Psych 375 Final

source monitoring (ch.13)

- the process of trying to identify the origin of a particular memory -children, espeically younger ones, have a problem with source monitoring and they typically think that they actually did something if they only just imagine doing the action

infant visualization and speech recognition (ch. 13)

-3-day old infants can distinguish their mother from a stranger through visual recognition -baby's can recognize mothers voice, 1 to 2 weeks before baby was born they tested whether they reacted more to a mothers voice over random female, their heart rate increased with mothers voice

With practice and reinforcement, a rat learns to navigate a maze. A behaviorist would operationalize the rat's "learning" as

A decrease in the rate of errors over time

A researcher wants to study how people's attention shifts when they see a visual stimulus in an unexpected portion of the screen that they are viewing; this attention shift occurs in just a fraction of a second. Which technique is the researcher more likely to use?

Event related potential technique (ERP)

conjugate reinforcement (ch.13)

-a mobile hangs above a young infant's crib; a ribbon connects the infant's ankle and the mobile so that the infants kicks will make the mobile move -the response is a foot kick, and the reinforcement is the movement of the mobile -especially appealing to 2 - 6 month infants, after several minutes they will kick rapidly; when the movement dies down, they typically shriek and start kicking again -the conjugate reinforcement test helps shows an infant's memory - long term and short retention, based off the amount of kicks they will make when the mobile device appears -infants memory is similar to adults memory, they do better with distributed practice (spaced learning)

children's memory strength and weaknesses (ch.13)

-children's memory easier to measure than a baby's because of verbal cues -problems: children have problems understanding instructions, might not recognize letters of the alphabet or printed words children's working memory: this improves as the child develops, children as young as 4 have the same working memory as adults long-term memory: kids have excellent recognition but poor recall; recall memory requires the active use of memory strategies which doesn't come until middle childhood -they have a hard time distinguishing between what is a real memory and what is fantasy -eye witness testimony shows that children can't be trusted for that stuff -weaknesses: metamemory is faulty - they do not realize that they need to make an effort to memorize and do not realize how little they can remember -they do not spontaneously use helpful memory strategies relative to older children, their performance on a memory test is poor

lifespan approach to development (ch 13)

-focus on development in infancy and young childhood, but instead on developmental issues that occur throughout one's lifetime

memory strategies (ch.13)

-intentional, goal-oriented activities that we use to improve our memories -utilization deficiency: when memory strategies don't work -rehearsal: repeating items over and over again (older kids tend to sue more) -organizational strategies: categorizing and grouping, more helpful for adults -imagery: using visual imagery to remember things

elderly people memory strengths and weaknesses (ch.13)

-working memory: through research, it seems to get worse with age, forced to retire from air traffic control at 56 bc it requires a very good working memory -long term memory: generally, the elderly do very well with long term memory -prospective memory: remembering to do something in the future -recognition memory: research shows that memory does not seem to decline at all -most likely, we as people have highly underestimated the memory of the elderly -it is the belief that as you get older your memory will decline so people don't use strategies to help prevent that, however, it's the when people have memory self-efficacy they do better with memory because they belief in themselves to achieve something greater

According to a famous article by Miller (1956), short-term memory (or working memory) has a capacity limitation of about:

7 +/- 2 chunks of information

Which of the following statements best describes cognitive science? A. Cognitive science is the interdisciplinary study of internal representations involved in thinking B. Cognitive science is a subdiscipline of psychology that focuses on observable stimuli and external responses. C. Cognitive science declined in popularity as cognitive psychology increased in popularity

A. Cognitive science is the interdisciplinary study of internal representations involved in thinking.

An operational definition is most likely to: A. Describe precisely how the researchers will measure a particular concept B. Examine the correlation between 2 well-established variables C. Point out alternative explanations for the results of a study D. Adopt an information-approach, rather than a behaviorist approach

A. Describe precisely how the research will measure a particular concept.

Which of the following students provides the most accurate summary of the neuroscience research on attention? A. One kind of attention task activates the frontal lobe, and a different kind of attention activates the parietal lobe B. The orienting attention network is activated when people work on the Stroop task C. The executive attention network is activated when people search for a specific target. D. At present, the neuroscience research shows contradictory findings, so that it is too early to draw any conclusions about this topic.

A. One kind of attention task activates the frontal lobe, and a different kind of attention activates the parietal lobe

Which of the following titles of research projects would have the most ecological validity? A. Planning research strategies used in grocery store shopping B. Recall for nonsense words after varying delay periods C. Children's ability to perform abstract reading tasks D. Perception of loudness of isolated computer-generated tones

A. Planning research strategies used in grocery store shopping

The term "pure AI" refers to

An approach that attempts to accomplish a task as efficiently as possible

Supposed that you are looking at an advertisement that features a large figure. At first, you think you're looking at a star. However, when you look closer, you realize that some of the star's edges are not actually shown on the paper, yet they seem to be physically present. This perceptual experience is called:

An illusory contour

A/an __________ code is a representation that closely resembles a physical object

Analog

Which of the following students provides the best summary of the research about using a video security system to recognize faces? A. "Humans are skilled at facial recognition; with these video systems, their face recognition is even more accurate" B. "With these video systems, people are accurate in recognizing familiar faces, but not unfamiliar faces" C. "With these video systems, people are accurate in recognizing unfamiliar faces, but not familiar faces" D. "Unfortunately, the videos are typically so blurry that people have difficulty recognizing both familiar and unfamiliar faces.

