granting and then he withdrew his name from the award

-he was a polarizing figure, played no role in not recieving this award -Catel's ethical system: provide data for support of eugenics- unfit groups should be phased out by sterilizing them or in asylums, not violent killings -the unfit races shouldn't recieve assistance- perpetuation of this genetic defect, no culture borrowing, cure for disease should not be shared with them -1930s he named : negros should be eliminated -after civil rights you couldnt say these things -these writings continued until long after 1930s into the 90s -Cattell praised nazi regime, encouraged western democracy to follow this procedure -Nazis had interest in him for his beliefs also supported other Nazi-minded individuals -this led to him not recieiving the award from APA

Podcast #11 TWITHOP: Galton's anthropometric laboratory

-heredity intellectual ability thought to be related to physiology--> measure of head size, thought bigger brains would have more intelligence, tests of RT- quicker= smarter -not actual good predictors of intelligence significance? to show white males were at the top of society, which led to the exclusion of all others in feild of psychology.

Podcast # 10 Great Ideas in Psychology: cognition- history of intelligence testing: immigration into US Goddard at ellis island

-no concern from northern Europe -but people from mediterranean countires-- not desirable -Goddard created intellgience test- said he could also identify feeblemindedness by sight at Ellis island -these questions were very specific to intelligence like "What do you do at bowling alley?" "What is crisco?" misuse of intelligence testing! significance? psychology being used to influence social policy- people still considered it a legit science at this time even though it was flawed

Podcast #31: Phineas Gage's personality afterwards

-no contemporary report about him being a drunk, didnt die of being a drunk -went to work for inn keeper -then worked as a coach driver -became ill -went to san fransisco and recovered and farmed there and then had to have seizures -this is when he had strange behaviours like having faults with his employers -then had continual state of seizures and died from this -late part of life dominated by unwillingness to work

Podcast #37: The cognitive movement Part Two: Piagets theory of children-- sensorimotor

-noted skills in infants : sensorimotor skills-- directed their exploration of their environment -called these skills schemas -can assimilate new object into an old schema or accommodate the old schema to new object -this is adaptation or learning -equilibrium: good model of the universe -developed idea of stages of cog development

Podcast #27: Humanistic psychology TWITHOP: relationship to scientific psych

-open to seeing experimental demonstration that would support his ideas of unconditional positive regard -agreed he needed the data -democratic movement -- some elements suggested that humanisitc psych should not be quantifiable because this implies reductionism -another strand developing other ways of being scientific like heuristic research

Podcast #9: The story of psychology: Charles Darwin and Evolution: conclusion of origin of species

-people may be upset by this claim and its anti-religiousity -man risen to the top of the organic scale -man still bears the stamp of his lowly origin regardless of all other remarkable adaptions

Podcast #37: The cognitive movement Part Two: Miller

-phd from Harvard -studied psycholingusitics -7 + or - 2--> magic number -limits on capacity for short term memory -could only hold so many chunks -used computer as their model of human learning -said psych was the study of the mind -president of APA and got national metal of science

Podcast #14: TWITHOP-- richard herrnstein

-pub controversial article: society heading towards smart people in upper class-> expanded into book of the bell curve -invited to give talk at princeton on pigeon behaviour, didnt want questions about his piece on intelligence -Caymen responded that audience could question him with whatever they wanted during Q and A session--> decided not to go -psych department held talk on free speech instead by Cayman

Podcast #14: TWITHOP -- Burt's background

-research publications established genetics of intelligence-- later questioned after his death -versed in many different areas - English father was a scholar and doctor- taught him latin, learned German and science from Grandfather, mother- interest in art and her brother was a painter -no toys--> books and art materials -@11 won scholarship to private school, read work of Galton on eugenics -won scholarship in classics from oxford- also took anthro, physiology and then slected psych for final exams -was McDougall's student -Bert pursued career in individual psychology afterwards

Podcast #26 Humanistic psychology on Personality: humanistic perspective

-sees personality guided by each persons perceptions and values. We have innate desire to grow and fulfill potential. Stresses the capacity for personal growth and our freedom to choose. -stresses positive side of humans

Podcast #14: TWITHOP -- bert and studies of intelligence of identical twins

-seperated after birth (MZA)--reared apart, studied for heritibility- measure of genetic influences on a trait -problem: impossible to assess directly, can be shown that the correlation between scores of MZA's on some trait is equal to the Heriberto only under certain assumptions- no correlation between the environments in which the twins are raised -seperated twins tend to be raised in homes similar to eachother -BUT Bert's study looked at 53 pairs of seperated twins- claimed to satisfy assumption of 0 correlation between the twins environments- gathered data on SES and correlation was 0! -most important study of its time -correlation was identical to three decimal places, which tipped people off -signficiance? people blindly build off of research assuming that it is fact

Podcast #26 Humanistic psychology on Personality: Carl Rogers

-the self theory: people have innate desire for growth -self emerges from individual experiences with the world--self describes you and your personality -we form opinions about our abilities --> Self concept (self perception) -ideal self= the person you'd like to be. Not shaped by desires for yourself, but by others peoples evaluations and acceptance of you (descirbes person you wish you were) -if ideal self and self concept match up- happy with life, greater discrepancy = more maladjusted -to solve this you must begin moving toward the ideal self, immediate begin to feel more hopeful -this process is called self actualization: making real the ideal self -Rogers saw this as motivating all human behaviour -praise and love we receive "conditional positive regard" influences our ideal self -suggested we should accept eachother with unconditional positive regard, this elevates self worth and helps people move toward self actualization -this is important for parents: they will develop sense of self confidence and growth -also important for therapists: attitude that I accept you just as you are -Self actualized person: constantly evolving, open to new experiences, trust themselves, seek guidance but make own decisions, get along with others, live in present -conditional positive regards is positive regard with conditions- you only are praised when you display good behavior.

Podcast #26 Humanistic psychology on Personality: Maslow

-thought Self actualization is the highest need in the hierarchy -he studied popular leaders and found they were all independent creative followed impulses, accurate perception of reality, accept ambiguity, thought of problem solutions, accepted self and others, enjoyed life. More likely to have peak experiences and sense of humor. -These characteristics describe self actualization -This concept of self-actualization has being a driving force in the popular media and self help books in order to get people into their ideal states/ flow. This shift in psychology also emphasized the POSITIVE nature of people and their free will, unlike deterministic, negative views of people through psychoanalysis.

Podcast #23: TWITHOP: Skinner's air crib

-traced to request by Skinners wife, to make early child care easier -basically a glassed in temp and humidity controlled crib, didnt have to wear clothes other than diaper, bottom of crib was canvas, if soiled, it could be rolled out of crib to wash -wrote article about this crib, elicited both positive and negative response significance? It was thought by skinner that this box would ease the parental process for parents and improve child's development. At the time it was thought that this crib was cruel and inhumane to raise a child in this "box". It was rumored that Deborah's early experiences in the crib caused her to go crazy, sue her father, and commit suicide. These legends are in fact false; Deborah grew up normally, has talked very positively about her childhood, and has no issues with the air crib. There was an ethical debate here but her development appears to not have been stunted.

