Psych Ch. 13 Stress, Coping, and Health

Non-adherence may be a _________ a year drain on the health care system.

$300 billion a year

Common emotional responses to stress include _____, ______, and ______.

- annoyance (anger and rage) -apprehension (anxiety and fear) -dejection (sadness and grief)

Primary appraisal is an initial evaluation of whether an event is _________, __________, or _________.

-irrelevant to you -relevant but not threatening -stressful

Barriers to effective provider-patient communication include __________, ________, and _______.

-short visits -overuse of medical jargon - patients reluctance to challenge physicians authority

What are the three stages of general adaption syndrome?

1) alarm 2) resistance 3) exhaustion

What are the three basic types of conflict?

1) approach-approach 2) avoidance-avoidance 3) approach-avoidance

What are the three levels of a person's response to stress?

1) emotional response 2) physiological response 3) behavioral response

What are the three subtypes of internet addiction?

1) excessive gaming 2) preoccupation with sexual content 3) obsessive socializing

What are the four principle types of stress?

1) frustration 2) conflict 3) change 4) pressure

What are the seven common defense mechanisms?

1) repression 2) projection 3) displacement 4) reaction formation 5) regression 6) rationalization 7) identification

What are the three elements of a Type A personality?

1) strong competitive orientation 2) impatience and time urgency 3) anger and hostility

The average smoker has a life expectancy of _______ years shorter than that of a similar nonsmoker.

13 to 14 years shorter

Long term success rates for giving up smoking is only ______.

25% or less

_______ is a disorder in which the immune system is gradually weakened and eventually disabled by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).

Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome ( AIDS)

The first pathway is routed through the __________, which stimulates the ________.

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS), which stimulates the Adrenal Medulla

____________ involves unrealistically pessimistic appraisals of stress that exaggerate the magnitude of one's problems.

Catastrophic thinking

_________ involves the reduction in blood flow in the coronary arteries, which supply the heart with blood.

Coronary Heart Disease

T/F: A small number of patients depart medical visits not understanding what they have been told.

FALSE, a LARGE number of patients

T/f: Constructive coping often involves reappraising stressful events in threatening ways.

False, LESS THREATENING

T/F: It is easy to give up cigarettes.

False, it is hard

_______ is the passive behavior produced by exposure to unavoidable aversive events.

Learned Helplessness

________ are any substantial alterations in ones' living circumstances that require readjustment.

Life changes

Stress appears to contribute to many types of physical illnesses and not just _______.

Psychosomatic diseases

_______ is used to measure life changes as a form of stress, but actually taps many types of stressful experiences.

Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS)

In the _______ stage, the body's resources may be depleted in fighting off stress and the fight for stress becomes limited.

Stage of exhaustion

T/F: People tend to procrastinate because they worry about looking silly or bothering their physician or because they are reluctant to disrupt their plans.

TRUE

T/F: When people quit smoking, their health risks decline fairly quickly.

TRUE

T/F: Americans generally prefer and pursue explicit social support, while Asians prefer implicit support.

True

T/F: Behavior that is downright self destructive is surprisingly common.

True

T/F: Constructive coping involves confronting problems directly.

True

T/F: Contrary to common sense, positive emotions do NOT vanish during severe times of stress.

True

T/F: Events that are stressful for one person may be routine for another.

True

T/F: Experimental research generally has not supported the catharsis hypothesis, most studies have actually found the opposite: behaving in an aggressive manner tends to fuel more anger and aggression.

True

T/F: Many HIV carriers don't know they are a carrier.

True

T/F: Many young heterosexuals naively downplay their risk for HIV.

True

T/F: Most frustrations are brief and insignificant.

True

T/F: Pressure to conform to other's expectations are also common.

True

T/F: Recent evidence suggests that strong emotional reactions can precipitate heart attacks.

True

T/F: Superficial Social interactions with acquaintances and strangers can be beneficial.

True

T/F: The link between optimism and health can be found world wide.

True

T/F: The emotion dysfunction of depression may cause heart disease.

True (depression can DOUBLE ones chance of heart disease)

___________ involves self-imposed stress and intense reactions to stress.

Type A personality

The _________ is marked by relatively relaxed, patient, easygoing, amicable behavior.

Type B personality

Another unhealthy response to coping is _______, which is any behavior that is intended to hurt someone, either physically or verbally.

aggression

_______ occurs when an organism first realizes the existence of a threat.

alarm reaction

Studies suggest that people who are relatively high in ______ and _____ tend to report more symptoms of illness than others do.

anxiety and neuroticism

In an _____________, a choice must be made between two attractive goals.

approach-approach conflict

In an ____________, a choice must be made about whether to pursue a single goal that has both attractive and unattractive aspect.

approach-avoidance conflict

In an ______________, a choice must be made between two unattractive goals.

avoidance-avoidance conflict

Releasing pent-up emotions, especially through writing about one's difficulties, can foster ___________.

better health

The _______ holds that physical illness is caused by a complex interaction of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors.

biopsychosocial model

The HIV virus is transmitted through person-to-person contact involving the exchange of _______, primarily ______ and _______.

bodily fluids, semen and blood

Moderate drinking may offer some protection to ______.

cardiovascular disease

_______ is the tendency to become highly self critical in response to stress, and can become very unhealthy.

catastrophic thinking

The adrenal medulla releases large amounts of _______ into the bloodstream, which is responsible for action.

catecholamines

_______ is to refer to this release of emotional tension.

catharsis

Stress contributes to the _______ of illness.

causation

If a prescribed regimen is unpleasant or difficult to follow, the ____ tends to decline.