B. "With these video systems, people are accurate in recognizing familiar faces, but not unfamiliar faces"

Imagine you are attending a lecture by a guest speaker who describes a theory and then says, "let's now look at the empirical evidence." Which of the following would most likely be the speaker's next sentence? A. "Other psychologists have objected to my approach on the following theoretical grounds" B. "We conducted an experiment" C. The theorists who belonged to the empirical school rejected the behaviorist tradition, for the following reasons" D. By combining both the cognitive approach and the psychodynamic approach, we can devise a new theoretical approach to the problem"

B. We conducted an experiment to test for this hypothesis.

Which of the following statements best captures the scope of cognition? A. Cognition includes every internal experience that humans have B. We use cognition when we acquire, store, transform, and use knowledge C. Cognition primarily emphasizes higher mental processes, such as problem solving and decision making D. Cognition is more concerned with visible actions, such as motor activities, than with activities that cannot be seen by an outside observer

B. We use cognition when we acquire, store, and transform, and use knowledge.

All of the following contributed to the rise of cognitive psychology EXCEPT: A. Noam Chomsky's arguements about the inadequacy of behaviorist principles for fully explaining human language acquisition B. the lack of interest in understanding how humans internally store (or represent) information in their minds C. Increased interest in human memory D. the publication of Neisser's Cognitive Psychology

B. the lack of interest in understanding how humans internally store (or represent) information in their minds.

Which of the following statements is correct? A. A reflex such as a knee jerk reflex is an example or cognition B. Cognition refers to the acquisition and retrieval of knowledge, but not the use of that knowledge C. "Cognitive psychology" is sometimes used as a synonym for "cognition" D. Cognitive psychology emphasizes mental processes that are easily observable

C. "Cognitive psychology" is sometimes used as a synonym for "cognition"

Imagine that a friend has just read a magazine article that discusses flashbulb memories, and your friend argues that people retain very clear memory of certain emotional events. What would you respond? A. Yes, the research strongly supports the concept of certain strong, almost permanent memories for highly important events. B. Yes, the article is correct that some memories are very clear, but these fade after 2-3 years. C. No, the article overstates the case; these memories can be inaccurate and can fade with time D. No, there is no evidence for flashbulb memories.

C. No, the article overstates the case; these memories can be inaccurate and can fade with time

Imagine that you are reading an article on face recognition. The article argues that people use holistic processing when they look at a face. Which of the following sentences would you most likely see in this article? A. People with prosopagnosia are especially likely to use holistic processing B. Brain lesions typically encourage the use of holistic processing in face recognition C. People perceive faces by holistic processing, in terms of a gestalt, rather than separate elements D. Infants tend to use holistic processing, wheras adults use gestalt processing

C. People perceive faces by holistic processing, in terms of a gestalt, rather than separate elements

The ________ is the outer layer of the brain that is essential for your cognitive processes.

Cerebral cortex

___________: when you are pronouncing a particular phoneme, your mouth remains in somewhat the same shape as it was when you pronounced the previous phoneme. In addition, your mouth is preparing to pronounce the next phoneme. As a result, the phoneme you pronounce varies slightly from time to time, depending upon the surrounding phonemes

Coarticulation

________________, or mental activity, is a term that refers to the acquisition, storage, transformation, and use of knowledge

Cognition

___________________ combines the research techniques of cognitive psychology with various methods for assessing the structure and function of the brain.

Cognitive neuroscience

The orienting attention network, as revealed by recent research: A. Is intimately involved in tasks such as visual search B. Develops during the first year of life C. Relies on activity in the parietal region of the right cerebral hemisphere D. All of the above

D. All of the above

Which of the following students provides the most complete and accurate definition for the term "attention" ? A. Attention refers to a focusing of cognitive processing so that you can concentrate on about seven stimuli B. Attention refers to the active process of combining isolated stimuli into a meaningful whole C. Attention is a storage component that takes in all possible external stimuli and holds them for several seconds D. Attention lets you concentrate your cognitive activity so that you can focus on information from your memory and your sensory world.

D. Attention lets you concentrate your cognitive activity so that you can focus on information from your memory and your sensory world.

Suppose that a psychologist writes an article on children's acquisition of gender stereotypes. Which of the following article titles would be most consistent with the cognitive approach? A. "How parents' reinforcement of behaviors shapes stereotypes" B. The effects of classical conditioning on children's emotional reactions to gender stereotypes C. "How early emotional reactions to parents influence later gender stereotypes" D. Children's memory for gender-consistent information

D. Children's memory for gender consistent information

Which of the following statements is an example of an episodic memory? A. Trees often lose their leaves in the fall B. I know how to record a program from PBS C. The word semantic is related to the word meaning D. I remember reading the book Sense and Sensibility in 12th grade

D. I remember reading the book Sense and Sensibility in 12th grade

True or False: Although the analog code versus propositional coding issue is difficult to resolve, the propositional code is generally acknowledged to be the best approach.