Podcast #16: history of ancient psychotherapy: middle ages

-transition to looking for internal sources of mental illness was lost -now again people thought evil spirits are the cause -this led to exorcisms-- justified to save their immortal soul -similar to torture

Podcast #16: history of ancient psychotherapy: reissance in Europe

-treatment of metally ill--> insane asylums, built to protect these people from exploitation -funding was an issue, often attached to a prison -inside of asylum was stark place -saint mary of betheleham hospital "bedlam" called place of chaos and disorder, very little treatment -often chained to walls and restrained

Podcast #32: psychograph- automatic phrenologist

-twin city auto show is where it made its debate generate full phrenological reading of a patient in just one minute -looks like old fashioned hair dryer -stool with head peice and small box -electronic phrenology dome -invention of Lavery -believer in phrenology, thought that it could be more scientific if you removed people from the study of bumps on the skull -sit on stool and head peice would be lined up, 32 sensors defined outline of skull, corresponded to reading on series of rubber stamps in box and piece of paper fed through this- personality profile appears in 90 sec -paper divided into dif mental categories, assigned score on each and interpretation

Podcast #13: Cognition- Race, Genetics and Intelligence- IQ tests accurately predict

-upper 25% does better in school than lower 25% -lowest 10% more likely to failed in school and experience social problems like unemployment

Podcast #21: Behaviourism: Pavlov and meat powder experiment

-used meat powder on tongue of dog to make it salivate -ringing bell at same time, after a few times, dog would salivate without powder -when bell is rung many times with no meat, stop salivating at time of bell---> extinction -then you have spontaneous recovery if you do the meat powder one more time -condition excitation and inhibition -one bell could mean dinner and one bell could mean dinner is over-- if too similar: experimental neuroses -characterized dogs with 4 humors

Podcast #14: TWITHOP - Concluded Burt was a fraud but there was attempt to bring his work back to life

-wanted to reverse Earnshaw's conclusion -made up scores when requested by US researchers -but really the evidence of fraud is quite apparent

Podcast #4: David Robinson: Wundts early life

-was related to science teachers, became medical student until 1870s, then more interested in physiology and science in Heidelburg. He became Helmontz's lab assistant and published work especially on visual perception and physiological psychology, published his textbook on it, led to professorship in philosohphy in Zurich then in LEipzig

Podcast #27: Humanistic psychology TWITHOP: Humanism today

-way of identifying yourself today (not experimentalist, but broader human psychology) -useful for broader, bigger, philosophical questions -differentiates human beings from other beings on the planet -largely divorced from the discipline of psychology: new age variations of data-less approaches to understanding people -major contrinution: diffusion into broader culture: feminism, ecological concerns, identity politics, institutionalized a notion that all people have a right to their identities.

Podcast # 33: Walter Freidman

-went on to do thousands of lobotomies and promoted their use -"ice pick lobotomy" -impatient with difficult procedures by moniz -ice pick above each eye of patient, overtop of eyeball, light tap and swish back and forth to create passive patient -developed assembly line lobotomy -procedure was gruesome, collegues thought he went too far

Podcast #20: TWITHOP: kraeplin studying in experimental psych

-went to work with Wundt in his experimental psych lab -he claims he always had interest in psychology -job in psychiatric asylum, fired bc he spent all his time in Wundt's lab -then worked in lab doing stimulus reaction time experiments, aim was to understand processes of brain, norms of reaction time -Kraeplin expands this methodology into psychiatry -he was using methods to improve the asylum experience. came up with classification of mental illness into schizophrenia and manic depression--> undertook clinical research to differentiate them, gave symptomology significance: trying to apply his research to actual cases of mental illness and this was a huge juxtaposition to Freud who majorly used case studies with little replicability.

Podcast #14: TWITHOP-- was it true he was egalitarian for fighting class structure?

-whenever possibility for bright working class schools to enter prepatory schools- still expressed reservations -may be misfit in these schools -members of upper class have certain moral standards, wanted to associate only with the same upper class -thought it would be misfortune for bright members of wokring class to forsake their presence there-- must help elevate its tone and capable poor should be kept away from university so that some intelligent people can remain in working class

Podcast #16: history of ancient psychotherapy: treatment of mentally ill

-whirling cure: attaching someone to bed that would be spun or put in box to spin-- "soothing and lulling effects" -wheel: person put in drum and if they moved it would move. "trained themselves to achieve balance, help them understand how to bring balance to mentality" -blood letting: letting out blood to cure illness -water: submerging someone is icy water bath, then back and forth to warm and cold water, dousing someone in water, spraying water at liver to eliminate excessive humors, bath of surprise: person seated on trap door below which was large pool of water, person dropped into bath- shocking them back to reality -restraint: isolation chair- strapped with leather straps and kept there for long time, head covered by black box, restriction of sensory data--calming effects?? The crib- looks like coffin, restrained and unable to move, supposed to be for calming -saw that this was seen as punishment-- time was right for change

Podcast #1 Psychology comes of age: Freuds concept of three western thought revolutions

1) Gallieleo: earth not at the centre of the universe, revolves around the sun. 2) revolution of Darwin- same evolutionary line as animals, humans are not seperate nor created by divine power 3) Freuds own revolution: not governed by the rational mind but by instincts that we just explain with rational thought

Podcast #15: TWITHOP: scientists ideology relevance to award

1) makes proposals that are clear violations of ethics in role as scientist --- violates US constitution by Cattell 2) when organization cherishes certain factors that the person is denouncing e.g. improving human condition like eliminating prejudice 3) scientist comits major errors in scientific work as a result of ideology- e.g. insisting that interracial matings produce abnormalities in offspring

Podcast #34: History of early psychotherapy: managed care

1990s managed care: save money by limiting psychotherapy sessions, more quick and effective approaches -eliminated the care for the poor -care of mentally ill began to change: mentally ill no longer had access they needed to stabalize themselves, ended up in criminal justice system -largest provider of mental health treatment in US -they are usually incarcerated with other normal criminals--- some ways we have come full circle to asylums

Podcast #7: 1st woman president on APA, Mary Calkins, merits

1st experimental psychology lab at women's university, welsley -1st womans president of American philosophical association

Podcast #2 "The beginnings of Psychology": Herman Van Helmontz, Enrst Vabor, Gustav Theodre Fekner, and William Wundt

1st resonsible for experimentation on the human mind

Podcast #5: William James and functionalism, Mary Calkins

1st woman for PhD psych at Harvard but denied degree because she was a woman -went on to be 1st woman president of APA significance? She was one of the first women in the feild of psychology, established self psychology and the self is still a large part of psychology e.g. 3 selves in social psych

