Psych 385

A person who is activating their visuospatial sketch pad is likely to say which of the following?

"I can see it in my mind's eye."

In the experiment conducted by Viskontas and coworkers using picture pairs, a participant's later experience of familiarity with a particular pair was coded as ________.

"know"

According to your text, which of the following movies is LEAST accurate in its portrayal of a memory problem?

50 first dates

Your text describes an experiment by Talarico and Rubin (2003) that measured people's memories of the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001. Which of the following was the primary result of that research?

After 32 weeks, participants had a high level of confidence in their memories of the terrorist events, but lower belief in their memories of "everyday" events.

Which statement below is NOT true, based on the results of memory research?

Although eyewitness testimony is often faulty, people who have just viewed a videotape of a crime are quite accurate at picking the "perpetrator" from a lineup.

Which of the following statements is the most accurate with regard to autobiographical memories?

Autobiographical memories can involve both episodic and semantic content.

Why is classical conditioning considered a form of implicit memory?

Because it involves learning an association without being aware of the reasons behind it.

Regarding free recall of a list of items, which of the following will most likely cause the recency effect to disappear by preventing rehearsal?

Counting backward for 30 seconds before recall

Which statement below is most closely associated with levels of processing theory?

Deep processing involves paying closer attention to a stimulus than shallow processing and results in better processing.

How would you describe the relationship between elaborative rehearsal and maintenance rehearsal in terms of establishing long-term memories?

Elaborative is more effective than maintenance

Which of the following is not a stage in the information processing model of memory?

Episodic memory

___________ memories are to experiences as ___________ memories are to facts.

Episodic; semantic

Flashbulb memory is best represented by which of the following statements?

It is memory for the circumstances surrounding how a person heard about an emotional event that remains especially vivid but not necessarily accurate over time.

Katie and Alana are roommates taking the same psychology class. They have a test in four days during a 10:00-11:00 AM class period. Both women intend to study for three hours, but because of different work schedules, Katie will study one hour for each of the next three days, while Alana will study three hours the day before the exam. What could you predict about their performances?

Katie should perform better because of the spacing effect.

If the brain can be considered a busy factory that takes in and processes information, which of the following would occur during the synaptic state in Stokes's working memory concept?

Machines would shut down for material resupply.

According to the levels of processing theory, which of the following tasks will produce the best long-term memory for a set of words?

Making a connection between each word and something you've previously learned

Which of the following statements is true of the cognitive interview technique?

Police allow witnesses to talk with a minimum of interruption from the officer.

Before going to the grocery store, Jamal quickly made a list in his head of the few items he needed to cook dinner. Driving to the store, he repeated the list over and over to himself so that he wouldn't forget anything. How would Broadbent describe Jamal's actions in the car?

Rehearsal in short-term memory

Models designed to explain mental functioning are constantly refined and modified to explain new results. Which of the following exemplifies this concept based on the results presented in your text?

Replacing the short-term memory component of the modal model with working memory

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates how effective or ineffective maintenance rehearsal is in transferring information into long-term memory?

Serena's keys were stolen from her purse. She cannot give a detailed description of her keychain to the police, even though she used it every day for three years.

Which of the following statements about short-term memory is FALSE?

Short-term memory stores an exact replica of sensory stimuli.

The episodic buffer directly connects to which two components in Baddeley's model of memory?

The central executive and long-term memory

Imagine yourself walking from your car, bus stop, or dorm to your first class. Your ability to form such a picture in your mind depends on which of the following components of working memory?

The visuospatial sketch pad

Which of the following learning techniques is LEAST likely to lead to deep processing of the information?

Thuy has just bought a new car and is trying to learn her new license plate sequence. Every morning, for three weeks, she repeats the sequence out loud when she wakes up.

In which of the following examples of two different brain-injured patients (Tom and Tim) is a double dissociation demonstrated?

Tom has good semantic memory and poor episodic memory, while Tim has good episodic memory but poor semantic memory.

Which of the following correctly lists types of memory from least to most complex?

Visual, semantic, episodic

Lamar has just gotten a new job and is attending a company party where he will meet his colleagues for the first time. His boss escorts him around to small groups to introduce him. At the first group, Lamar meets four people and is told only their first names. The same thing happens with a second group and a third group. At the fourth group, Lamar is told their names and that one of the women in the group is the company accountant. A little while later, Lamar realizes that he only remembers the names of the people in the first group, though he also remembers the profession of the last woman he met (the accountant). Lamar's experience demonstrates

a build-up and release of proactive interference.

