Psych 358 Exam 2

psychosocial moratorium; political and religious beliefs; yes

college may prolong what aspect of identity crisis? especially regarding what two aspects? is this seen as a luxury?

extracurricular activities

researchers speculate that _____ _____ have positive effects because they can increase students' contact with teachers and other school personnel who reinforce the value of school

1. teachers hold different beliefs about students 2. teachers also hold different beliefs about their own teaching ability; less likely to feel confident about their teach ability 3. teachers less likely to trust their students and more likely to emphasize discipline 4. teachers believe student's abilities are more fixed in high school and cannot be easily changed through instruction

four things that teachers do for middle school/junior high

1. secure (trust) 2. anxious-avoidant (indifference) 3. anxious-resistant (ambivalence) 4. "chaotic" (rare)

four types of attachment based on security and the word that they are characterized by

work and citizenship

school was once viewed as something only for the elite of society; when school became more prevalent, it needed reforming to include preparation for what? (2)

declines in early ad. and rebounds in late ad.

intimacy between teens and parents decline when and rebounds when?

1. high self-esteem 2. healthy identity development 3. high intelligence 4. strong feelings of competence 5. social support from others

resources such as internal and external factors buffer adolescents from effects of stress (4&1)

social control, to improve lives of poor and working classes

mandatory secondary education was a means of what? (2)

poor parenting (poor monitoring) and affiliation with antisocial peers

risk factors of adolescent-limited offending

25%, 50%, 70%

romantic relationships are very common, in the past 18 months: ___ of 12 year olds reported having one ____ of 15 year olds reported having one ___ of 18 year olds reported having one

diathesis-stress model of depression

model that says depression occurs when people with a predisposition toward internalizing problems are exposed to chronic or acute stressors

overcrowding, slums, and crime

rapid population growth led to what? (3)

these views are complementary, not competing tasks during adolescent development

regarding erikson and sullivans views on adolescent intimacy, contemporary research shows what?

barometric self-esteem

self-esteem that changes form day to day; the way that teens feel about themselves depending on specific events of the day

baseline self-esteem

self-esteem that is fairly stable overtime; way the teen typically feels about themselves overall

change

student's grades (change/remain the same) in parallel to the grades their friends get

girls

(girls/boys) show a pronounced increase in jealousy over their friends' friends during early adolescence

pessimism and hopelessness

2 cognitive symptoms of depression

apathy and boredom

2 motivational symptoms of depression

loss of appetite, difficulty sleeping, loss of energy

3 physical symptoms of depression

1. physical fighting 2. relational aggression 3. intimidation

3 types of aggression (behavior that is done intentionally to hurt someone)

1. absent more often 2. less involvement in extracurricular 3. report enjoying school less 4. spending less time on homework 5. lower grades 6. increase likelihood of dropping out

6 characteristics regarding school for students who work more than 20 hours/week

cigarettes, alcohol, and other drugs (persists late into 20s)

Adolescents who work long hours have more discretionary income (spending money) and hence, greater opportunity to purchase...(3)

negative: link between video games and aggression positive: video games with prosocial content are beneficial to behavior

Effects of video games negative; positive

middle class: working associated with problem behaviors; poor youth: working may not lead to problem behavior

How can the SES act as a moderator for working during adolescents? middle class vs. poor youth

1. identity achievement 2. identity foreclosure 3. moratorium 4. identity diffusion

In Erikson's identity crisis: 1. commitment present and exploration present: ? 2. commitment present and exploration absent: ? 3. commitment absent and exploration present: ? 4. commitment absent and exploration absent: ?

obedience and conformity

In working-class families, children are more like to be raise to value what two traits? (both are highly valued in most working-class jobs)

1. aggression 2. school misconduct 3. precocious sexual activity 4. minor delinquency

People thought that working would deter teens form criminal activity by keeping them out of trouble but really, working long hours may actually be associated with increases in (4)

achievement

SES is a strong predictor of ?

responsive; demanding; supportive

Students achieve more when attending schools that are ________ and _______, where teachers are _______ but in control

true

T or F: participation in extracurricular activités benefits less competent students

middle schools, junior highs, high schools

What are three forms of secondary education?