Podcast #21: Behaviourism: 1st and 2nd signal systems

1st: where conditioned stim acts as signal that event about to occur 2nd: arbitrary symbols stand for stimuli as they do in human lang

Podcast #9: The story of psychology: Charles Darwin and Evolution: Huxley

2 years of formal education, then self educated, interested in naturalistic thinking -studies led to scholarship in hospital in London, won awards -assistant surgeon on HMS rattlesnake around australia and new guinea, investigated sea life on the trip -continued biological research -returned to england but couldn't find academic position -started teaching at government school of minds -met charles darwin- close friendship, started campaign for Darwin's theory- he faught against the church and promotes the evolution from Apes -studies sea creatures, evolution of vertebrates, agnosticism- ultimate reality beyond human grasp, metaphysical point of view

Podcast #15: TWITHOP: Cattel's conceptualization of personality

3 traits of personality: temperament-stylistic and style, easy going vs persistent etc. ability- multidimesional, fluid and crystallized intelligence (more culture influenced), tryadic theory: capacities: fluid intelligence, speed, memory, provincial powers: sensory and motor abilities, agencies: crystallized intelligence dynamic: motivation, ergs--> drive or instinct, wanted to identify it through factor analysis

Podcast #1 Psychology comes of age: Albert Ellis

ABC model- what you think about what happens to you that makes you feel a certain way

Podcast #13: Cognition- Race, Genetics and Intelligence Cowell and terman--> his discovery that led to the terminites

Cowell below average intelligence, got job as a janitor at one room school house, whenever he had a chance to play piano at the schoolhouse he did--> amazing ability. Terman (standford prof who invented stanford-binet intelligence test), administered test to Cowell, found IQ was above 140, genius level. Limited education but extreme natural talent. Terman then began to look elsewhere for extreme IQ. -Terman then selected 1470 children whose IQ's ranged between 140 and 200 called "terminites" and Terman tracked success for rest of their lives -thought they had extreme potential, disappointing conclusion: he made a fundamental error -IQ matters more at lower level -once you pass the threshold, doesnt matter anymore -all at 99th percentile, became legislators, publish books, run for office etc but none won nobel prize and only some became famous -a couple students who were rejected, went on to win nobel prize -high IQ thought to be best predictor of success but this does not ring true significance? His study of the terminites revealed that IQ is only important to a certain extent whereby the increasingly positive effects plateau (E.g. after 140) and further IQ points are no longer significant.

Podcast #29: The brain as an organ of the mind: Mashall Hall

English physician and physiologist, pioneer in reflex behavior -realized nerves connected to spinal chord then to brain -attempted to make distinction between voluntary and involuntary movement -decapitated animals respond to stimulation but touching specific nerves -electricty can override the nervous system -different parts of brain control dif behaviors, cerebrum controls voluntary movement, spinal chord: reflexes, medulla: respiratory, muscle clature- involuntary movement -theory of reflex action: the spinal chord comprises chain of units that functions as reflex arcs, they interact to coordinate movement and NS has sensory and motor components that are interact through reflex arcs

Free will

James and titchener were believers in free will - seemed to influence their schools of thought - juxtaposed to behaviorism which thought we were products of environments - did not study or value the mind and contemplate our free will -Skinner and his theory of learning: wasnt his theory of learning that attracted so much concern - it was his application of his theory of learning and his extrapolation of his theory to human behavior and social philosophy 'beyond freedom and dignity" -he was concerned about what he saw as dangerous path towards nuclear annihilation, environmental destruction - concerned that his ideas weren't being taken up in a way to help society - society's refusal to give up belief in free will and self determination that was carrying us on path of cultural annihilation - was worried about survival of the culture -"my system will allow us to engineer prosocial behavior" -this book was partly related to the demise of behaviorism (Which was muliply determined) as society did not agree with his arguments and actually opposed them

Phenomenology

Phenomenology is the study of subjective experience -a core tennant of the phenomenological approach is the idea that You are free - can be anything - you are you in the act of doing -this Idea of freedom, making choices, responsible for our axns, appealed to humanistic psychologists: we each have a unique desire to grow and fulfill our natural potential. humanistic psychology stresses our capacity for personal growth and freedom to choose. -significance? Beginning to see reaction against behaviorism and psychoanalysis. Move away from negative and deterministic approach to psychology and focus on more positive and self-deterministic aspects. This view of psychology was fitting for the time- people experimenting with drugs, listening to new music, forming subcultures and countercultures.

Podcast #1 Psychology comes of age: Three major schools of psychology and how the individual is born. Determined or blank slate?

Psychoanalysis: shaped by negative instincts from within- born negative and selfish behaviourism: blank slate/ neutral. Shaped from outside forces. humanistic approach: shaped from within by positive forces.

What is the IQ Zoo?

The IQ Zoo was an animal training facility and tourist attraction in Hot Springs, Arkansas developed by Keller and Marian Breland in 1955. The Brelands, both graduate students of psychologist B. F. Skinner, used principles of behaviorism to train chickens, rabbits, pigs, raccoons, groundhogs, deer, goats, and many other animals to perform simple acts based on the animals' instinctual behaviors. The acts, which included traveling animal shows, were as diverse as the animals and ranged from "The Kissing Bunny" where a rabbit "kissed" his plastic girlfriend to "Casey at the Bat" where a chicken played a game of baseball on a miniature scale. The acts cost $0.10- $0.25 to view in their mobile units.

systematic experimental introspection

Titchner -he believed that introspection did not have to be immediate but rather it could be prolonged self report

Podcast # 10 Great Ideas in Psychology: cognition- history of intelligence testing: Terman

University of Stanford -Brought binet-simon scales to America -made contributions to standardization and trnaslated it to "intelligence test" -as you age, ratio IQ collaspes toward centre- regression toward the mean, IQ looks like its slipping this is just effect of change of ratio -Wexler introduced how far IQ deviates from average of normal distribution or bell curve (looking at standard deviation) -create IQ test, collect all scores, one score will be most frequent, this will form bell curve, standardized this test! Score is compared to standard scores or the average, their standard deviation from mean is determined from 100, 1SD is 15 points (1SD above mean is 115)

Podcast #9: The story of psychology: Charles Darwin and Evolution: married emma wedgewood, cousin

Village of Downe is where they settled -Darwin suffered from serious illness, Emma helped him considerable -2 daughters, five sons

Podcast #1 Psychology comes of age: Father of american psychology

William James. 1st psychology lab in America, believed the role of psychology was to study the function of the mind as the mind adapted to the environment (sounds like Darwin!) -James not concerned with internal mental state but more with pragmatic use (function) -more intelligent mind= more adapted -functionalism isnt used today- he never created a formal school on they psychology of functionalism

