PSYCH 3620 - developmental psychology- chapter 3

Which of the following accurately describe age-related physical changes?

* Bone loss usually accelerates in one's fifties. * Age-related muscle loss usually occurs at a rate of 1 to 2 percent per year after age 50.

Which of the following have been associated with shorter duration of infant sleep? (Select all that apply)

* Child-care attendance * Maternal depression during pregnancy * Infant TV viewing * Early introduction of solid foods

Which statements are true of children and their developing brains?

* Children's brains experience rapid, distinct growth spurts. * Children begin to attend to stimuli more effectively. * Children make strides in language development.

Which of the following statements are true regarding brain development in childhood?

* During childhood, brain and nervous system development allow children to focus their attention, plan their actions, and develop language skills. * Myelination facilitates a number of abilities, including hand-eye coordination. * The brain and head grow more rapidly than any other part of the body during early childhood.

Which of the following are biological theories of aging?

* Evolutionary theory * Hormonal stress theory * Genetic/cellular process theories

What are some factors that can affect the timing of puberty?

* Family stress * Health * Nutrition

Which of the following statements are true regarding physical changes in early adulthood?

* Muscles lose some elasticity in early adulthood. * A slight sagging chin may develop during early adulthood.

What are the two significant ways that neurons change during the first years of life?

* Myelination for visual pathways occurs rapidly. * Connectivity among neurons increases.

Owing to the lack of full development of the prefrontal cortex, which of the following tasks are still difficult for adolescents?

* Reasoning * Decision making * Exhibiting self-control

Which of the following statements are true regarding menopause?

* The decline in estrogen may lead to nausea, fatigue, and rapid heartbeat. * The average age at which women have their last period is 52.

Which statements are true regarding the hormone-behavior link?

* The links among hormones, mood, and behavior are complex. * Stress can affect hormone level. * Depression has an impact on hormonal activity.

Common changes in physical appearance in late adulthood include which of the following?

* age spots * "sagging" due to muscle loss * facial wrinkles

According to researchers, which of the following is more likely in adolescents who do not get adequate sleep on school nights?

* feeling tired or sleepy * acting cranky and irritable * falling asleep in school

Infant brain mapping is being used to assess perceptual and cognitive activities including which of the following?

* hearing * vision * language

In 13- to 19-years-olds, getting too little sleep on a school night has been associated with which of the following?

* less motivation * being overweight * inadequate concentration * high anxiety

Sirtuins have been linked to which of the following?

* longevity * calorie restriction benefits * mitochondrial functioning in energy * stress resistance * cardiovascular functioning

According to the mitochondrial theory of aging, what causes mitochondrial decay?

* loss of critical micronutrients supplied by the cell * oxidative damage

Which statement is FALSE regarding adolescence and body image?

** A. Adolescent boys tend to become more dissatisfied as puberty proceeds, whereas girls become more satisfied with their bodies. B. Body image issues are especially intense during puberty. C. Adolescents are preoccupied with their body image. D. Body dissatisfaction is higher in puberty than in other stages of adolescence.

What is the normal age range in which menarche occurs?

** A. Between 9 and 15 years B. Between 5 and 8 years C. Between 15 and 16 years D. Between 11 and 13 years

What part of the brain thickens in adolescence, aiding the ability to process information?

** A. Corpus callosum B. Thyroid C. Brain stem D. Amygdala

Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding neuron change during the first years of life?

** A. Myelination ends once infants complete their first year of life. B. Myelination begins prenatally. C. Synaptic connections between axons and dendrites increase. D. Connections among dendrites increase.

Up to how many years earlier do children in the United States mature, compared with children in European countries?

** A. One year B. Four years C. Two years D. Three years

What do gonadotropins do?

** A. Stimulate the testes or ovaries B. Boost mood C. Regulate eating D. Produce growth effects

Which hormone is associated with the development of genitals, an increase in height, and a change in voice in boys?

** A. Testosterone B. Pitocin C. Estradiol D. Estrogen

Which of the following best explains the younger average age of menarche today?

** A. There is an improved level of nutrition and health today. B. The change is too complex to be explained. C. It is an aspect of evolution and natural selection. D. Puberty is activated by moods.

Rapamycin is a naturally derived

** A. antibiotic. B. mineral. C. protein. D. hormone.

Evolutionary theory, genetic/cellular process theories, and hormonal stress theory are all ______ theories.