2002

When was the No Child Left Behind Act established?

later

Working (early/later) in adolescence has smaller effects on dropping out

multiple; single

____ stressors have a much greater impact than ___ stressors; multiplicative

internal working model

a model of a set of beliefs and expectations people draw on in forming closer relationships with others

attachment

a strong and enduring emotional bond (usually formed first in infancy)

positive development

activates with adult supervision can promote what?

1. more mental health problems 2. more substance abuse 3. financial problems

adolescent-limited offending show more problems then teens who are not at all delinquent (3)

more

adolescents are (less/more) likely to conform to peers' opinions when it comes to short-term, day-to-day, and social matters

their school; alienated

adolescents with friends who support academic achievement are more likely to feel connected to...; adolescents with antisocial friends are more likely to feel...

1. were targeted more as consumers by marketing industry 2. leisure expenditures (movies or eating out) 3. formation of a "teenager" 4. commodification/market penetration (selling in a specific market)

after world war II; how did free time change the lives of adolescents?

instrumental, reactive

aggression can either be _____ (planned) or ______ (unplanned)

leisure; productiveness

american adolescents spend more time on _____, and less time on ________ than other countries

platonic friendships

among less sexually advanced girls, having _____ ____ with boys is associated with a more positive body image

uses and gratification approach

approach that says any correlation between what adolescents are exposed to and what they do or think is not due to the influence of the media, but to the fact that individuals with particular inclinations choose media that are consistent with their interests

yes

are changes in self esteem relatively similar for boys and girls?

no

are there uniform effects on all students during transitions?

1. school grades and academic motivation drop 2. scores on standardized achievement tests do NOT decline 3. student motivation and changes in grading practices may be changing, NOT student knowledge

as children move into middle school or junior high what 3 things happen?

vulnerability

at the onset of puberty there is a heightened sense of ____

self esteem; self esteem; performance

at-risk students in a weak or negative school climate often experience a decline in ____ ___; similarly, at-risk students in positive school climates show an increase in ___ ___ and _____

adolescent individuation

authoritarian households can interfere with adolescent development and what?

1. less likely to become sexually active at an early age 2. less likely to engage in risky sexual activity

authoritative parenting is associated with adolescents who are (2)

puberty

autonomy can be influenced by what?

boys; girls

before adolescence, (boys/girls) are more likely to exhibit depressive symptoms, after puberty, (boys/girls) are merely likely to be depressed

stage-environment fit

behavior, motivation, and mental health are influenced by the fit between individuals' developing needs and the characteristics of their social environments; changing needs at a certain stage in life (needs change from 5-13)

status offense

behaviors that are not against the law for adults (truancy (skipping school), running away, drinking)

cooperation

better schools promote _____ rather than competition

1. remodeling of dopamine receptor (arousal and appetite regulation that affect motivational and emotional systems; associated with increase in risk taking and reward sensitivity) 2. synaptic pruning: fire together wire together 3. myelination: increases in white matter 4. strengthened connections between prefrontal cortex and limbic area

biological changes in the brain during adolescence(4)

school would take kids off the streets and improve their lives

by 1915, what what was widely accepted regarding school?

1. demonstrate antisocial behavior before adolescence 2. are involved in delinquency during adolescence 3. are at great risk for continuing criminal activity in adulthood

characteristics of a life-course persistent offender

unskilled work

children were too weak during industrialization for what type of work?

different

classroom environments in middle schools and junior highs are (the same/different) than elementary schools

increase

conflicts with siblings (increase/decrease)

1. greater autonomy form parents 2. more affiliations with peers 3. romantic relationships

contextual factors of heightened vulnerability

primary control

coping strategy where one takes steps to change the source of stress (usually best strategy)

secondary control strategy

coping strategy where one tries to adapt to the problem (better when the situation is uncontrollable)

higher time spent online

cyberbullying is linked to what?

white (young white girls more concerned than boys about physical attractiveness, dating, and peer acceptance, they may experience a greater number of self-image problems)

differences in self esteem based on sex are most prevalent in what race?

no some have roots in childhood

do all problems begin in adolescence?

sometimes yes; during adolescents and young adult years

do individuals move from one identity status to another? when?

yes

do the two types of adolescent offenders have very different causes and consequences?

yes over the course of childhood and adolescence

does aggression decline?

yes

does society send a mixed message to youth about substance use?

yes

does technology have major effects on adolescent development?