compliance

________ occurs when two or more incompatible motivations or behavioral impulses compete for expression.

conflict

________ refers to relatively healthful efforts that people make to deal with stressful events.

constructive coping

_______ refers to the efforts to master, reduce, or tolerate the demands created by stress.

coping

Emotional arousal can interfere with _______.

coping methods

Secondary appraisal is your evaluation of your ________ and ________.

coping resources and options for dealing with stress

What is the nature of stress?

cumulative

Smokers face a much greater risk of _____ than nonsmokers.

death

The percentage of people who smoke has _____ since the mid 1960's.

declined

__________ are largely unconscious reactions that protect a person from unpleasant emotions, such as anxiety and guilt.

defense mechanisms

___________ are characterized by persistent feelings of sadness and despair, are fairly common form of mental illnesses.

depressive disorder

Prolonged stress can lead to what Seyle called ______________.

diseases of adaptation

Unlike smoking and inactivity, _____ can kill you directly and immediately.

drugs

Stress has been found to increase ______, ______, _____, and _______.

eating, gambling, consumption of drugs or alcohol, and smoking

Stress can cause the brain to send signals to the _______ system along two pathways.

endocrine system

Corticosteroids stimulate the release of chemicals that help increase your _______ and help ________.

energy, inhibit tissue inflammation in the case of injury

___________ support is the overt emotional solace and instrumental aid from others.

explicit emotional support

Stress lies within the ___________.

eyes of the beholder (the mind)

_______ is experienced whenever the pursuit of some goal is thwarted.

frustration

_______ is the idea that aggression is always caused by frustration.

frustration-aggression hypothesis

The __________ is a model of the body's stress response created by Hans Selye.

general adaptation syndrome

_______ and ______ are less than optimal methods of coping with stress.

giving up and blaming oneself

____________ is crucial for sound medical decisions, informed choices about treatment, and appropriate follow through by patients.

good communication

Results have suggested that a positive mentality is associated with _______.

greater longevity

In the world as a whole, sexual transmission has mostly taken place through ___________ relations.

heterosexual

Encouraging advances in the treatment of AIDS with drug regimens, referred to as _________________, hold out promise for substantially longer survival.

highly active antiretroviral therapy ( HAART)

What is the most toxic element of Type A personality?

hostility

________ can dampen stress appraisals, increase positive emotions, and enhance social support.

humor

The _______ is the structure in the brain that appears to initiate action along these two pathways.

hypothalamus

___________ support is the comfort that comes from knowing one has access to close others who will be supportive.

implicit emotional support

____________ plays a key role in the initiation and progression of coronary heart disease.

inflammation

__________ predicts that task performance should improve with increased emotional arousal. As tasks become more complex, the optimal level of arousal decreases.

inverted-U hypothesis

Extreme distortions of reality are ______, but small illusions can be ________.

maladaptive, beneficial

The correlation between stress and illness is _______ in strength because stress is only on of the many factors that influence health.

modest

Stress can be reduced by learning to be ________.

more forgiving

________ is the formation of new neurons.

neurogenesis

_______ is when patients fail to follow the instructions they receive from their physicians or health care professionals.

non-adherence

Only about _______ of American adults get an adequate amount of regular exercise.

one third

______ is a general tendency to expect good outcomes.

optimism

What are two personality traits that appear to promote health?

optimism and conscientiousness

Why is optimism beneficial to health?

optimists cope with stress in more adaptive ways than pessimists do

What is the third variable in the causation of illness?

personality

The second pathway involves more direct communication between the brain and the endocrine system, so it uses the _________, the so called "master gland".

pituitary gland

_______ involves expectations or demands that one behave in a certain way

pressure

What are the two types of appraisals?

primary and secondary appraisal

Pressure is a predictor of _______ and _______.

psychological symptoms and heart disease

Ellis emphasized the importance of _______ and _______.

reappraising stressful events and rational thinking

_______ is a strength that can promote personal growth or self improvement.

resilience

Family members and co-workers who spend a lot of time around smokers are exposed to _______.

second hand smoke or environmental tobacco smoke

_______ is the distorting of reality so it doesn't appear so threatening.

self-deception

Pressure is often __________.

self-imposed

Stress sometimes leads to reduced impulse control, __________.

self-indulgence

The most common reported reason for poor adherence is _________.

simple forgetting

Why are mortality rates higher for smokers?

smoking increases the likelihood of developing a surprisingly large range of diseases

_______ refers to various types of aid and emotional sustenance by members of one's social networks.

social support

__________ is a factor that is related in good adherence in patients.

social support

As stress continues, the organism's physiological changes stabilize and as coping efforts are underway. The organism can become accustom to the threat in the _______ stage.

stage of resistance

We define __________ as any circumstances that threaten or are perceived to threaten one's well being and tax one's coping abilities.

stress

________ is the mindset that stress is an invigorating challenge and opportunity for growth.

stress-is -enhancing mindset

________ is the mindset that stress is harmful.

stress-is-debilitating mindset

Whether people view physical sensations as symptoms of an illness depends on __________________.

subjective interpretation

The pituitary gland stimulates the outer part of the adrenal glands called the ___________, which releases the _______ hormone.

the adrenal cortex, corticosteroids

What can you do to improve your communication with health care providers?

the key is to not be a passive consumer of medical services, be active

What is the biggest problem in regard to treatment seeking?

the tendency of many people to delay the pursuit of needed professional consultation

T/F: Internet addiction can is fostered by high stress.

true

Approach-avoidance conflicts often produce ________, which is when you go back and forth, beset by indecision.

vacillation