Podcast #24: Gestalt Psychology: gestalt psych overview

based on observation that we experience things not apart of our simple sensations -we percieve motion that is a rapid sequence of multiple sensory events -lights are stationary and blinking, give illusion of movement e.g. lights in las vegas --> called phi phenomenon -you see an effect of the whole event that is not contained in the sum of its parts -built to experience the structured whole and individual sensations -gestalt laws: pregnants-- pregnant with meaning-- innately driven to experience things in good gestalt, as good as possible (could mean regular, order, symmetry) e.g. we often see a complete figure of a collection of dots -law of closure: we complete the picture if something is missing -law of similarity: group together similar items -law of proximity: things that are close together are seen as belonging together -law of continuity: see a line and second line crossing the first, see them as two lines not right angles, both lines continue, not interrupted -another concept: figure ground- picture with two different interpretation e.g. face or vase, one is the figure and one is the background

Podcast #5: William James and functionalism, life as a professor

became instructor of physiology at harvard, had demonstrative lab established (although he hardly did any research), then changed to professor of philosophy. Finally became prof of psychology and wrote his principles of psychology textbook

Podcast # 10 Great Ideas in Psychology: cognition- history of intelligence testing: Charles Darwin

began with important idea by Darwin: natural selection (animal that is best adapted to environment will survive and pass on its genetics) -Humans Adapted to every environment in the world because of opposable thumbs and really big cranium! intelligence has allowed us to create technology so we can survive in any climate -best adaption? Intelligence= better adaption!

Eugenics

belief in the possibility of improving the qualities of the human species or a human population, especially by such means as discouraging reproduction by persons having genetic defects or presumed to have inheritable undesirable traits (negative eugenics) or encouraging reproduction by persons presumed to have inheritable desirable traits (positive eugenics) -the intelligence testing movement had eugenic goals to substantiate white men as the head of society and women and people of other races as inferior. Many people influenced this eugenic movement, such as Spencer with his social Darwinism, Goddard, with his testing of people at Ellis island, and lastly, Galton said that intellectual heritbility is controllable through eugenics- directing the course of human evolution. Talented individuals should outbreed the average people -presented idea of intelligence tests- should be presented to figure out who should intermarry and procreate -this largely influenced the history of psychology because the movement substantiated white men at the height of society and women and people of other races as inferior. This influenced a white, male dominated feild in psychology, as these men were the only ones producing research and conducting stuides at the exclusion of all others. This eugenics view may have influenced their findings--> self-fulfilling prophecy.

Podcast #7: 1st woman president on APA, Mary Calkins, feminism

believed in equality of sexes, suffragist

Podcast #16: history of ancient psychotherapy: Hippocrates and Galen's 4 humors

believed mental illness was result of brain damage/ imbalance of humors -marks transition from old way of thinking about mental illness to newer way--> used to think mental illness was caused by the gods, causing people to act in strange ways. Hippocrates said changes in brain changed the way people thought and felt -humors played different roles in the body (Galen identified 4 humors that influence personality) -phelgm: sluggish, dull-->phlegmatic -blood: passionate--> sanguine -yellow bile: irritable, quick to anger--> choleric -black bile: melancholic, thoughtful, depressed ---->melancholic -transition to looking for internal sources of mental illness significance? Saw mental illness as a result of biological causes (4 humors) even though this concept was incorrect, the thinking behind it (biology) paved the way for future psychiatrists to inquire about underlying physical causes of mental illness that we are aware of today (e.g. imbalances in NT's)

Terms for Final: Social Darwinism

believed that the process of natural selection acting on variations in the population would result in the survival of the best competitors and in continuing improvement in the population. Social stratification was justified on the basis of natural inequalities among individuals. It was believed the poor were "unfit" and should not be aided and wealth was a sign of success. significance: this eugenic type idea influenced intelligence testing because it was believed that white men were at the top of the social pyramid and there were looking for support. Many influential psychologists were white men who benefited by this proposition.

happenings at the beginning of the 19th century

biology and physiology quite popular and tons of action in this feild -people are getting insight into how animals are wired -the idea was to apply the same techniques to mental data

Podcast #9: The story of psychology: Charles Darwin and Evolution:history

born in England father was a physician and writer/naturalist, mother died when charles 8 -highschool, studied medicine at Edinburgh but didnt have the stomach, switched to Cambridge to become clergyman, more interested in entemology (insect study) and hunting- grad from christ's college -collected many specimens as a child -unpaid position on the Beagle as a naturalist, most of ships time surveyed South America, New Zealand, Australia

Podcast #9: The story of psychology: Charles Darwin and Evolution: Wallace

born in England, father died when he was very young -Wallace became drawing teacher, went to jungles of Brazil, on his way home the ship caught fire and sank and all his collections of specimens and notes were gone -second voyage to Malaysia- malarial fever--> had idea for natural selection and sent his essay to Darwin and suggested he forward it to other naturalists

Podcast #17: Sigmund Freud and psychoanalysis: oral stage, anal, phallic, latency, genital

greatest pleasure in sucking birth - 18mo greatest pleasure from holding in or letting it go 18mo - 3/4 yr pleasure from touching genitals, masturbation common 3/4 - 5/6yrs fairly stagnant, sexual impulse suppressed in service of learning 5/6- puberty around 12 resurgence of sex drive, focus of pleasure in sexual intercourse 12+

classical and operant conditioning

classical: learn to associate two different stimuli UCS, CS, UR, CR -operant conditioning is when learning results because of reinforcement (negative or positive) This type of conditioning is used today in psychology experiments with animals for various different reasons, like positive reinforcements (e.g. drug reinforcement, studies of sexual behavior) and also learning about fear conditioning and extinction

Podcast #1 Psychology comes of age: Comparisson of classical and operant conditioning

classical: world/ enviro acts on you first then you respond accordingly operant: you act first and then you are rewarded or punished *in both cases no thought is required

Podcast #1 Psychology comes of age: Herbert Simon

compared human mind to computer input and output systems

Podcast #17: Sigmund Freud and psychoanalysis: unconcsious and conscious popularization

conscious: what you are aware of at the moment, perceptions and thoughts preconscious: available memory, can be easily made conscious, not thinking about now but can bring to mind suggested these are the smallest part unconscious: not easily avalible to awareness like drives and instincts and repressed thoughts, source of motivations, often available to us only in disgused form this was the biggest part

Podcast #30: Paul Broca: why should we remember him?

contributions to localization revolution: language in localized area on the left side -he also made contributions pre-history by looking at skulls and trepanation -believed in recovery of function, right side might be able to take over from left side and if damage occurred early enough right side could dominate language -first person to perform brain surgery on localization of function -work on limbic system -

Podcast #13: Cognition- Race, Genetics and Intelligence- biased IQ test for 3 groups

deaf, non english speakers, women re-entering schools in 30s/40s -test predicts they will do poorly, but usually actually do quite well in school

operationalizing in behaviourism

defining your variables in terms of behaviour e.g. hunger: after depriving animal of food for 18 hours they will display hunger but this gets messy! There will probably be a lack of consensus

Podcast #11 TWITHOP: correlation and regression analysis, Galton

desire for quantitative measure of familial resemblance e.g. tall parents tend to have tall children, intelligent parents, intelligent offspring -wanted to qauntitatively describe degree of relationship significance? Today correlations are often still used in psychology to determine the heredity of traits in twin studies. Galton popularized this method of research that is still used today to determine whether traits are due to biology/ environment. This laid the ground work for Burt whose carreer was largely dedicated to twin studies.