** A. biological B. environmental C. socioeconomic D. psychological

The biological theory of aging known as the ______ theory suggests that cells can divide a maximum number of about 75 to 80 times and that cells become less capable of dividing as people age.

** A. cellular clock B. hormonal stress C. mitochondrial D. free-radical

The number of years that a person born in a particular year will probably live is called life:

** A. expectancy. B. process. C. span. D. style.

High blood pressure is referred to as

** A. hypertension. B. myelination. C. sarcopenia. D. lateralization.

The ______ is a structure in the brain involved with eating and sexual behavior.

** A. hypothalamus B. thyroid C. cerebrum D. amygdala

A centenarian is someone who

** A. is 100 years old or older. B. surpasses the age of the country's life expectancy. C. lives in a country with a high life expectancy. D. is projected to live past 100.

The layer of fat cells that encases many axons is called the:

** A. myelin sheath. B. synapse. C. neurotransmitter. D. dendrite.

The process by which nerve cells are coated with insulation that enhances the speed and efficiency of the information traveling through the nervous system is known as:

** A. myelination. B. plasticity. C. pruning. D. dendritic spreading.

The most common infant sleep-related problem is:

** A. nighttime waking. B. hypersomnia. C. insomnia. D. sleep apnea.

Sirtuins are a family of

** A. proteins. B. hormones. C. elements. D. chemicals.

Which of the following is LEAST likely to be used to measure an infant's brain activity? Multiple choice question. sonogram MEG functional near-infrared spectroscopy EEG

** A. sonogram B . MEG (magentoencephalography) C. functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) D. EEG (electroencephalogram)

Place the following male characteristics of puberty in the order in which they typically develop, with the earliest-developing characteristic at the top.

1. Increase in penis and testicle size 2. Appearance of straight pubic hair 3. Minor voice change 4. First ejaculation 5. Onset of maximum growth in height and weight 6. Growth of facial hair

The typical newborn sleeps ______ hours a day.

A. 11 to 12 B. 8 to 9 C. 20 to 21 ** D. 16 to 17

What is the typical age range for the beginning of puberty in boys?

A. 12 to 15 years ** B. 10 to 13 1/2 years C. 14 to 17 years D. 8 to 10 years

Logan is 2 years old. Since Logan is of average size we know he weighs about ______ pounds.

A. 20 to 26 ** B. 26 to 32 C. 32 to 35 D. 35 to 40

Research has shown that on an average, ______ percent of U.S. adolescents get eight or more hours of sleep on a school night.

A. 21 ** B. 32 C. 43 D. 56

What is the average infant height at 2 years of age?

A. 35 to 40 inches ** B. 32 to 35 inches C. 25 to 30 inches D. 20 to 25 inches

Sudden infant death syndrome most commonly occurs in infants between the ages of ______ months.

A. 4 and 6 ** B. 2 and 4 C. birth and 2 D. 6 and 8

The recommended number of hours of sleep for young children is:

A. 8 to 10. ** B. 11 to 13. C. 6 to 8. D. 4 to 6.

Research on fifth-grade children has found that they need about ______ hours of sleep each night.

A. 8 to 9 B. 9 to 10 C. 11 to 12 ** D. 10 to 11

The average life expectancy of a person born in the United States today is ______ years of age.

A. 87 B. 62 ** C. 79 D. 95

Which of the following is NOT a premise of the neuroconstructivist view?

A. Biological processes and environmental experiences influence brain development. B. The development of the brain is closely linked with cognitive development. ** C. The brain is wired at birth, and cells in the brain that process information simply mature over time. D. The brain has plasticity and is context dependent.

Which factor is NOT associated with earlier pubertal onset?

A. Child sexual abuse ** B. Sexual education C. High BMI D. Genetics

Which hormone is associated with breast, uterine, and skeletal development in girls?

A. Estesterone B. Cortisol ** C. Estradiol D. Testosterone

Which of the following physical changes typically occurs first in females during puberty?

A. Height and weight increase ** B. Breasts enlarge C. Hair in armpits appears D. Onset of menstruation occurs

Anna sleeps about 5 hours every weeknight and tries to make up for it by sleeping about 10 hours each night of the weekend. According to the results of experimental research, which of the following is likely to be negatively affected by her sleeping pattern?