False

Which of the following is an example of procedural memory? A. There are 7 days in a week B. This professor always includes multiple choice questions on her exams C. The earthquake happened prior to the fire in that city D. To make a capital letter on this keyboard, press the SHIFT key

D. To make a capital letter on this keyboard, press the SHIFT key

People recognize features of human faces relatively better (compared to features of other complex objects, such as houses) if the features appear in the context of a whole face, rather than in isolation. This kind of finding supports the view that face recognition: A. is "special" B. involves holistic processing C. has a special status in the human visual system D. all of the above

D. all of the above

The functioning of the phonological loop: A. May rise to the acoustic confusions in working memory tasks, especially when rehearsal is involved B. is related to a person's "inner voice", or their use of subvocalization to perform a task C. Involves activation or information storage in the left hemisphere of the brain, including frontal, temporal, and parietal lobes D. all of the above

D. all of the above

working memory is: A. brief memory for information that a person is currently processing B. involved in coordinating a person's cognitive activities C. a term that is now used more often instead of a similar term- short term memory D. All of the above

D. all of the above

According to the ____________ individuals will remember more material if they spread their learning over trials of time instead of "cramming" which is also known as ______________.

Distributed practice effect / Massed learning

When you use a memory strategy you perform mental activities that help to improve _______ and _____________.

Encoding and retrieval

The ____________ states that recall is often better if the context at the time of encoding matches the context at the time when retrieval is tested

Encoding- specificity principle

What subtype of long-term memory is associated with remembering personal experiences?

Episodic memory

According to one popular categorization system, three subdivisions of long-term memory are:

Episodic, semantic, and procedural memory

The region of the brain that is most strongly activated when a person works on tasks that require the central executive component of memory is the:

Frontal lobe

___________ is when a person experiences at least 6 months of intense, long lasting anxiety and worry

Generalized anxiety disorder

____________________ emphasizes that we humans have basic tendencies to actively organize what we see, and furthermore, that the whole is greater than the sum of its parts

Gestalt psychology

A person with prosopagnosia would be likely to

Have trouble recognizing faces

__________________ is a mental shortcut, or a way to efficiently solve a problem, though sometimes it may be misleading.

Heuristic

__________; when we are paying attention to some events in the scene, we may fail to notice when an unexpected but completely visible object suddenly appears

Inattentional blindness

Dr. Hill illustrated hierarchy by using a ___________ as an example of this memory technique (he also said it was a good visual tool for research)

Japanese mind map

______________________ refers to mental representation of stimuli when those stimuli are not physically present in the environment.

Mental imagery

A more general phenomenon, called _________ occurs when your thoughts shift from the external environment in favor of internal processing.

Mind wandering

The term __________ describes mental strategies that are designed to improve memory.

Mneumonics

The __________ of memory retention instructs individuals to make up stories that link a series of words together

Narrative technique

Suppose that you look up from this exam, and you immediately perceive a scene that includes students, desks, and classroom walls. In order to perceive it quickly, you are probably using:

Parallel processing

What can we conclude about whether people notice the characteristics of the unattended messages in a selective attention tasks?

People can sometimes notice the meaning of the unattended message, depending on the characteristics of the task.

According to the research on flashbulb memories:

People claim that they have accurate memories for these events, but many researchers have found that the memories contain inaccuracies.

__________ is a basic unit of spoken language, such as the sounds a, k , and th.

Phoneme

____________ is when a person keeps re-experiencing an extremely traumatic event

Post-traumatic stress disorder

A/an ________ code is an abstract, language like representation: storage is not visual not spatial and does not physically represent an object.

Propositional

Individuals with ___________ cannot recognize human faces visually, although they perceive other objects relatively normally.

Prosopagnosia

In contrast to a PET scan, the fMRI technique

Provides more precise information when measuring a series of events in the brain

Good readers make larger jumps. They are also less likely to make ____________ by moving their eyes backward to earlier material in the sentence.

Regressions.

Suppose that you hear about a man who has retrograde amnesia. What kind of memory task will he find the most difficult?

Remembering events that happened before the brain injury

____________ refers to the processes that allow you to locate information that is stored in long-term memory, and to have access to that information

Retrieval

The _________ is a memory strategy in which the individual enhances long-term memory by relating the experiences to their own experiences

Self-reference effect

What subtype of long-term memory is associated with remembering facts?

Semantic memory

One additional factor that can influence short-term memory is ________, or the meaning of words and sentences.

Semantics

Why are cognitive psychologists less interested in the information-processing approach than they were in earlier years?

They now realize that the complexity of human thinking requires more sophisticated models

The same stimulus (e.g., "beans" or "bears") may be perceived in a different way depending on the sentence context (e.g., "The farmer raised . . ." vs. "The zookeeper raised . . ."). This supports the view that word recognition involves:

Top-down processing

True or False: the term imagery debate refers to this question: Do our mental images resemble perception (analog code) or do they resemble language (propositional code)?