Podcast #19: TWITHOP: Freud 1890s reception from europe

developing thoughts about psychoanalysis -controversial hypotheses about role of desires and wishes -mixed reception: attracted small growing body of followers, e.g. Carl Jung -also dissent

Podcast #31: Phineas Gage: anti-localization

didnt include any of the changes -phinneaus had massive damage to brain with little way in terms of consequences and this suited anti-localization (dominant medical view) -many people attacked the localization of function view by using Gage's case

heritable characteristics

difference between individuals in the population- how much difference is there?

Podcast #12 TWITHOP: Cattel's dismissal

dismissed from academic position for publicly questioning conscription for WW1, this had been made illegal by Wilson -not his first run in with Columbia administration, maybe potential pretext to get rid of him

Podcast #13: Cognition- Race, Genetics and Intelligence Culture free tests

don't rely on language or previous knowledge -Ravens progressive matricies- abstract reasoning, no lang or specific knowledge, 40 items- series of grids with pattern, identify which grid correctly completes the pattern

Podcast # 10 Great Ideas in Psychology: cognition- history of intelligence testing: James McKeen Cattell

earned PHD in psych from Wundt, interested in human capacities and how they could be measured -experienced heavily with drugs and alcohol -coined term: mental test -believed physical measures could show mental ability -mental tests included psychophysical measures such as hand strength, breathing capacity, brain circumference - size of brain is correlated with intelligence--who is at top of list? -graduates from harvard and yale who were healthy white males, then white females, then other races. White males making these lists! -even science is susceptible to culture -men had larger skulls than women- must be more intelligent! BUT not correlation between head size/brain matter and intelligence -significance? He believed largely in the experimental technique of psychology and wished to have psychology be recognized as a science. He was highly influencial in the use of quantitative methods. He also was involved in establishing and reviewing major psychological journals. He mentioned that we complete science through our own cultural worldview, if all scientists agree, mistaken beliefs can be accepted.

Podcast #9: The story of psychology: Charles Darwin and Evolution- expression of emotion

evolution of signals animals use to communicate and relates them to emotional expression (evolutionary psychology)

Podcast #11 TWITHOP: Heredity talent and character, Galton

first suggested that intellectual ability, talent, character, has tendency to run in families and the reason is because it is hereditary -provide the basis for the future of evolution in the human species -implicit that intellectual heritbility is controllable through eugenics- directing the course of human evolution. Talented individuals should outbreed the average people -presented idea of intelligence tests- should be presented to figure out who should intermarry and procreate

Podcast #5: William James and functionalism, commonalities between structuralism and functionalism

free willist, anti-materialistic, both studied mind, both empiricists and experimental (not in todays society)

Podcast #37: The cognitive movement Part Two: Hebb

from Nova Scotia -basics of theory: Hebb synapse: repeated firings cause growth that increase synapses firing and efficiency in the future -cell assembly: neurons so interconnects, activity persists after original stimulus -phase sequence: thinking happens when complex sequences of cell assemblies are activated -connectionism -President of APA and CPA

Podcast #21: Behaviourism: Thorndike Laws of learning

functionalist, but setting stage for American behaviourism -masters from Harvard, took class from william james -phd from columbia, and taught there for rest of his life -puzzle boxes: escape mechanisms that required cats to do several behaviours in sequence---> concluded 2 laws of learning: law of excersize {law of use}: more often neural connection used, stronger the connection [law of disuse] less that it is used, weaker the connection law of affect: when association is followed by satisfying state of affairs connection is strengthened when association is followed by unsatisfying state of affairs connection is weakened -These principles have been discovered, tested, and used in practical situations. They provide additional insight into what makes people learn most effectively

Podcast #3: William Wundt: psycholinguistics

fundamental unit of language is the sentence

Pavlovs stimuli and three characteristics derived from hearing the tone

generalizability, extinction, differentiation

Podcast #13: Cognition- Race, Genetics and Intelligence heredity and environment

genetic component? genes influence intelligence -between 30-75% of variability in intelligence, conservatively 60% -this is for comparison of groups, not individuals -environment: maximizes genetic potential, better to have intelligent parents, enriched learning environment will do the most to maximize genetic potential -- stresses importance of education -large environmental factor: enrichment before school- touched, played with, read to, talked to, exploring-- needed for success

Podcast #29: The brain as an organ of the mind: Franz Gall

german neuroanatomist and physiologist -dif regions of brain controlled dif functions in the body -confirmed white matter and grey matter and fibres called corpus collosum and the opposite hemisphers connection to spinal chord -crainioscopy: method to determine personality and development of morals based on external shape of skull -lack of scientific proof for his theory -this idea became phenology: reading bumps on the head -began as scientific pursuit but soon turned into otherwise... -reasoning was circular for phrenology, this affected his reputation significance? The significance of Gall is that he popularized localization of the brain (different areas of the brain have different functions) even though his conception of the brain was incorrect, his way of thinking about localization and specialization of function was correct. He also popularized psuedoscience that entered into the public realm and today we still see this same phenomenon such as with astrology which has been taken up largely by the public.

Podcast # 10 Great Ideas in Psychology: cognition- history of intelligence testing: Stern

german psychologist -recognized mental age didnt tell much -putting mental age/ chronological age= mental quotient (Ratio) -next step: multiple ratio by constant (100) -intelligence quotient or IQ! -average intelligence is 100 -Binet originally against this idea, as Stern later realized -intelligence described with number- struck people as simplistic, comparisons can be dangerous -IQ is better to tell you about group e.g. classrooms of IQ average , not single student

Podcast # 33: Brief history of lobotomy: brain surgery to improve mental health: Fredrik Gultz

german researcher removed portions of dogs temporal lobes and found them to be calmer and less agressive

Podcast #2 "The beginnings of Psychology": Birthplace of psychology and for what reasons?

germany 1) used broad definition of science 2) german temperament- precision for data collection 3) german universities embraced academic freedom and top of the line scientific equipment 4) faculty positions at german universities availiable, could earn a living -German unis motto: "publish or perish!"

