psych 4 exam ch.9-12

What is an advanced directive?

A legal document that provides specific interventions that a person wants.

________ holds that our behavior is determined by internal factors, such as individual traits or temperaments.

Dispositionism

Which theorist is credited with proposing the psychosexual stages of development?

Freud

What is the main point of the textbook discussion of Milgram's obedience study?

Individuals will obey authority to the point of potentially causing serious harm to another person.

Which of the following is an example of a self-serving bias?

Leonard attributes earning a good grade in his psychology class to the fact that he is an exceptionally hard working student who is also incredibly smart. He blames the poor grade he received in his sociology class on having a bad teacher who gave hard exams.

Which of the following statements is incorrect regarding social exchange theory?

People are dissatisfied if their social exchanges create more costs than benefits unless the relationship is an example of consummate love

What is the main point of the quizmaster study?

People will overlook obvious situational influences on behavior.

The behavior of soldiers who abused prisoners at the Abu Ghraib facility during the Iraq war was predicted by the Stanford Prison Experiment that was overseen by social psychologist ________.

Philip Zimbardo

________ development involves growth and changes in the body and brain, the senses, motor skills, and health and wellness.

Physical

Which of the following illustrates conservation?

Scott knows that one piece of pizza cut into two slices is the same amount as cutting the same piece of pizza into three slices.

Which theorist promoted the idea that development is fundamentally affected by oneâ s culture as well as their interactions with their own environment?

Vygotsky

What is a social role?

a pattern of behavior that is expected of a person in a given setting or group

18-month-old Gordon learned the schema for apples. When Gordon sees tomatoes at the grocery store, he says, â Look mommy, apples!â His mother tells him that the food he sees at the store is a tomato, not an apple. He now has separate schemata for tomatoes and apples. This exemplifies ________.

accommodation

Which of the following is the best example of peripheral route persuasion?

anti-smoking advertisements that rely on celebrity spokespeople advocating for reduction in cigarette use

Which of the following is the best example of central route persuasion?

anti-smoking advertisements that use charts and graphs to show how many people die from smoking-related causes each year

Henry is juror number four in a murder trial. He believes the accused is guilty, but when the jurors vote it becomes clear he is the only one that thinks this way. Henry votes not guilty along with the other jurors despite what he sees as evidence clearly indicating guilt. This is an example of the ________ effect.

asch

Early maturing girls are ________.

at a higher risk of depression, substance abuse, and eating disorders

Which parenting style is most encouraged in modern America?

authoritative

Victoria has learned that she has metastatic breast cancer and has only a few months to live. She immediately goes to church and prays that she will â change her waysâ and will become a model Christian if God will just heal her illness. Victoria is at the _______ stage of grieving.

bargaining

Why are girls more likely than boys to be victims of cyberbullying?

because it is a less direct and nonphysical form of bullying

The notion that the manner in which one's brain develops can have a significant impact on a persons cognitive functioning is central to the ________ perspective in developmental psychology.

biopsychology

According to the frustration aggression theory, which of the following is likely to occur when Simon gets frustrated with his toilet training?

bite

________ development involves learning, attention, memory, language, thinking, reasoning, and creativity.

cognitive

Rhona and Jerome share each other's thoughts and feelings and are prepared to support each other, but they do not feel any real passion toward each other. They have a relationship based on ________ love.

compassionate

During Piaget's proposed ________ stage of development, children understand events and analogies logically, and they can perform simple mathematical operations. At the same time they lack the ability to think abstractly.

concrete operational

Ashley and Mikhail share their intimate thoughts and emotions, are physically attracted to each other and have an active and satisfying sex life, and are each deeply committed to supporting each other. They share ________ love.

consumate

The goal of hospice care is to provide

death with dignity and pain management in a humane and comfortable setting.

When development proceeds in a stepwise fashion with periods of growth interrupted by periods where growth is not occurring, weâ d say that development is taking a(n) ________ trajectory.

discontinuous

Jules is participating in the Strange Situation experiment. When his mother returns, he freezes, and then behaves erratically. In fact, he runs away from his mother. What kind of attachment is this?

disorganized

Jory, a six year old, is picking out a card for his motherâ s birthday. He picks the card with a picture of Lightning McQueen, reasoning that since he loves Cars his mother does to. What does this exemplify?

egocentrism

When Jacob came home from work upset about a disagreement he'd had with his boss, his wife Jodi sat down to listen to him. She imagined the argument that had occurred, and tried to understand how her husband was feeling. Jodi is demonstrating a high level of ________.

empathy

What does nurture refer to in the nature vs. nurture debate?

environment and culture

Grasping a toy, writing with a pencil, and using a spoon are all examples of ________ motor skills.

fine

Which type of persuasion approach involves encouraging a person to agree to a small favor or to buy a small item, only to later request a larger favor or purchase of a larger item?

foot in the door

According to Jean Piaget, in what stage do children begin to use abstract thinking processes?

formal operational

During adolescence there is a tendency to see people engage in higher levels of risk-taking behavior. Emotional outbursts are also quite common. This is explained by the relative underdevelopment of the ________ lobe of the cerebral cortex.

frontal

Kara gets an F on her social psychology exam. Then she goes home and gets into an argument with her roommate, Lee. Lee assumes Kara is yelling at him because she is just a nasty person, and does not consider that she may just have had a bad day and is venting. Lee is demonstrating ________.

fundamental attribution error

What does nature refer to in the nature vs. nurture debate?

genetics

Which of the following is the best example of the foot-in-the-door technique of persuasion?

getting your parents to agree to cut their smoking down by a few cigarettes, then asking them to quit altogether