True

Neurologists use the term ___________ when a person ignores part of their visual field

Unilateral spatial neglect

_________ can be a powerful strategy for enhancing memory, especially if the components are imagined interacting with one another. This principle seems to be even more helpful if the interaction is somewhat bizarre.

Visual imagery

A driver who is listening to a football game on the radio and forming clear images of the action may experience difficulty driving. This interference may be attributable to the limited capacity of a working-memory component called the:

Visuospatial sketchpad

A second component of Baddeley's model of working memory is the __________, which processes both visual and spatial information. It allows you to look at the complex scene and gather visual information about objects and landmarks.

Visuospatial sketchpad

The Stroop effect refers to the finding that people take longer to name:

a color in which a word is printed when the word's meaning conflicts with the name of the color.

Your eyes are now moving across the page to read this question. However, they pause briefly to acquire information from this sentence. This pause is called:

a fixation

In the information-processing approach:

a mental process can be understood by comparison with the operations of a computer.

The word superiority effect is the finding that people can identify:

a single letter better when it appears in a meaningful word than when it appears by itself or in a meaningless string of letters

Studies of saccadic eye movements, which are important in reading and other tasks, reveal that:

a wide variety of cognitive factors influence the pattern and speed of them.

Consider the following problem: "Some college students are bright. All bright people are hard working. Therefore, all college students are hard working." What kind of thinking task does this problem represent? a. a syllogism b. propositional reasoning c. problem solving d. decision making

a. a syllogism

According to neurolinguistics: a. for most people, language is primarily localized in the left hemisphere b. for most people, language is primarily localized in the right hemisphere c. most right-hander are localized in the right hemisphere d. for right-handers, language is processed almost identically by both hemispheres

a. for most people, language is primarily localized in the left hemisphere

Why is the embodied cognitive approach important when people are solving problems? a. gestures encourage people to express abstract thoughts and terms b. the problem solver is less likely to use analogies c. strong visual images are produced, increasing the use of the visuospatial sketchpad d. if they examine their immediate environment, the answer is often clearer

a. gestures encourage people to express abstract thoughts and terms

Which person below is showing an example of functional fixedness: a. jared uses a rope to tie the car trunk closed but fails to realize the coat-hanger would have been better b. miles fails to concentrate on the structure of the problem and instead focuses on the surface features c. julian tries to solve an algebra problem the same way he solved it in a precious class d. luke looks at the end goal and works backwards, ensuring she stays focused on what she is trying to achieve

a. jared uses a rope to tie the car trunk closed but fails to realize the coat-hanger would have been better

Millie learned to make a peanut butter and jelly sandwich by spreading onto one slice of bread, jelly onto the other, and then placing the two pieces together. Millie is making sandwiches in bulk for her cognition class, and she uses the same strategy. However, it would have been more efficient to spread peanut butter on half of all the bread, then jelly on the other half, Here inefficient problem solving illustrates a concept called: a. mental set b. insight c. parallel processing d. bottom-up processing

a. mental set

When people commit the base-rate fallacy, they often: a. pay too little attention to information about relative frequency b. rely too heavily on the availability heuristic c. are especially likely to demonstrate hindsight bias d. believe the lowest likelihood of something happening still needs to be taken into account

a. pay too little attention to information about relative frequency

In the introspection technique:

a. people describe what they are thinking as they perform a task.

Suppose a stranger approaches you on campus and asks how to get to the library. Before answering, you need to figure out if this person is familiar with campus landmarks. Your concern about background info is most relevant for the aspect of language known as: a. pragmatics b. semantics c. syntax d. phonemes

a. pragmatics

In order to understand a problem, you need to understand the underlying meaning. This basic core of a problem is called the: a. structural feature b. surface features c. mental set d. goal state

a. structural feature

According to the cognitive-functional approach to language: a. the purpose of language is to convey meaning to other people b. language is a unique skill and in unrelated to attention and memory c. we need to explore morphology and the implications for syntax d. people have strong, explicit knowledge about creating language

a. the purpose of language is to convey meaning to other people

Which is the best definition of the term "thinking"? a. thinking means that you go further than the material given in order to reach a goal b. thinking means using parallel processing to consider many unrelated things at the same time c. thinking requires using divided attention to contemplate all obstacles relevant to the task d. thinking emphasizes the acquisition and storage of knowledge for further use

a. thinking means that you go further than the material given in order to reach a goal

Suppose you ask a woman what time it is and she responds with several wordy sentences that don't seem to make sense. Without any more information, you could assume she has: a. Wernicke's aphasia b. Broca's aphasia c. retrograde amnesia d. dyslexia

a. wernicke's area

Working memory is important when people are trying to solve an algebra word problem because: a. you need to keep important parts of the problem in your mind while simultaneously working on the problem b. the problem usually involves multiple cognitive processes, like the phonological loop and the central executive c. people often miss the obvious solution, so they have to go back and start over d. finding the true source of the problem is confusing

a. you need to keep important parts of the problem in your mind while simultaneously working on the problem