Podcast #1 Psychology comes of age: Gestalt approach to psychology

gestalt= wholeness -psychologists following Wundy disagreed with him. They said the whole is more important than the sum of its parts. -Perception is more than elements of sensation example: black and white photograph that can be percieved as two faces or as a vase

Podcast #21: Behaviourism: Bekterev

grad from military medical academy in St. Pettersburg M.D. -studied with Wundt and cahrcot -established 1st psych lab in Russia -published objective psychology: called his field reflexology: objective study of the stimulus response connections -only enviro and behaviour to be discussed -discovered association reflex

Podcast #12 TWITHOP: Cattel getting fired from Columbia, history leading up to it

grew used to being centre of attention, born to rich family, clearly had upper hand at college because his father was the president, narcissistic personality disorder,1913 uni tries to retire him, by 1917 he gets more and more unpleasant, faculty comittee votes that he should be dismissed from his professorship, wrote letter to US congress about his controversial ideas about conscription with Columbia letterhead, this caused backfire, by September 1917 he was fired

note on habit

habit simplifies the movements required to achieve a given result, makes them more accurate and diminishes fatigue, habit diminishes the conscious attention with which our acts are performed.

Flynn Effect

he Flynn Effect is the phenomenon in which there is a marked increase in intelligence test score averages over time. it must be environmental factors that cause the flynn effect not genetic ones -there is no gene for IQ -60% of variation in the white population (of intelligence) is due to genetics -this trend is important to consider because it shows that there is no gene for IQ. Now a black person's IQ is roughly equivalent to that of a white man's in the 1950s-- there must be environmental impact that is happening here. This is important to the history of psychology because its supports the environmental impact on intelligence and therefore different types of learning strategies may be put in place to foster greater intellectual development in disenfranchised black communities. Existence of flynn effect has changed how we think about IQ and heritability.

Podcast #13: Cognition- Race, Genetics and Intelligence-- at biological level, race isn't real

human genome project -no genetic markers for race -vary in melatonin and physical features -race is a made up concept -doesn't exist at level of DNA -psychological processes that lead to differences in cog ability are the same for all groups

Podcast #28 Gordon Allport TWITHOP: 2 different approaches to study of personality from alport's view

idiographic: not interested in generalizations but more interested in understanding a particular person or event nomothetic: associated with natural science, search for general laws that apply universally -he argued that psychology was too much invested in the nomothetic approach, it had become adept at discussing learning and intelligence-- but couldnt apply it at the level of the person -allport argued for inclusion of idiographic research -his main contribution to psychology was the study of personality through traits such as outgoing, charming, extraverted etc. to describe an individual and how they are different from others. significance? These are significant to psychologists today because the feild is heavily reliant on both. For example, the nomothetic approach (regarding laws and generalizations) is used in the Big 5 of personality (OCEAN) and it is said that varying degrees of these five traits can describe everyone's personalities. A more idiographic approach could be looking at the person as an individual and study personality through the TST often used in psychology today with "I am ______"

Podcast #2 "The beginnings of Psychology": Gustav Theodre Fekner

interests in physics and math -became friends with Wundt and shifted his focus to psychology and the study of vision. Tried to observe the surface of the sun through a telescope and caused him to be blind. Nervous breakdown and depression. Slowly he reagined his sight and realized it is possible to connect the physical world with the mental state. He beleived all nature is alive and capable of awareness. "day view of materialism" Used the idea that proportions in nature are naturally pleasing to the senses, which is called the golden mean.-- mathematical precision of the world -introduced idea of psychophysics: study of systematic relationships between physical and mental events. Supported by Vabor's ratio of 2 point threshold -Fekner said absolute threshold- lowest propensity at which you can detect a stimulus is very small for touch -can be demonstrated also by quantum's of light-- once enough quantums are added for perception= absolute threshold. Can continue till the 1st, 2nd, 3rd just noticeable differences. -fekner described a mathematical equation for senstation. s= klogr s= senstation k=constant r=stimulus constant times log of a measurement of the intensity of the stimulus -demonstrated that psychological events are tied to measureable physical events in a systematic way -also interested in after image, related to the intensity of a stimulus -wanted to understand the relationship between physical world and conciousness--> goal not psychological, wanted to understand grand couciousness in the world-- like sun, rocks, plants

Miller

introduces processing of information -amount of info taken in is largely proportional to likelihood of that event occuring -Humans have limited capacity for information- make a selection for something to pay attention to

Podcast # 6: Principles of Psychology, TWITHOP

it is scientific psychology textbook--> majorly influenced field of philosophy with concept of pragmatism

Podcast #5: William James and functionalism, example of functionalist thinking:

james lang theory: mental perception of some fact excites the mental affection called the emotion, this gives rise to the bodily representation. (not proven today)

Podcast #5: William James and functionalism, perception of himself

james preferred to think of himself as a philosopher and he was interested in pragmatism: ideas can never be proven true or false so we should look at how useful/ practical/ productive an idea is. James termed this idea cash value of an idea

Podcast #1 Psychology comes of age: Cognitive approach to psychology

mental processes shape the way you think and feel

Podcast #19: TWITHOP: William James and Freud

met at hall's house, major conference with many people in psychology -James in failing health, most famous psychologist in America at this point -Freud walked with james on his way back to train station -james had angina attack during this walk james had opinion that Freud overemphasized sexuality but said that these were new and exciting ideas

Podcast # 10 Great Ideas in Psychology: cognition- history of intelligence testing: Binet

ministry of education in Paris -not all students succeeding in the public schools- laziness/ lacking ability, differene between those who could not and would not -binet-simon scale: 30 items in ascending order of diffuclty: digit span, memory, sentence completion etc. -should test "at age", e.g. six year olds should get 8/30 -Binets original test calculated mental age alone, not intelligence, not good for comparissons significance? He pioneered the idea that children have a different form of intelligence than adults. That is, they have a different way of thinking and therefore, should be tested differently. This notion has impacted the way that experimenters test children due to their cognitive capability (before it was believed that children were just less smart than adults, but now we know that they think in a different way). Secondly, Binet attempted to get "retarded" children special education services in the public school system, recognizing their disability. Recognized limitations to his test, he thought it was shame if people used it for intelligence.

Podcast #9: The story of psychology: Charles Darwin and Evolution-Lamarck

suggested acquired characteristics are passed down e.g. Giraffe's long necks

Podcast #15: TWITHOP: Raymond Catell's background

raised in England -learned to sail at 7, only bad thing in childhood was conflict with older brother- his intelligence didn't match his personality, moved brother out of selective private school -Catell attended this private school, v talented, attended london university 1st class honors in chem and physics -WWI- height in early teens, Extremes of wealth and poverty--> led to the revelation that he wanted to study workings of the mind -around this time, attended lecture by Burt on euegenic movement of Galton then joined spearman's lab, attained doctorate in psych -goal: conduct research on personality and intelligence to improve humans through eugenics -1930s-- grant for study of decline of intelligence in English as a Darwin Fellow, produced work that said that the nation was going to be swamped with submen -brought thorndikes attention, a eugenicist, joined him at columbia, thought to be part time but then stayed for the rest of his life

Podcast #7: 1st woman president on APA, Mary Calkins, Frieberg university

saw picture of woman in a lab at Frieberg (munsterberg's lab) -studied with munsterberg at harvard- developed paired associates method- paired colours and numbers and vividness and frequency of presentation and how this effects memory -held unauthorized phD examination for Calkins, although never granted by Harvard -offered Radcliff phd but she did not accept it bc she was petitioning against Harvard significance of mary calkins? She thought foundational unit of study for psychology should be the conscious self. Calkins considered her self-psychology to be a form of introspectionist psychology, involving examining one's own mental experience. This is greatly signigificant because the conception of the self (3) is a large part of social psychology today and important to understanding psychology in general. Mary Calkins was a suffrgist and set an example for the inclusion of females in the feild of psychology. Becuase of early women like her who were not afriad to enter a male-dominated field, the number of women and men is largely proportionate at campuses such as UBC.