Balancing, running, and jumping are all examples of ________ motor skills.

gross

________ is the strengthening of an original group attitude after the discussion of views within a group.

group polarization

Orlando shares with a friend that he does not like people who are homosexual, and that he goes out of his way at work to avoid helping customers who he suspects are gay. His friend says to him, "man, that isn't a cool way to be. You do realize that you're expressing a form of prejudice called ________, don't you?"

homophobia

Adolescents (ages 12-18) experiment with and develop a sense of who they are and what roles they want to play. Erik Erikson would argue that during this period adolescents face the________ task of development.

identity vs confusion

Jasmin belongs to the chess club on her campus. She prefers to associate with other members of the chess club while avoiding people that do not belong to this group. She thinks that those who do not play chess must be less intelligent than those who do, and thus she doesnâ t want to spend time with them. Jasmin has a(n) ________ bias.

in-group bias

The ________ hypothesis is the ideology common in the United States that people get the outcomes they deserve.

just-world

Age-specific approximations of when a certain skill or ability should first occur in normal development are called developmental ________.

milestones

Suppose you hate reality shows, but you pretend to like them in order to fit in, feel good, and be accepted by your friends, who all love reality television. This is an example of ________ social influence.

normative

Madeline is seven months old. Her mother is eating a cookie and Madeline wants some. Her mother hides the cookie under a napkin, but Madeline is not fooled. She knows the cookie is still there. What does this exemplify?

object permanence

Which of the following is not a developmental issue children face during the preoperational stage?

object permanence

When a person is making a persuasive argument that utilizes the ________ route, they rely on factors unrelated to their actual message to persuade their listener. The hope is that these factors will encourage positivity with the message itself.

peripheral

Carissa's parents let her stay up as late as she wants. She is allowed to pick out her own clothes and decide when and what she wants to eat. Her parents act more like her friends than authority figures. What kind of parenting style is this?

permissive

Within the field of social psychology, a script is defined as a ________.

person's knowledge about the sequence of events in a specific setting

Britta knows that it is wrong to break into a store that is closed, but there is a medical emergency and she has no cell phone with her. Her date has collapsed on the street and is having a seizure. Britta breaks the window of a local store, unlocks the door, and lets herself in to call the police. She stays behind to explain her behavior to the store owner, who shows up shortly after he is called. Britta is operating at the ________ level of Kohlbergâ s theory of morality.

post-conventional

A negative attitude and feeling toward an individual that is based solely on that person's membership in a specific group is called ________.

prejudice

Heather and Mike share the household chores as equally as possible. They take turns with the cooking and driving their son to daycare. Both of them work outside the home, and each of them takes responsibility for child care one night a week to give the other one a break. We can say that their relationship has a high level of ________.

reciprocity

During the international coronavirus pandemic, many people began acting aggressively toward individuals of Chinese descent, blaming them for the virus even though most of those people had lived in the United States for their entire lives. Those Chinese-Americans were the victim of a process called ________.

scapegoating

________ are concepts (mental models) that are used to help us categorize and interpret information.

schemata

Erikah has just arrived at the funeral of her friendâ s father. Even though Erikah is usually very outspoken and jovial, she keeps her voice down, expresses her sympathy to the family members, and sits quietly and respectfully during the religious service. Erikah is following the ________ of how to behave in this particular situation.

script

Umberto is a one year old, and his mother is sensitive and responsive to his needs. He is distressed when his mother leaves him, and he is happy to see her when she returns. What kind of attachment is this?

secure

Which of the following strategies would effectively prevent groupthink from occurring?

seeking outside opinions on group decisions

During Jean Piaget's ________ stage, the world is experienced through what we can take in through our perceptual systems and how we can move our bodies.

sensorimotor

What was the main conclusion drawn from the Stanford prison experiment?

social roles are powerful determinants of human behavior

Emily is a doctoral student in psychology. She plans to use ________ to complete her doctoral paper, asking individuals to self-report important information about how their thoughts, experiences, and beliefs differ over a 10-year period.

survey

What is the single most important fact that predicts the person with whom you will become friends or have a romantic relationship?

the amount of contact you have with people

In Stanley Milgram's obedience research, the person playing the part of the "learner" was an accomplice, or ________, of the experiment. He was aware of the true purpose of the research, was never shocked, and was acting according to Milgramâ s instructions.

confederate

Fantasia believes that people with blue eyes are somehow more creative than other people. Whenever Fantasia encounters a person that has blue eyes and is creative, she places greater importance on this evidence supporting her already existing belief. At the same time, Fantasia ignores any evidence that people without blue eyes might display exceptional creativity. This is called a(n) ________.

confirmation bias

Suppose you are walking down a street. A woman has fallen down, but because there are so many people around it does not occur to you that you should help. You just assume someone else is about to help her and keep walking. This is an example of ________.

diffusion of responsibility

The field of social psychology studies topics at the intrapersonal level. These topics include ________.

emotions and attitudes, the self, and social cognition

Elroy decided not to cheat on the exam because he would fail the class if he was caught and heâ d get punished by his parents. What stage of moral development does this exemplify?

pre-conventional

Between birth and one year, infants are dependent on their caregivers; therefore, caregivers who are responsive and sensitive to their infantâ s needs help their baby to develop a sense of the world as a safe, predictable place. In Eriksonâ s developmental theory, what is the primary developmental task of this stage?

trust vs mistrust

Which of the following is not one of the reasons for the new lifespan development category called emerging adulthood?

younger average age for marriage

A(an) ________ begins as a one-cell structure that is created when a sperm and egg merge.

zygote