1. serve as sounding boards for future plans 2. provide advice eon a range of identity-related matters 3. contribute to adolescents' self-esteem

during adolescence, friend (3)

peers

during adolescents, who becomes the most important source of companionship and intimate self-disclosure, surpassing parents and siblings

beneficial

during adulthood, having at least one intimate friendship is _____ to an individual's health

religion and political beliefs

during college, vocation plans solidify but what two aspects of this do not?

by late adolescence boys have caught up

during early and middle adolescence, girls are more emotionally and social mature than boys, but...

skilled and reliable adult workers

during industrialization there was a greater need for what?

1. experimentation with drugs and alcohol 2. lower levels of religious involvement 3. higher tolerance of deviant behavior 4. lower interest in academic achievement 5. higher orientation toward independence

early sexual activity (before age 16) has negative correlates...(5)

comprehensive high school

educational institution that promised to meet the needs of a diverse and growing population of young people

cyberbullying

electronically mediated behaviors among peers such as making fun of, teasing, telling lies, spreading rumors, exclusion, threats, and sharing private info or pictures without permission to do so

dejection, decreased enjoyment of pleasurable activities, low self-esteem

emotional symptoms of depression (3)

intense

even at younger ages, the emotional impacts of romantic relationships may be _____

peak in high school then declines in early adolescence

explain age-crime curve

digital natives grew up with technology and know how to use it (ex: young kids today); digital immigrants had to learn and adjust to the use of technology (ex: grandparents)

explain digital natives vs. digital immigrants

sex-role behavior

extent to which an individual behaves in traditionally masculine or feminine ways

sexual orientation

extent to which an individual is oriented toward heterosexual, homosexual, or bisexual activity

1. gender roles (pressure to act passive, dependent, fragile) 2. greater levels of stress during early adolescence 3. rumination more: turning feelings inward 4. oxytocin: greater sensitivity to others

girls are more likely to be depressed after puberty possible due to: (4)

1. worse off psychologically 2. less mature socially 3. less imaginative 4. less oriented toward achievement 5. less happy with who they are and how they look 6. more depressed 7. more like to engage in disorder eating 8. less likely to do well in school 9. more likely to be involved in delinquency, substance use, and risky behavior

girls who begin serious dating early: (9)

ability-grouping

grouping students in a single class based on their ability (i.e. reading ability groups)

behavioral

health problems are most related to _____ misadventure

recreational

high school dating using to function as mate selection, now it is often viewed as more ______.

mental health

high self esteem enhances adolescents' well-being but low self-esteem may lead to _____ ____ problems, in short term and long

still a risk factor for peer relationships and possible victimization

homosexually shifts in public attitudes have been dramatic, likely affecting adolescent behavior and self-report, but...

self-esteem

how an individual feels about him or herself

by understanding eccles stage-environment fit

how can schools combat the changes that occur during the transition to middle school or junior high?

had more gray matter in brain regions important to performance on achievement tests

how did adolescents brain's from higher income groups differ from lower income groups?

larger and less personal

how do high schools differ from middle schools?

1. testosterone surge sparks initial interest in sex for boys (girls are also influenced by estrogens) 2. boys who are more popular with girls and mature earlier tend to imitate sex earlier than unpopular boys 3. biological factors have a very strong influence on boys' sexual behavior

how do hormones influence sexual activity in boys?

1. the most important predictor of girls' involvement in sexual intercourse is whether their friends are doing it or have sexually permissive attitudes

how does context influence sexual activity in girls?

poorly

how does the US compare in social gradient to other countries?

time away from excessive responsibilities and obligations, experiment with different roles, luxury for the wealthy if their self-identity or introspection interferes with survival

how is college viewed as a "time out"

95%

how many individuals from 14-17 age range currently are in schools?