Podcast #27: Humanistic psychology TWITHOP: Maslow and blackfoot pop

sent to collect data for Ruth Benedict in Black foot population -looking at feelings of security among children, found that they were indeed very secure -bc of high degree of interdependence and extended family relationships -rethought his notions of self actualization

Podcast #35: Community Mental Health Centers Act 1963

signed by JFK, not so interested in mental health -within 4 years of law, 300 community mental health centers, asylums closing and discharging patients -concept originates in WWII- large implications in psychiatry bc of horrors of war, manifesting psychiatric symptoms -veterans were breaking down -best place to treat people was in the community it was thought -Felix was key figure, one of community-based treatment proponents -prevention is seen as key -wanted federal government to redirect policy away from institutionalization -Felix provides help steering policy for mental illness and community Mental Health Centers Act-- creation of community mental health centers- no links to mental hospitals (Care and treatment in the community) -no attention paid to logical questions like who will support them? -community centers start to care for the worried well (90%), not severly mental ill people only about (10%) -Centers weren't capable of dealing with people with severe mental illness, by 1970s very large numbers of people with mental illness

Terms for Final: Natural selection

significance: evolutionary psychology, testing with animals (because we all came from the same common ancestor), social darwinism sprang from this idea

society of experimental psychologists

significance: reinforced importance of experimental psychology, wanted to create a group outside of the APA that was less formal and with more like minded people. This group still exists today but it is more of an honor to be in the group even though the group isnt very productive. -negative influence on women because they were excluded and hiring decisions were influenced by this group

Explanation of simple RT, RT, and Choice Reaction time

simple reaction time: example of finger on a key, lift it when you see the light -when looking at difference between light colour and or brightness= RT- SRT= Decision time -choice reaction time- decision time= when you have 2 fingers on different keys for decision between red and green lights Simple reactions time is movement, RT is the whole event, which leaves decision time if you subtract simple reaction time from RT. significance? demonstrate that you can measure psychophysicological processes. Importance of careful measurement.

Podcast #30: Paul Broca: background and education

small town near Bordeau -studied medicine in Paris, got his MD -showed cancer cells can spread through blood -discoveries about rickets and muscular dystrophy

Podcast #28 Gordon Allport TWITHOP: character vs personality

small towns and agrarian economy= character, this is what educators identify, people look for in jobs (Extent to which individual upheld moral standards of the community)-- duty, honor, integrity personality: transition to personality is a change in the values of the culture, urban industrial mass culture values : ability to differentiate the individual from the crowd-- fascinating, stunning, forceful, creative etc

Podcast #24: Gestalt Psychology: isomorphism

some clear similarity in the gestalt pattern of stimuli and the activity in the brain while we are experiencing it -this is the realm of neuropsychology -but this idea is not well supported

Skinner and operant conditioning

the animal has to respond-- learning by reinforcement based upon their own behaviour

leucotomy

the surgical operation of cutting some of the nerve fibres in the frontal lobes of the brain for treating intractable mental disorders. Completed by Moniz

Podcast #17: Sigmund Freud and psychoanalysis: organism

special in that it acts to survive and reproduce, guided by needs like hunger and sex -nervous system: sensitivity to needs -this is the "id"- translates organisms needs into drives or wishes, called the primary process, works with pleasure principle: demand to take care of needs immediately, psychic representative of biology, needs and wishes get stronger as need increases-- this is the drive breaking into consciousness -conscious: ego or self. Ego relates organism to reality through consciousness, looks to satisfy wishes of id, this is called secondary process: functions on reality principle, take care of need when appropriate object is found, struggles to keep organism happy, keeps track of rewards and punishments, doled out to two most influential obejects- mom and dad super ego: higher self, not completed until age 7, contienous: internalization of punishments, what we call good and bad, ego ideal- derives from rewards, they communicate their requirements to the ego with things like pride, shame and guilt -these social desires sometimes conflict with the id

Podcast #8: James Goodwin on E.B Titchner, TWITHOP, happenings at meetings

spoke about research in their labs and current happenings in psychology at the "society of experimental psychologists"

Podcast #13: Cognition- Race, Genetics and Intelligence BITCH intelligence test

standardized IQ test is actually biased against black test takers- IQ test by Williams BITCH--> black intelligence test of cultural homogeneity- reflects lang, attitudes, and lifestyles of blacks, whites performed worse! -e.g. "if you were described as heavy" this means: intelligent -no predictive validity -this is significant to the history of psychology because it highlights the need to make inclusive and accessible questionnaires for people of various backgrounds. It showed the potential "white bias" of intelligence tests and brought attention to the issue of inclusivity.

Podcast #3: William Wundt: physiological psychology and development of experimental introspection

started course in german university called physiological psychology (really this means applying the scientific method) - thought every mental event has physical counterpart and vice versa -dveloped the method of experimental introspection where the researcher must observe an event for the quality, intensity and duration, record his responses to variations of these events -what we call observation Wundt called introspection

Podcast #11 TWITHOP: cartography and weather map, Galton

stemmed from exploration gathered info from whether sations scattered across globe -placed this information like wind velocities, published his discovery of weather systems called cyclones -progression of systems that determine pattern of weather, developed technique for weather maps

Podcast #21: Behaviourism: Sackinoff

studied at Berlin, physiologist -devoted to associationism and materialism -all behaviour caused by stimulation -excitatory and inhibitory processes in nervous system, nerves can cause and inhibit behaviour

Podcast #8: James Goodwin on E.B Titchner, TWITHOP, history

studied at Leipzig, Titchner moved to Cornell and created institution there -started new group aside of APA: partly as a result of personal disagreements with the members, they had narrow defined idea of what psych should be- basic human conscious processing, not open to APA's ideas (too much philosophy), thought the program was too formal with large numbers (thought smaller group would be more productive)