People's memory errors can often be traced to ________; that is, people are likely to confuse similar sounding stimuli

acoustic confusion

A professor knows if it is raining outside, the window in her office will be wet. She looks at the window and sees it is wet. She therefore concludes that it must be raining outside. Is she affirming or denying the consequent or antecedent?

affirming consequent

The most common kind of error when we use logic rules is _________________

affirming the consequent

The Star of David is a good example of a_______________ figure

ambiguous

An example of an __________ figure from Chamber and Reisberg's study represented a/an __________________ and a/an_____________

ambiguous / duck / rabbit

using a solution to a similar, earlier problem to solve a new problem is showing the ______________

analogy

One phenomenon of imagery has not been studied nearly as much as visual imagery is ________. Gratefully, this area of study has increased as of late.

auditory imagery

When we make judgments based on the ease with which examples come to mind, we are using _________________

availability heuristic

Units of language such as pre-, sound, and -s are known as: a) phonemes b) morphemes c) syntax d) semantics

b) morphemes

Robin believes that she can increase her cognitive performance by working harder and studying more effectively. According to the textbook, Robin has: a. an overactive bottom-up processing b. a growth mindset c. creativity d. a fixed mindset

b. a growth mindset

A method that always produces a solution, though not necessarily very efficiently in certain scenarios or with certain problems, is known as: a. a heuristic b. an algorithm c. a matrix d. the hill-climbing heuristic

b. an algorithm

Theo has an assignment to write a literature review on any topic in cognitive psychology. If he is using a means-end analysis, theo would start by: a. creating a matrix consisting of all the possible problems and solutions b. breaking the problem into smaller parts (topic, find resources, etc.) and then solving each part c. coming up with a list of possible solutions, then determining which is the path of least resistance d. thinking of previous papers he's written and how he accomplished those, then repeating the process with this new topic

b. breaking the problem into smaller parts (topic, find resources, etc.) and then solving each part

Neurolinguists have demonstrated that ______________ is active when people complete a Stroop task: a. wernicke's area b. broca's area c. the right temporal lobe d. the right frontal lobe

b. broca's area

Johanna has the premise of "if I study for this test, then I will get a good grade." Johanna then did not study for the test, therefore she did not get a good grade. This statement is: a.valid because you deny the consequent b. invalid because you deny the antecedent c. valid because you deny the antecedent d. invalid because you affirm the consequent

b. invalid because you deny the antecedent

After hearing about a volcano eruption in Pompeii, tourists are less likely to go there than to Hawaii, even though Hawaii has more volcanic activity, we just don't hear about it as much. This shows the effect of: a. recency on the availability heuristic b. news examples on the availability heuristic c. recency on the recognition heuristic d. news examples on the recognition heuristic

b. news examples on the availability heuristic

A second-grade teacher taught her students about the civil rights movement using language and references that most people don't pick up on until their teenage years. She is improperly using: a. syntax b. pragmatics c. aphasia d. localization

b. pragmatics

you learned that in order to combine the words "the girl" with the word "run", you must add an "s" to form "the girl runs". The rules that govern this kind of procedure are known as: a. semantics b. syntax c. pragmatics d. phonemics

b. syntax

Which of the following statements is written in passive voice? a. I ran to the store b. the chef cooked dinner c. what did you do yesterday? d. I woke up early this morning

b. the chef cooked dinner

according to the research in chapter 11, people are more likely to be creative: a. if the wining poem in a competition wins a cash prize b. when they had high intrinsic motivation for working on a poem c. when they wrote poems with other participants in the room versus by themselves d. if they were able to use a orem they previously wrote as a template

b. when they had high intrinsic motivation for working on a poem

The confirmation bias states that: a. one correct answer will lead to heightened confidence in the next answer b. you are more likely to affirm the antecedent than deny the consequent c. you are more likely to deny the consequent if you have no previous knowledge on the topic d. deductive reasoning is easier when the problem is not negatively written

b. you are more likely to affirm the antecedent than deny the consequent

Suppose that a doctor decides that a patient has a cold, rather than a much rarer disease called Disease X. The doctor makes this decision even though one symptom is fairly typical of Disease X and fairly atypical of a cold. This doctor is demonstrating ________________

base-rate fallacy

Making judgement based on the prior beliefs and general knowledge rather than logic rules is ____________

belief bias

When people draw a logical conclusion on the basis of whether it agrees with their everyday knowledge, they are demonstrating the ________________

belief bias

Suppose that a woman has an injured visual cortex, as the result of an accident. She says that she cannot see a light, which is presented on her left side. However, she accurately points to the light's location. She is demonstrating:

blindsight

A research team is trying to identify the cognitive deficits of a man who had a stroke that affected a small portion in the left temporal lobe of his brain. This approach to studying the brain examines

brain lesions

_____________ is a learning situation that is somewhat challenging, but not too challenging; this situation is helpful for increasing long term memories.