18

identity is not generally established before the age of...

better

in adolescence and adulthood, individuals with satisfying close friends do (better/worse) than those without them

complex; abstract

in adolescence, our self-conception becomes more ____ and ____

more (rules are rigidly enforced and seldom explained)

in authoritarian household, adjusting to adolescence is (less/more) difficult

benefits; costs

in behavioral autonomy, there is much more drawn to the potential _______ of a decision than the potential ______ (immediate reward especially)

retarded social development and feelings of insecurity

in general, adolescents who do not date at all show signs of (2)

lowered; stress on both teachers and students

in overcrowded schools achievement is ________; why?

low; high

internationally, countries with steep social gradients often have (low/high) average performance; countries with flatter social gradients often have (low/high) average performance

schools than their peers in later and more anonymous schools

junior high and middle school students in more personal, less departmentalized schools do better in...

1. exposure to violent television does lead to more aggressive behavior 2. exposure to images of sex does in fact affect adolescents' attitudes about sex (or sexy music or tv programs with sexual content) 3. exposure to images of drug and alcohol use does affect adolescents' beliefs about these matters

leisure and the mass media: research shows that (3)

asian--> whites --> blacks and hispanics

lists ethnicities who do the best on achievement tests from best to worst?

depression

most common psychological disturbance among ad.

adulthood

most problems do not persist until _____ (especially drug and alcohol use, unemployment, and delinquency)

social promotion

moving students from one grade to the next regardless of their academic performance

5; 4-5

on average how many hours do american students spend studying a week? about how many hours do asian countries spend on studying a day?

better adjustment

parental support and involvement are associated with what during transitions?

diathesis

part of the diathesis-stres model of depression; may be biological in origin (neuroendocrine sculpting, epigenetic, or genetically linked) or because of cognitive style

stress

part of the diathesis-stress model of depression; primarily from having a high-conflict family, being unpopular, or reporting more chronic and acute stressors

close relationships with others

psychological healthy adolescents are better able to make and maintain what/

1. who I am 2. who I would like to become 3. who I dread becoming

personality is expressed in different ways in different situations 1. actual self: ? 2. ideal self: ? 3. feared self: ?

hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis

physiological system that couples with heightened vulnerability

students failure to meet the particular developmental needs of young adolescents

poor performance in middle school or junior high is due primarily to what?

1. teen psychological well being 2. achievement

positive school climate can enhance two things

high; high

positive school climate often has (low/high) student involvement and (low/high) teacher support

identity foreclosure (adolescents prematurely commit themselves to a role, or series of files, and settle upon a certain identification as a final identity)

problem of identity development where one bypassing the period of exploration and experimentation

identity diffusion

problem of identity development where there are disruptions in the individual's sense of time, excessive self-consciousness, to the point that it is difficult to make decisions; problems in work and school; difficulties in forming intimate relationships with others; concerns over sexuality

negative identity

problem of identity development where they have identities that are undesirable to parents or the community

adolescence; raging hormones

problems during adolescence are not caused by _______ (" ____ ____ " do not cause problem behaviors)

tracking

separating students by academic ability, into different classes within the same school

is not

sexual activity during adolescence (age 16 or later) (is/is not) associated with psychological disturbance

1. psychosocial and academic difficulties 2. social compensation 3. parenting style plays a role 4. help fight obesity

social medias effects on well being (4)

living conditions

social reforms saw education as an answer to what?

1. single-parent families 2. poor families 3. poor school records 4. histories of delinquency

some researchers have found that working can result in special benefits for inner-city adolescents from...what groups? (4)

No Child Left Behind

states ensure that all students, regardless of their economic circumstances, achieve academic proficiency

HPA-axis

stress experienced during adolescence may lead to long-term change in ____ reactivity

1. their teachers spend a high proportion of time on lessons 2. begin and end lessons on time 3. provide clear feedback to students about what is expected of them 4. give ample praise to students when they perform well

students do best when (4)

developing behavior problems

students who disengage in schools have increased risk for...