Podcast #2 "The beginnings of Psychology": Enrst Vabor

studied physiology -discovered stimulation of nerves can both inhibit and excite -vagal nerve slows the heart rate -research primarily concerned with touch and kinesthesia-- muscle position and movement -showed that touch involved temperature, pressure and pain -systematically mapped sensitivity of skin on body now called two point threshold. Measure of the smallest distance noticable to the touch on various parts of the body. E.g. tongue is most sensitive, lower back is not very sensitive -described the "just noticeable difference" which is a constant fraction. "just noticeable difference" is the smallest difference in weight a person is able to detect through holding two different objects -if you have 40 pd weight in one hand and 41pd in the other can detect dif -20 pd in one you can notice 1/2 pd difference in other. -this is a constant ratio of 1:40--> there is lawfullness! Called the vabor ratio and later vabors law. -1st quantitative law of psychology that related physical stimulation with mental experience

Podcast #1 Psychology comes of age: Introspection

studied the basic components of mental experience- broke down conciousness into elements. Studied people's immediate experience. visual, auditory, kinesthetic (tactile), gustatory (taste), olfactory. e.g. he In Wundt's lab, highly trained observers were presented with carefully controlled sensory events. These individuals were then asked to describe their mental experiences of these events. Wundt believed that the observers needed to be in a state of high attention to the stimulus and in control of the situation. The observations were also repeated numerous times. Limitations? we humans are not sensitive to all sounds/ intensities of light. Our sound range is from 20-20000 Hz and our threshold for human vision is also limited to certain quantums of light. Significance? He wanted to study the human mind and argued that conscious mental states could be studied scientifically. Wundt and his scientific introspection separated philosophy from psychology and allowed psychology to become a science that could be studied objectively. He had highly controlled conditions which likely influenced behaviorists to follow. Wundt started the first psychology lab with many grad students who carried his ideas forward.

Podcast #27: Humanistic psychology TWITHOP: carl rogers background

studying psychotherapy empirically -president of APA -person-centered therapy: discovering the meaning of their life, focused on respect for the person -developed form of group therapy (encounter groups- shed all of the false roles and personas you carry around with you, you can be authentically yourself in this environment)

Podcast #14: TWITHOP-- Burt's data are worthless, no one realised this until Caymen looked at this

this does not reflect well on the feild. He fabricated the data relating to his twin studies and said their environments had a zero correlation but yet their heritability of IQ was at 80% and this arose some speculation from people looking at his studies. Significance? This is data fraud which is an issue currently in psychology. This shows that even long ago when psychology was first emerging peope created fraudulent data and this is still occuring today. There is a major data fraud/ replication crisis in the feild of social psychology currently and Burts case can serve as a deterrent for data fraud, as his reputation was tarnished after these claims of dishonesty were made.

Podcast #5: William James and functionalism, his thoughts on free will

thought his first act of free will was to believe in free will -- then he showed improvement in depression

Podcast #7: 1st woman president on APA, Mary Calkins, her thoughts on structuralism and functionalism

thought they were not complete bc didnt take into account the self (it is continuous over time and unchangeable) -e.g. i am ashamed, proud of the self

Podcast #16: history of ancient psychotherapy: goal of psychotherapy

to improve adjustment and quality of life

Podcast #18: TWITHOP: 20th century

transitions: changes in government and what constitutes insanity, transition to modern mental hospital -all people are responsibility of state, hospital was transformed into custodial institution -becoming overcrowded but still treatment -focus on diagnosis on short term treatment, critique of asylum by people in psychopathic hospital -redefined field of mental disorders -quantitative model purposed from normal to insane- what distinguished them was the amount of the symptom (no longer dichotomous) -social workers got deeply involved in patients lives -thought that hospital environment was therapudic, lots of staff

Podcast #12 TWITHOP: Cattel, John Dewey

tries to defend Catell, eventually joins the rest of the members in voting that he should be dismissed. Not a question of academic freedom. Deeply unpopular person with colleagues and superiors

why behaviourism in 1910?

trying to establish psychology as a science -studying animals because it was realized we come from same evolutionary tree (Darwinism) -empowering that people make their own destiny

Podcast # 10 Great Ideas in Psychology: cognition- history of intelligence testing: intelligence definition

verbal ability, prob solving, learning from experience, ability to adapt to environment -skills necessary to do well in school can be determined by IQ tests -cannot be measured directly -dont have a unit for measurement for intelligence -way to explain behaviour and then label it as intelligent or unintelligent

Podcast #3: William Wundt: 7 qualities of sensations

visual, auditory, olfactory, gustatory, cutaneous, kinesthetic, and organic -vary in intensity, vividness

Podcast #19: TWITHOP: why Freud interested in lecturing in america?

wanted to establish broad audience -saw this as way to disseminate his ideas to a new audience -first time in large and infleuntial english speeking world

Podcast #1 Psychology comes of age- wundt and the periodic table of the mind

wanted to quantify all the senses into the periodic table of the mind. Every experience you had represented by one element on that chart.

Podcast #12 TWITHOP: 1917 happenings in US

war begins in 1914 in Europe -German advancement across Europe -US opinion is to support Britain and France -US enters the war eventually -Catell's oldest son enlists in the war, second son convicted for speaking out against the war

Podcast #27: Humanistic psychology TWITHOP: primal therapy-- counterculture picking up humanistic psychology

whole person expresses feeling and the the body had to be brought to the fore -screaming and expressions of anger in therapeutic way -also nudist groups and groups openly discussing sexuality

Podcast #18: TWITHOP: asylum elements to achieve sanity

whole thing was part of treatment, out of city, countryside views, given meaningful work women: sewing, men: outdoor activity

Podcast #3: William Wundt- two fathers of psychology

william wint- germany william james- US both claimed to have first established psychology lab

Podcast #1 Psychology comes of age: father of psychology

william wundt- German, 1st psychology lab in germany, studied the basic components of mental experience- broke down conciousness into elements. Significance? He opened the Institute for Experimental Psychology at the University of Leipzig in Germany in 1879. This was the first laboratory dedicated to psychology, and its opening is usually thought of as the beginning of modern psychology. Secondly, separated psychology from philosophy by analyzing the workings of the mind in a more structured way, with the emphasis being on objective measurement and control. Also, first psychology student and psychology journal.

Podcast #8: James Goodwin on E.B Titchner, TWITHOP, women in the group?

women were excluded from the group and hiring decisions were biased against them -although many women were excluded from the group, many women earned PHD's from titchner at cornell- 6 women by the time he formed the group -group represented "birtish mens club" --> desired rough and tumble group- thought women would detract from this -the society is still running and has annual meetings, not great deal of impact but there is a certain perstige associated with the club

Podcast #4: David Robinson: why were americans interested in Wundt's ideas?

worked with grad students in his lab and they were able to get hands on practical experience

Cattell academic history

works with wundt, gets his PhD-- stops off at cambridge, works with Galton and adopts his style of measurement -finds out intelligence measures dont mean anything! -started psych view, editor of science

Genetic determinism

written in your DNA