A. Her ability to make friends B. Her susceptibility to infection C. Her physical strength ** D. Her sustained attention

Which statement is FALSE about the rate of physical changes in the middle adulthood years?

A. Lifestyle factors have been implicated in whether and when chronic disease appears. B. Genetic makeup plays an important role in whether and when chronic disease appears. C. There is still time in middle age to engage in preventive behaviors that influence the course of aging. ** D. The rate of physical change is fairly similar for all adults.

Which of the following statements is true about SIDS?

A. SIDS deaths are determined by a genetic test done after the death. ** B. SIDS is the highest cause of infant death in the United States. C. Babies who die of SIDS have characteristic bruising patterns around the face and neck. C. The cause of SIDS is known and well understood.

Which of the following releases gonadotropins and also works with the hypothalamus to secrete hormones that lead to growth and skeletal maturation?

A. Testes and ovaries ** B. Pituitary gland C. Adrenal gland D. Thyroid gland

Which statement is FALSE regarding physical changes in early adulthood ?

A. The body's joints are at their peak when a person is in their twenties. ** B. Most individuals continue to grow taller in early adulthood. C. Mark is 21; he is probably the strongest he will ever be. D. Some subtle declines begin toward the end of early adulthood.

Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding newborn sleep?

A. The typical newborn sleeps 16 to 17 hours per day. B. Infants vary in their preferred times for sleeping and their patterns of sleep. ** C. Newborns must sleep 18 hours a day to maintain optimum health in the first few months of life. D. Sleep totals for newborns are variable and can range from 10 to 21 hours per day.

Which of the following statements is true regarding myelination?

A. Visual pathway myelination is completed after auditory pathway myelination. B. Myelination for visual pathways occurs slowly after birth and is not completed until 3 years of age. C. Myelination for auditory pathways occurs rapidly after birth and is completed in the first six months. ** D. Auditory myelination is not completed until 4 or 5 years of age.

Which of the following is NOT a typical sign of aging in middle adulthood?

A. Wrinkles B. Gray hair ** C. Weight loss D. Aging spots

Researchers have found that ______ reduces oxidative damage created by free radicals.

A. a high-fat diet B. neurogenesis ** C. calorie restriction D. overeating

Key to maintaining muscle mass as we age is:

A. a reduction in aerobic exercise. B. hormone injections. ** C. exercise and weight lifting. D. a high-fat diet.

Many of the symptoms of menopause are caused by

A. a weakened hypothalamus. ** B. decreased estrogen production. C. an impairment of the thyroid. D. increased testosterone production.

The term ______ refers to the maximum number of years that an individual can live.

A. age limit B. life boundary ** C. life span D. life limit

When considering gender differences in weight gain during early adolescence,

A. boys and girls weigh about the same. ** B. girls tend to outweigh boys. C. boys generally outweigh girls.

The limbic system structure that is involved with emotion is called the ______; it matures earlier than the prefrontal cortex.

A. brain stem ** B. amygdala C. corpus callosum D. cerebral cortex

Researchers have documented neurogenesis in the ______, which is involved in memory, and in the olfactory bulb, which involves smell.

A. cerebral cortex ** B. hippocampus C. thalamus D. amygdala

The term "life ______" refers to the upper boundary of life.

A. condition ** B. span C. expectancy D. style

At menopause, a woman's blood pressure often

A. decreases slightly. B. decreases sharply. ** C. increases sharply. D. increases slightly.

The rapid development of the brain in infancy can be attributed to the:

A. differentiation principle. ** B. cephalocaudal principle. C. proximodistal principle. D. plasticity principle.

Losing just a few hours of ______ can have negative effects on attention, reasoning, and decision making.

A. exercise ** B. sleep C. concentration D. studying

A loss of strength in middle adulthood is most common in the

A. feet and hands. B. arms and shoulders. C. neck and knees. ** D. back and legs.

The process of encasing axons in a layer of fat cells, which helps increase the speed and efficiency of information processing, is called:.

A. fertilization. ** B. myelination. C. integration. D. lateralization.

The ______ theory of aging states that aging is due to the decay of tiny bodies within cells that supply the necessary energy for function, growth, and repair.

A. free-radical B. hormonal stress ** C. mitochondrial D. cellular clock

During middle adulthood, people tend to ______ height.