false

t or f: adolescents generally do develop serious psychological or social problems, as seen in media portrayals

true

t or f: during early adolescence there are different trajectory for different adolescents

false

t or f: most problems in adolescence are enduring patterns of bad behavior and not temporary experimentation

true

t or f: self esteem decline can often correlate with special difficulties with stage/environment fit (Eccles et al.)

true; high school

t or f: violent crimes increase in frequency between the preadolescent and adolescent years; when does it peak?

crisis; 5

the establishment of a coherent sense of identity is the chief psychosocial _____ of adolescence; which is this out of 8 for Erikson's theoretical framework across the lifespan?

hypothesis of the Eccles

the hypothesis that states social environments of secondary schools do not fit with the psychological needs of adolescents, and this results in a decline in academic motivation and performance

childhood

the internal working model develops when?

cultivation theory

the theory that says the edit shapes adolescents' interests, motives, and beliefs about the world

self-conception

the way individual think about and characterize themselves (traits and attributes)

1. how teachers interact with students 2. how teachers use class 3. their expectations that they hold for students

three aspects of teaching that influence learning and academic achievement

incomplete sense of self, incoherent (confused), disjointed (disconnected)

three characteristics of identity diffusion

1. mediates hormonal stress response, produces cortisol 2. prolonged exposure to stress is related with development of psychopathology and with life course health problems 3. stress dysregulation (emotional response poorly modulated) can start with adversity in early life (ELA)

three characteristics of the HPA axis regarding vulnerability and stress

asian and hispanic (varies substantially with ethnicity)

what two ethnicity rarely discuss or only indirectly discuss sex between parent and child?

1. appearance, relationships with others 2. imagine possible selves (various alternative identities that they may adopt), develop a future orientation (ability and tendency to consider the long-term consequences of one's decisions and imagine what one's life might be like in the years to come) 3. in self-conceptions, in self-esteem, in sense of identity

three identity instigators: 1. physical changes of puberty; two examples 2. cognitive changes; two examples 3. psychosocial changes; 3 examples

emotional, behavioral, value

three types of autonomy

1. biological therapies (antidepressant medications (SSRIs) that address the neuroendocrine problems that may exist 2. psychotherapies: designed to help adolescents understand the root of their depression or change their cognitions 3. family therapy: changing patterns of family relationships that contribute to symptoms

three types of treatment approaches for prevention of internalizing problems (depression)

1. social connection (support, oxytocin and serotonin counter cortisol) 2. mindfulness (requires habit change which isn't so easy, in the present: nor rumination nor fear of future) 3. taking care of the body (exercise: fight or flight burnoff, sleep, avoiding psychoactive substances and comfort food)

three ways to reduce excess or toxic stress (being resilient)

life-course persistent and adolescent-limited

two types of adolescent offenders

1. primary prevention: teaching adolescents life skills to help them cope with stress 2. secondary prevents: aimed at adolescents who are t risk for depression or are under stress

two types of prevention approaches for prevention of internalizing problems (depression)

value autonomy

type of autonomy where one develops an independent set of beliefs and principles, resisting peer and parental pressures

emotional autonomy

type of autonomy where you can emotional independence in relationship with others, especially parents

behavioral autonomy

type of autonomy where you make independent decisions and follow through on them

premature affluence (making more money than they know what to maturely do with) and may jeopardize school performance

what are cons of having adolescents work? (2)

1. students who are placed in the remedial track generally receive a poorer quality of education, not just different 2. socialize with peers only from same track 3. difficult to change tracks once in place, especially for minority students 4. big fish little pond effect: suggests higher off students not better psychologically when comparing themselves to other high end learners

what are four problems with tracking?

alcohol and cigarettes

what are the most commonly used and abused substances?

identity diffusion, identity foreclosure, negative identity

what are three problems of identity development?

using effective coping strategies

what buffers the effects of stress?

increased conflicts

what can often cause this emotional detachment between kids and parents?

it is overstated

what did the textbook ay about working during adolescence?

1. helps them build character 2. teaches them about the real world 3. prepares them for adulthood

what do most people believe that working does for teens? (3)

set of expectations we draw form when forming close (intimate) relationships

what does the internal working model provide?

1/3; 1/4

what fraction of girls report spending all their leisure time in passive activities? boys?