Your book explains that brief episodes of retrograde amnesia (e.g., the traumatic disruption of newly formed memories when a football player takes a hit to the head and can't recall the last play before the hit) reflect

a failure of memory consolidation.

A script is a type of schema that also includes knowledge of

a sequence of actions

Which of the following terms does NOT reflect the concept of flashbulb memories?

accurate

On what factor do working memory and short-term memory most differ?

activity

For most adults over age 40, the reminiscence bump describes enhanced memory for

adolescence and young adulthood.

The misinformation effect occurs when a person's memory for an event is modified by misleading information presented

after the event

Murdoch's "remembering a list" experiment described the serial position curve and found that memory is best for ___________ of a list.

both the first and last words

The conclusion to be drawn from the man named Shereshevskii whose abnormal brain functioning gave him virtually limitless word-for-word memory is that having memory like a video recorder

can seriously disrupt functioning in one's personal life

The research by Ericsson and colleagues (1980) examined the ability of a college student to achieve amazing feats of memory by having him remember strings of random digits that were recited to him. They found that this student used his experience with running times to help him retain these strings of numbers. The significance of this finding was that

chunking requires knowledge of familiar patterns or concepts.

Which of the following stimulus characteristics most challenges the processing capacity of short-term memory?

complexity

Which of the following is most commonly associated with music-enhanced autobiographical memories (MEAMS)?

emotion

Which of the following provides the key benefit to the generate-and-test study strategy?

engagement

A lesson to be learned from the research on flashbulb memories is that

extreme vividness of a memory does not mean it is accurate.

As people get older, their memories of past experiences tend to have an emphasis on ________.

facts

Your text's discussion of eyewitness testimony illustrates that this type of memory is frequently influenced by all of the following EXCEPT

failing to elaboratively rehearse these kinds of events due to fear.

Much research has been dedicated to improving the reliability of eyewitness testimony. One finding reveals that when constructing a lineup,

increasing similarity between "fillers" and a suspect leads to an increased level of missed identification of some guilty suspects.

Sperling's delayed partial report procedure provided evidence that

information in sensory memory fades within one or two seconds.

Your text describes an "Italian woman" who, after an attack of encephalitis, had difficulty remembering people or facts she knew before. She could, however, remember her life events and daily tasks. Her memory behavior reflects

intact episodic memory but defective semantic memory.

According to Tulving, the defining property of the experience of episodic memory is that

it involves mental time travel.

Experimental evidence suggesting that the standard model of consolidation needs to be revised are data that show that the hippocampus was activated during retrieval of ___________ memories.

recent and remote episodic

This multiple-choice question is an example of a ___________ test.

recognition

Treatment of PTSD has benefitted from recent research on

reconsolidation.

According to Tulving, an episodic memory is distinguished by the process of ________ it.

reliving

A patient with impaired episodic memory would most likely have the greatest difficulty in

remembering graduating from college.

Retrograde amnesia is usually less severe for ______ memories.

remote

Elaborative rehearsal of a word will LEAST likely be accomplished by

repeating it over and over.

___________ cues help us remember information that has been stored in memory.

retrieval

What is the key difference between synaptic consolidation and systems consolidation?

scale

In the experiment in which participants sat in an office and then were asked to remember what they saw in the office, participants "remembered" some things, like books, that weren't actually there. This experiment illustrates the effect of __________ on memory.

schemas

Suppose you're on the phone with a customer support representative who gives you a ticket number for your records. You're later transferred to a different representative who asks for your ticket number, but you've forgotten it. This probably occurred because the number was only temporarily stored in your

short term memory

Observations that people may actually process and manipulate information rather than simply store it for brief periods of time challenged the conceptualization of

short-term memory

Your book discusses the memory functioning of patient H.M. who underwent brain surgery to relieve severe epileptic seizures. H.M.'s case has been extremely informative to psychologists by demonstrating that

short-term memory can operate normally while long-term memory is impaired.

Rehearsal is important for transferring information from

short-term memory to long-term memory

The propaganda effect demonstrates that we evaluate familiar statements as being true

simply because we have been exposed to them before.