A. gain B. remain the same ** C. lose

In the ______ theory of aging, natural selection has not eliminated many harmful conditions and nonadaptive characteristics in older adults.

A. genetic B. organic C. hormonal ** D. evolutionary

The neuroconstructivist view emphasizes the importance of interactions between biological processes and:

A. genetic expression. B. personal desires. C. organic factors. ** D. environmental experience.

The ______ is the seat of emotions and rewards.

A. hippocampus B. amygdala C. cortex ** D. limbic system

The ______ pathway involves the regulation of growth and metabolism and has been proposed as a key aspect of longevity.

A. hormonal B. mitochondrial C. sirtuin ** D. mTOR

In a study that examined anger and depression in adolescent girls,

A. hormonal factors were found to be better predictors than social factors. B. neither hormonal or social factors were found to be good predictors. ** C. social factors were found to be better predictors than hormonal factors. D. social and hormonal factors were found to be approximately equivalent predictors.

Chronic sleep deprivation

A. increases cognitive ability, but has other negative effects. ** B. increases the risk of motor vehicle crashes. C. can be rectified by two nights of sound sleep. D. has only physical risks, but they are severe.

All of the following are theories about why we sleep EXCEPT that it

A. is necessary for survival. B. serves a restorative function. ** C. helps fight boredom. D. is critical for brain plasticity.

Which of the following is most likely to occur during adolescence?

A. lack of concern with hygiene ** B. preoccupation with the body C. preoccupation with parents D. start of formal employment

Adaptation to a short-term stressor is best referred to as

A. longevity. B. fight-or-flight. C. anxiety. ** D. allostasis.

The term ______ is used to describe the midlife transition in which fertility declines.

A. menarchic B. menopausal C. sarcopeniac ** D. climacteric

According to evolutionary theory, Alzheimer disease would have been wiped out if:

A. more men than women had the disease. B. it was more prevalent later in the life cycle. ** C. it appeared in the earlier part of adulthood. D. environmental conditions were right.

The generation of new neurons is called

A. neurotransmitters. B. neurology. C. neurologist. ** D. neurogenesis.

Dramatic biological changes caused by a cascade of different hormones that occur during adolescence are referred to as:

A. psychosocial development. ** B. puberty. C. the secular trend. D. fertility.

A girl's first menstruation is called:

A. puberty. ** B. menarche. C. ovulation. D. the menstrual cycle.

Physical changes in middle adulthood are usually:

A. similar to changes in adolescence. ** B. gradual. C. rare. D. rapid.

Chronic sleep deprivation is the result of:

A. sleeping less than eight hours on weeknights. ** B. regularly getting less than seven hours of sleep in a 24-hour period. C. regularly getting less than eight hours of sleep on a weekday and ten hours on weekends. D. getting less than five hours of sleep on any night of the week.

The term climacteric refers to the

A. transition in adolescence when women begin menstruating. B. transition in adolescence when men become fertile. C. the period of time before women's menstruation stops. ** D. midlife transition in which fertility declines.

True or false: Blood pressure decreases in the forties and fifties.

False

True or false: Centenarians in the United States are less common today than they will likely be in 2050.

True

Cellular ______________ theory, also known as telomere theory, holds that cells can divide a maximum of about 75 to 80 times and that as people age, their cells become less capable of dividing.

cellular clock theory

The _______-__________ theory of aging states that people age because when cells metabolize energy, the by-products include unstable oxygen molecules that damage DNA and other cellular structures, leading to disorders.

free-radical

At the beginning of the adolescent period, _______ (girls/boys) tend to be as tall or taller than _______ (girls/boys) of their age.

girls ; boys

____________ that produce the changes associated with puberty are powerful chemical substances that are secreted by the endocrine glands and carried through the body by the bloodstream.

hormones

The onset of a girl's first menstrual period is commonly referred to as ____________.

menarche

The period of rapid physical growth and hormonal changes during early adolescence that prepares the body for reproduction is referred to as ____________.

puberty

True or false: In an exception to the cephalocaudal pattern, research indicates that children use their feet to reach for a toy about a month before they will use their hands.

true

True or false: The hormonal stress theory of aging states that aging wears down certain internal body systems, which lowers resistance to stress and increases the likelihood of disease.

true