desirable difficulties

A man has a stroke and is suffering from some speech difficulties. When you ask him how his car is doing, he just points and stutters out, "Not working." Based on this info, you would most likely suspect she has: a. retrograde amnesia b. pragmatic difficulties c. Broca's aphasia d. wernicke's aphasia

c. broca's aphasia

Terrence has developed an informal hypothesis: "If a student is a psychology major, then that student favors gun control." He questions 20 psychology majors and all 20 do indeed favor gun control. However, he does not pursue additional information. Specifically, he does not seek out people who oppose gun control and ask the if they are psychology majors. Terrence has a. demonstrated the availability heuristic b. relied too heavily on counterexamples c. demonstrated confirmation bias d. relied too heavily on the belief-bias effect

c. demonstrated confirmation bias

english is more challenging than many other world languages because: a. english words are longer b. english words are more difficult to recognize when spoken c. english words have a greater number of irregular pronunciations d. english has more phonemes than any other languages

c. english words have a greater number of irregular pronunciations

Mara, like most of us, wants a high-paying career after college. After she graduates, she much choose between a job with a moderate salary but a good chance for advancement, and a job with a much higher salary but less chance to advance long-term. If Mara chooses the higher salary now, she is choosing which heuristic? a. means-end b. working backwards c. hill-climbing d. analogy

c. hill-climbing

Wells is a college sophomore who is interested in law but is not currently enrolled in any law classes. He spend several hours a week reading a variety of political columns, studying policy making, and familiarizing himself with the process a bill goes through to become a law. Researchers would sat Wells is high in: a. divergent production b. creative thinking c. intrinsic motivation d. extrinsic motivation

c. intrinsic motivation

Dwayne just completed a high school course in algebra. However, when he's at his first real job using algebra, Dwayne struggles to apply his knowledge. Cognitive psychologists would argue that he: a. should use parallel processing to solve problems b. is misusing the algorithms that he learned in high school c. is having trouble because of the situated-cognition issue d. should apply the matrix method to bring back the stable lessons he learned

c. is having trouble because of the situated-cognition issue

Mirror systems could be relevant to neurolinguistics because mirror neurons: a. are important to produce language b. may allow access to languages other than english c. may be especially active when we listen to speech in a noisy setting d. illustrate a new strategy for assessing lateralization

c. may be especially active when we listen to speech in a noisy setting

A potential problem with using symbols to represent a problem is that: a. people usually use twice and many symbols as needed b. people often can't remember what more than five specific symbols mean unless chunking is also used c. people struggle translating words into appropriate symbols d. people construct a matrix to use with the symbols, confusing the two processes

c. people struggle translating words into appropriate symbols

Sloane is in an advanced engineering class. Right before a big test, she looks around and realizes she is the only girl in the section. Sloane is likely to experience: a. intrinsic motivation b. functional fixedness c. stereotype threats d. growth mindset

c. stereotype threats

You hear of a friend who graduates from college in performing arts. You then suppose she is more likely to be selling insurance and be active in community theater than she is to be selling insurance. You have committed: a. the anchoring and adjusting heuristic b. the belief bias c. the conjunction fallacy d. the availability heuristic

c. the conjunction fallacy

In Baddeley's working-memory model, the component that plays a major role in attending to stimuli, planning one's strategies, and coordinating one's behavior is the:

central executive

Memorizing the alphabet in groups of 5 letters is an example of:

chunking

Even if you are playing close attention to one conversation, you may notice if your name is mentioned in a nearby conversation; this phenomenon is sometimes called the...

cocktail party effect

The two ways the mind constrains our problem solving/decision making is processing constraints and _____________

cognitive biases

_________________ emphasizes that the purpose of human language in everyday life is to communicate with other individuals.

cognitive functional approach

Ikea's use of pictures to help set up furniture uses ________ to represent the problem.

diagrams

If starla is a psychology major at your college, then she must take statistics. Starla graduates from college without taking statistics, therefore starla is not a psychology major. This is an example of a/an ________________ problem.

conditional reasoning

An important characteristic of the connectionist approach to cognition is that:

it can perform many operations at the same time

Leroy told you he works at a small machinery store, but you aren't sure if the store is small or if he works on small machinery. This situation is called: a. a nested structure b. pragmatics c. indirect access d. ambiguity

d. ambiguity

Which statement is the most true concerning expertise during problem solving? a. experts are better at estimating how long it would take non experts to solve a problem than a non expert would be b. experts use their mental sets more often than nonexperts c. experts use serial processing more often than nonexperts d. experts are more likely than nonexperts to use top-down processing

d. experts are more likely than nonexperts to use top-down processing

Broca's area is located in the vicinity of the brain that helps control: a. long-term memory b. working memory c. language comprehension d. motor movement

d. motor movement

According to the discussion on insight and non insight problems, a. insight requires a sudden solution, but confidence still has to gradually develop b. people solve insight problems more gradually than noninsight problems c. non insight problems require more creativity than insight problems d. non insight problems are typically solved systematically, step by step

d. non insight problems are typically solved systematically, step by step

According to the discussion of sample size and representativeness, a. a small sample is more reliable than a large sample b. a large sample leads to people trusting results more than they should c. people tend to pay too much attention to the base rate d. people frequently commit the small-sample fallacy

d. people frequently commit the small-sample fallacy

You've probably held a phone to one ear to hear an important message, while your other ear registers the words from loud nearby conversation. This situation is known as...