Autobiographical memory research shows that a person's brain is more extensively activated when viewing photos

the person took himself or herself.

Stanny and Johnson's "weapons focus" experiment, investigating memory for crime scenes, found that

the presence of a weapon hinders memory for other parts of the event.

Which of the following is most closely associated with implicit memory?

the propaganda effect

Transfer-appropriate processing is likely to occur if

the type of encoding task matches the type of retrieval task.

When the methods used to encode and retrieve information are the same, this is called ________ processing.

transfer-appropriate

Memory performance is enhanced if the type of task at encoding matches the type of task at retrieval. This is called

transfer-appropriate processing.

Asking people to recall the most influential events that happened during their college careers shows that __________ in people's lives appear to be particularly memorable.

transition points

One function of ___________ is to pull information out of long-term memory.

the central executive

Which of the following is an example of a semantic memory?

I remember the big island of Hawaii has many active volcanoes.

Lakeisha and Kim have been studying for two hours for their chemistry exam. Both girls are tired of studying. Lakeisha decides to watch a two-hour movie on DVD, while Kim decides to go to bed. What would you predict about their performance on the chemistry exam?

Kim performs better because of consolidation.

__________ occurs when reading a sentence leads a person to expect something that is not explicitly stated or necessarily implied by the sentence.

Pragmatic inference

Jason quickly scanned the map on his phone to get to his job interview, then took a left and ran down the block so he wouldn't be late. According to Stokes, Jason's ability to recall the directions as he's running is the result of ________.

an activity state followed by a synaptic state

Neuropsychological evidence indicates that short- and long-term memories probably

are caused by different mechanisms that act independently.

Ming is taking a memory test. She is more likely to recall the name of a popular singer if she had

attended the singer's concert last year with her boyfriend

Explicit memory is to ___________ as implicit memory is to ___________.

aware; unaware

Mantyla's "banana/yellow, bunches, edible" experiment demonstrates that for best memory performance, retrieval cues should be created

by the person whose memory will be tested.

Schrauf and Rubin's "two groups of immigrants" study found that the reminiscence bump coincided with periods of rapid change, occurring at a normal age for people emigrating early in life but shifting to 15 years later for those who emigrated later. These results support the

cognitive hypothesis

The "telephone game" is often played by children. One child creates a story and whispers it to a second child, who does the same to a third child, and so on. When the last child recites the story to the group, his or her reproduction of the story is generally shorter than the original and contains many omissions and inaccuracies. This game shows how memory is a __________ process.

constructive

In the "word list" false memory experiment where several students incorrectly remembered hearing the word sleep, false memory occurs because of

constructive memory processes

Arkes and Freedman's "baseball game" experiment asked participants to indicate whether the following sentence was present in a passage they had previously read about events in a game: "The batter was safe at first." Their findings showed inaccurate memories involved

creations from inferences based on baseball knowledge.

Unconscious plagiarism of the work of others is known as

cryptoamnesia.

Peterson and Peterson studied how well participants can remember groups of three letters (like BRT, QSD) after various delays. They found that participants remembered an average of 80 percent of the groups after 3 seconds but only 10 percent after 18 seconds. They hypothesized that this decrease in performance was due to ___________, but later research showed that it was actually due to ___________.

decay; interference

Funahashi and coworkers recorded neurons in the PF cortex of monkeys during a delayed response task. These neurons showed the most intense firing during

delay

Which of the following is a key factor in the memory-enhancing capacity of sleep?

distraction

Brief sensory memory for sound is known as

echoic memory

Elementary school students in the United States are often taught to use the very familiar word "HOMES" as a cue for remembering the names of the Great Lakes (each letter in "HOMES" provides a first-letter cue for one of the lakes: Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, Superior). This memory procedure usually works better than repeating the names over and over. The use of this familiar word provides an example of

elaborative rehearsal

In Slameka and Graf's (1978) study, some participants read word pairs, while other participants had to fill in the blank letters of the second word in a pair with a word related to the first word. The latter group performed better on a later memory task, illustrating the

generation effect

The recency effect occurs when participants are asked to recall a list of words. One way to eliminate the recency effect is to

have participants count backwards for 30 seconds after hearing the last word of the list.

Research shows that ___________ does not improve reading comprehension because it does not encourage elaborative processing of the material.

highlighting

Within the context of studying, which of the following would be related to an illusion?

highlighting

According to your text, imagery enhances memory because

imagery can be used to create connections between items to be remembered

The primary effect of chunking is to

increase the efficiency of short-term memory.