1. hormones 2. context

what influences sexual activity? biggest influence in males? biggest influence in female?

poor and ethnic minorities will not get proper education

what is a con of social promotion?

growth of technology

what is a new evolving reason why leisure time is being promoted more lately

design lessons more fine tuned to students

what is a pro of tracking?

social climate

what is a very important influencer on experience in school

one must have a clear sense of who one is in order to avoid becoming lost in a relationship with someone else

what is erikson's view on adolescent intimacy?

independence (rules and regulations are increasingly scrutinized; create a mismatch between what adolescents need and what their schools provide)

what is more desirable in middle school and junior high?

the development of intimacy leads to the development of a coherent (logical) sense of self in late adolescents

what is sullivan's view on adolescent intimacy?

mismatch between what adolescents need and what they get from teachers

what is the developmental mismatch between students and teachers in and high schools?

how someone feels about their appearance

what is the most important predictor of overall self-esteem

20%

what is the percentage of middle or junior highs school students who experienced a decline in self-esteem?

10-72%

what is the percentage of teens reporting being victims of cyber bullying?

close to their parents, enjoy doing things with them, have few conflicts with them, feel free to turn to them for advice, and say they would like to be like them

what is the relationship between autonomous adolescents who remain healthily emotionally attached to their parents? (5)

how we maximize opportunity and minimize risk (important because becoming increasingly more prevalent)

what is the risk and opportunity framework?

SES

what is the strongest influence on occupational choice?

post WWII affluence

what led to more free time for adolescents in the United States?

effects model; more from active participation now than passive participation (not so much "think, feel, do" anymore)

what model regarding technology is becoming outdated? how?

4%; 8%

what percent of adolescents identify as gay, lesbian, or bisexual; how many in adulthood?

substance abuse (drinking can be external and internal)

what tends to be externalizing problems?

boys, minorities, and poor students

what three categories of adolescents are more likely to become disengaged from school during early adolescence?

levels of self-esteem and life satisfaction

what two big factors are similar in adolescence (16+) that are sexual active and adolescence who are not?

1. do we feel trusting or apprehensive in relationships with others? 2. do we see ourselves as worthy of others' affection?

what two questions do you ask yourself regarding the internal working model?

industrialization, urbanization, immigration

what were three major social components of the history of secondary education?

labor unions and new child labor laws

what were two things implemented during industrialization that helped child safety?

autonomy

when an adolescent is able to take other people's perspectives into account, to reason in more sophisticated ways, and to foresee the future consequences of alternative courses of action

capacity; intimacy

when college students were asked what the most important criteria is for deciding when someone is ready to get married, the _____ for ____ with another person is the most consistently mentioned indicator

1910 and 1940; 1 in 10

when did the proportion of the 14-17 year old population enrolled in school increase dramatically? what was the ratio of kids attending school in 1930?

adolescence

when do individuals become cognitively capable of seeing the long-term consequences of their educational and occupational choices?

big fish little pond effect

when higher off students are possibly not better psychologically when comparing themselves to other high end learners

internalizing disorders

when problems are turned inward (emotional and cognitive distress)

externalizing disorders

when problems are turned outward (behavioral problems)

gender identity

which gender an individual believes he/she is

massive and rapid development so technology can become outdated before research can be conducted

why can't research be conducted most often regarding technology?

1. similar to authoritative family environment 2. often smaller more personal schools

why do students achieve more when attending schools that are responsive and demanding and teachers are supportive but in control? (2)

stops them from engaging in risky sexual behavior although it does little to prevent them from being sexually active in general

why is communication between parent and child about sex good?

because individual cases (persons, schools, countries) not just mean score is the indicator; someone who does below average in ability but has a higher SES can still be better off than someone with a lower SES and above average

why is it important to acknowledge residuals on the social gradient?

different; different

with changes in self-conceptions, personality is expressed in ________ ways in _____ situations

psychological problems

without diathesis (predisposition) adolescent are able to withstand a great deal of stress without developing ....

1. anxiety 2. tension 3. psychosomatic symptoms 4. irritability

young adolescents with the most volatile barometric self-esteem report the highest levels of (4)