dichotic listening

Which of the following students provides the most accurate summary of Type 1 and Type 2 processing? a. John: "in type 1 processing, we make very careful judgments; in type 2 processing, we don't really care about our accuracy." b. paul: "adults consistently use type 1 processing; children and adolescents consistently use type 2 processing." c. george: "type 1 processing is used for reasoning; type 2 processing is used for decision making." d. ringo: "type 1 processing doesn't require much conscious attention; type 2 processing is slow, and we need to pay close attention."

d. ringo: "type 1 processing doesn't require much conscious attention; type 2 processing is slow, and we need to pay close attention."

Which of the following is an example of a phoneme? A. psychology B. a dogs bark C. yes D. Th

d. th

Belief bias is an example of: a. type 2 processing b. affirming the antecedent c. deductive reasoning d. type 1 processing

d. type 1 processing

John is reading his Cognitive Psychology textbook. He notices that his stomach is grumbling, but he thinks "I will finish this section of the chapter and then go to lunch." John's thought illustrates the cognitive process of...

decision making

You are given several pieces of information, and you must infer whether the logical consequence of that information is correct. THe task you are performing is called ________________.

deductive reasoning

Research on levels of processing demonstrate that individuals will generally recall information more accurately if they process it at a __________ level rather than a ____________ level

deep / shallow

According to your textbook, the McGurk effect

demonstrates that visual information can influence our speech perception

The rise of cognitive psychology was heavily influenced by...

disenchantment with behaviorism and fascination with development in linguistics, memory, and developmental psychoanalysis.

overregularization (ch.13)

during language acquisition, children show overregularization, adding regular morphemes to words that have irregular plurals and past tenses

_____________is used in the levels of processing approach to memory retention which utilizes a deeper connection to material already learned and connecting new material to concepts already mastered.

elaboration

Using physical motions to help solve problems show ________________

embodied cognition

During _________, you process information and represent it in your memory

encoding

The first short-term memory experiments used backward counting by threes, or a similar task, in order to:

ensure that a person is not able to rehearse during the delay

According to the principle of ecological validity:

experiments should be conducted that will have some application to experience outside the laboratory

My parents giving me cash for getting straight A's is an example of __________________

extrinsic motivation

__________ is based on the principle that oxygen-rich blood is an index of brain activity. The research participant reclines with his or her head surrounded by a large, doughnut shaped magnet.

fMRI

True or false: neuroscience show that the right side of the brain is used more in creative thinking

false

The way people recognize simple visual patterns (such as letters of the alphabet) is partially explained by a feature-analysis process, which involves the analysis of combinations of distinctive features. Similarly, the way people recognize complex objects (such as coffee cups) is partially explained by a recognition-by-components process, which involves the analysis of combinations of:

geons

A person with anterograde amnesia :

has difficulties forming memories of things that happened after the brain injury

Use of the _______ technique of memory retention arranges items in a series of classes for example, classes of animals

hierarchy

H.M. had such serious epilepsy that neurosurgeons operated on his brain in 1953. Specifically, they removed a portion of his temporal lobe region, as well as his ___________, a structure underneath the cortex that is important in many learning and memory tasks.

hippocampus

__________________ problems solvers get distracted by negative thoughts

ineffective

A(n) _________________ is an elusive or disparaging remark.

innuendo

________________ seem impossible until a sudden solution, or lightbulb, appears

insight problem

A(n) _______________ is a viewed comment, suggesting, or accusation that is usually veiled.

insinuation

In the Atkinson-Shiffrin model of short-term memory, the concept called "control processes":

is a strategy that helps you remember items more accurately

Cognitive psychologists believe that behaviorists cannot explain human language because

language has complex structures that cannot be explained in terms of stimuli and responses

_________________ means each hemisphere of the brain has a somewhat different function

lateralization

Feature-analysis approaches:

make predictions about why an R would be confused with a P, rather than a W.

A problem with the ________________ is that a solution may sometimes require you to move away from the goal temporarily, which people are reluctant to do.

means end

According to the discussion of cognitive neuroscience, the PET scan technique

measures blood flow in the brain

Expert chess players have a greater _______________, which is how by them looking at a chess board mid-game and knowing where all the pieces are

memory

The cognitive approach is a theoretical orientation that emphasizes a person's

mental processes and knowledge

Experts being better at allocating time to tasks shows their __________

metacognition

Deductive reasoning can be difficult because of _____________, as shown by the statement "If a woman is a doctor, she is not lazy. Susan is not lazy."

negative phrasing

Speech sounds provide information to a listener that is less than perfect. A major finding on speech perception is that people:

nevertheless, perceive speech with remarkable accuracy

In most ordinary conversations, the acoustical boundaries between adjacent words are:

not usually very distinct

Research on change blindness and inattentional blindness reveal that people:

often fail to notice the appearance of a new object only if they are attending closely to another object.