Experiments that argue against a special flashbulb memory mechanism find that as time increases since the occurrence of the flashbulb event, participants

make more errors in their recollections

A property of control processes in the modal model of memory is that they

may differ from on task to another

It is easier to perform two tasks at the same time if

one is handled by the visuospatial sketch pad and one is handled by the phonological loop.

Bransford and Johnson's study had participants hear a passage, which turned out to be about a man on the street serenading his girlfriend in a tall building. The wording of the passage made it difficult to understand, but looking at a picture made it easier to understand. The results of this study illustrated the importance of ___________ in forming reliable long-term memories.

organization context

One of the defining characteristics of implicit memory is that

people are not conscious they are using it.

The standard model of consolidation proposes that the hippocampus is

strongly active when memories are first formed and being consolidated but becomes less active when retrieving older memories that are already consolidated.

Chantal has frontal lobe damage. She is doing a problem-solving task in which she has to choose the red object out of many choices. She can easily complete this repeatedly, but when the experimenter asks her to choose the blue object on a new trial of the task, she continues to choose the red one, even when the experimenter gives her feedback that she is incorrect. Chantal is displaying

perseveration

Robin lost the softball game for her team when she ran toward home and was thrown out at the plate. The coach asked her, "Why did you run? You knew it was a risky move." Robin replied, "But I heard you yell, 'Go! Go!'" The coach replied, "I was saying, 'No! No!'" Robin's ill-fated run was the result of a ________ error.

phonologicial

Funahashi's work on monkeys doing a delayed response task examined the role of neurons in the

prefrontal cortex

Latoya is remembering a fun day at the beach that she had with her dad when she was a little girl. Which region of brain will have the LEAST connection to the more personal aspects of Latoya's memory?

prefrontal cortex

Physiological studies indicate that damage to the brain's___________can disrupt behaviors that depend on working memory.

prefrontal cortex

Lucille is teaching Kendra how to play racquetball. She explains how to hold the racquet, how to stand, and how to make effective shots. These learned skills that Lucille has acquired are an example of ___________ memory.

procedural

The maintenance rehearsal task of learning a word by repeating it over and over again is most likely to

produce some short-term remembering, but fail to produce longer-term memories.

Believing that a particular statement is true simply because you have seen the statement in previous instances is known as the ________ effect.

propaganda

Your friend has been sick for several days, so you go over to her home to make her some chicken soup. Searching for a spoon, you first reach in a top drawer beside the dishwasher. Then, you turn to the big cupboard beside the stove to search for a pan. In your search, you have relied on a kitchen

schema

Information remains in sensory memory for

seconds or a fraction of a second.

The predominant type of coding in long-term memory is

semantic

Which of the following is NOT an example of an implicit memory?

semantic memory

The three structural components of the modal model of memory are

sensory memory, short-term memory, long-term memory.

According to memory research, studying is most effective if study sessions are

short and across several days

Procedural memories are also known as ________ memories.

skill

Research suggests that the capacity of short-term memory is

somewhat small, holding only about seven items at one time.

The "wedding reception" false memory experiment shows that false memories can be explained as a product of familiarity and

source misattribution

The experiment for which people were asked to make fame judgments for both famous and non-famous names (and for which Sebastian Weissdorf was one of the names to be remembered) illustrated the effect of __________ on memory.

source misattributions

The principle that we encode information together with its context is known as encoding

specificity

Your text discusses how episodic and semantic memories are interconnected. This discussion revealed that when we experience events,

the knowledge that makes up semantic memories is initially attained through a personal experience based in episodic memory.

When a sparkler is twirled rapidly, people perceive a circle of light. This occurs because

the length of iconic memory is about a fraction of a second.

Recent research on memory, based largely on fear conditioning in rats, indicates that

when a memory is reactivated, it becomes capable of being changed or altered, just as it was immediately after it was formed.

Research on eyewitness testimony reveals that

when viewing a lineup, an eyewitness's confidence in his or her choice of the suspect can be increased by an authority's confirmation of his or her choice, even when the choice is wrong.

If working memory were an actual workplace, which of the following best describes the members of Baddeley's model?

workers and managers

Working memory differs from short-term memory in that

working memory is engaged in processing information.