People tend to show __________: they can fill in a missing phoneme using contextual meaning as a clue

phonemic restoration

On a short-term (working) memory task, release from the proactive interference (PI) on the final trial occured when:

previous trials required a person to remember words from a different semantic category.

The __________ is located in the occipital lobe of the brain; it is the portion of your cerebral cortex that is concerned with basic processing of visual stimuli

primary visual cortex

____________ refers to your knowledge about how to do something

procedural memory

According to Baddeley's revised model of working memory, one major purpose of the episodic buffer is to

provide temporary storage for information from long-term memory, the phonological loop, and the visuospatial sketchpad

The visual information registered by the sensory receptors of the retina is known as the

proximal stimulus

__________________ is an interdisciplinary field that examines how people use language to communicate ideas.

psycholinguistics

Suppose that someone asks you to name the most popular comedy show on TV. You respond with the names of two shows your regularly watch. This is an example of ______________.

recency (availability heuristic)

Tyrel is on a quiz show and is asked which city in France has a greater population, Paris or Nantes. Tyrel immediately responds "Paris". According to the discussion of decision making, this is an example of _________________.

recognition heuristic

Simple _________ is a much less effective technique of retention of material than elaboration, but is nonetheless a well-worn approach

rehearsal

If people are presented a series of items (such as words), their percent recalled typically shows a U-shaped function across serial positions. The recency effect seen in such data is usually attributed to information that:

remains in short-term memory at the time of recall

Jerry is driving a car to a friend's house. As he pills into the friends driveway, he sees the odometer is a t 222.2. He says to himself, "This number is weird. Something really weird must be happening today when I'm with my friend." his reaction is an example of __________

representative heuristic

implicit memory (ch.13)

requires people to perform a perceptual or cognitive task; previous experience with the material facilitates their performance on the task; typically adults and elderly

The part of the brain that is most strongly activated when a person performs visual and spatial tasks is the:

right cerebral hemisphere, especially the frontal and parietal lobes, but including the occipital lobe

The frequent and rapid eye movement of the eyes as known as _____ eye movement

saccadic

During the first half of the 20th century, some strict behaviorists

said that psychology should focus only on objective reactions to environmental stimuli

________________ is an area of pyscholinguistics that examines meaning of words and sentences.

semantics

The study of object recognition or pattern recognition focuses on ways in which:

sensory processes transform and organize raw information provided by sensory receptors

The distinction between whether or not cognitive activities are performed as a sequence of separate operations or as simultaneous processing of many signals involves the issues of:

serial processing and parallel processing

Many studies investigating thought suppression (e.g., trying not to think about food or about a white bear), reveal that people:

show ironic effects, such as a rebound effect following a period of thought suppression

A coin has been tossed six times and has landed "heads" 5 out of 6 times. Haley says the coin is not a fair coin, but Katie says her conclusion is unwarranted. Haley has fallen victim to the ______________

small sample fallacy

Looking at three people from San Francisco and making assumptions about all San Franciscans from your relationships with those three is an example of _________________

small sample fallacy

A research team is studying which parts of the brain are active when a participant looks at a photograph of a person and tries to judge how intelligent that person is. This kind of study is an example of

social cognitive neuroscience

distributed practice (ch.13)

spacing things out so that you can remember them better

The phonological loop processes language and other sounds that you hear, as well as the sounds you make. It is also active during ___________, for example, when you silently pronounce words you are reading

subvocalizatoin

________________ refers to the grammatical rules that govern how we organize words in sentences.

syntax

Gestalt psychology emphasizes:

the basic human tendency to organize our perceptions.

People with attention deficit disorder/hyperactivity disorder often have problems because they are impulsive and inattentive. The component of working memory that is most likely to be relevent in these problems is:

the central executive

Posner and Rothbart propose that the executive attention network is active when people need to inhibit an automatic response. On this kind of attention task, the portion of the brain that would be the most active is:

the frontal lobe

According to the discussion of saccadic eye movements during reading:

the purpose of this kind of eye movement is to move the eye to a location where the acuity is especially high for the stimulus you wish to see.

Chris just telephoned Roberta and listed 8 items that they need for the afternoon picnic. Roberta didn't have a pencil, so she couldn't write them down. However, she remembers the last 3 items very well because of:

the recency effect

According to research about the factors that affect the capacity about working memory:

the studies on release from proactive interference demonstrate that semantic factors can influence working memory

According to the research on divided-attention tasks, when people divide their attention between stimuli:

they typically make more errors

Imagine that you have been on a strict diet for several weeks. No matter how hard you try, you can't avoid thinking about chocolate chip cookies and lemon pie. You are having difficulty with

thought suppression

The ________ generally asserts that the amount of information you learn depends on the overall time you devote to learning

total-time hypothesis

According to Chapter 1 in your textbook, the computer stimulation method

tries to create a program that performs a cognitive task in the same way that human would perform it

The effects of proactive interference are decreased if

you shift to a different category of items to learn