Psych Ch. 17: Social Psychology
Attitude
A(n) ________ is a behavioral and cognitive tendency expressed by evaluating people, places, or things, with favor or disfavor.
Evaluation apprehension
Concern that others are evaluating our behavior.
Consensus
General agreement.
Dispositional attribution
An assumption that a person's behavior is determined by internal causes such as personal traits.
Social perception
A subfield of social psychology that studies the ways in which we form and modify impressions of others.
Situational attribution
An assumption that a person's behavior is determined by external circumstances such as the social pressure found in a situation.
Prejudice
An attitude toward a group that leads people to evaluate members of that group negatively.
Selective exposure
Deliberately seeking and attending to information that is consistent with one's attitudes.
Cognitive
Early attitudes serve as ________ anchors.
Social norms
Explicit and implicit rules that reflect social expectations and influence the ways people behave in social situations.
More
Groups are ______ likely than individuals to take extreme positions.
Unrealistic
Groupthink is usually _________.
Bystander
Kitty Genovese's death has been attributed to the _______ effect.
Attribution
Our interference of the motives and traits of others through observation of their behavior is called the ______ process.
Social decision schemes
Rules for predicting the final outcome of group decision making.
Social loafing
The process by which a person's performance decreases when other members of a group engage in similar behavior, apparently because the person believes that strenuous effort is unnecessary.
Social facilitation
The process by which a person's performance increases when other members of a group engage in similar behavior.
Deindividuation
The process by which group members may discontinue self-evaluation and adopt group norms and attitudes.
Attribution process
The process by which people draw inferences about the motives and traits of others.
Self-serving bias
The tendency to view one's successes as stemming from internal factors and one's failures as stemming from external factors.
Elaboration likelihood model
The view that persuasive messages are evaluated (elaborated) on the basis of central and peripheral cues.
Primacy effect
(a) The tendency to recall the initial items in a series of items. (b) The tendency to evaluate others in terms of first impressions.
Attitude-discrepant behavior
Behavior inconsistent with an attitude that may have the effect of modifying an attitude.
Deindividuation
Members of a group may experience _________, which is a state of reduced self-awareness and lowered concern for social evaluation.
Altruism
Self-sacrifice to help others is known as ________.
Facilitation
Social _______ refers to the enhancement of performance that results from the presence of others.
Decision
Social-______ schemes seem to govern group decision making: the majority-wins scheme, the truth-wins scheme, the two-thirds majority scheme, and the first-shift rule.
Social influence
The area of social psychology that studies the ways in which people influence the thoughts, feelings, and behavior of others.
Fundamental attribution error
The assumption that others act predominantly on the basis of their dispositions, even when there is evidence suggesting the importance of their circumstances.
Perception
The psychology of social _______ involves the ways we perceive other people and ourselves.
Diffusion of responsibility
The spreading or sharing of responsibility for a decision or behavior within a group.
Actor-observer effect
The tendency to attribute our own behavior to situational factors but to attribute the behavior of others to dispositional factors.
Is
When we are free to do as we wish, our behavior _____ usually consistent with our attitudes.
Discrimination
________ is hostile behavior toward a group of people, such as denial of access to housing.
Social
________ psychology is the study of the nature and causes of our behavior and mental processes in social situations.
A-B Problem
The issue of how well we can predict behavior on the basis of attitudes.
Discrimination
(a) In conditioning, the tendency for an organism to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and similar stimuli that do not forecast an unconditioned stimulus. (b) Hostile behavior that is directed against groups toward whom one is prejudiced.
Recency effect
(a) The tendency to recall the last items in a series of items. (b) The tendency to evaluate others in terms of the most recent impression.
Attribution
A belief concerning why people behave in a certain way.
Stereotype
A fixed, conventional idea about a group.
Foot-in-the-door technique
A method for inducing compliance in which a small request is followed by a larger request.
Groupthink
A process in which group members are influenced by cohesiveness and a dynamic leader to ignore external realities as they make decisions.
Fear appeal
A type of persuasive communication that influences behavior on the basis of arousing fear instead of rational analysis of the issues.
Dissonance
According to cognitive-_______ theory, we are motivated to make our cognitions consistent with one another and with our behavior.
Foot
According to the _____-in-the-door effect, people are more likely to agree to large requests after they have agreed to smaller ones.
Elaboration
According to the ________ likelihood model, there are central and peripheral routes to persuasion.
Attitude
An enduring mental representation of a person, place, or thing that typically evokes an emotional response and related behavior.
Cognitive
Attitudes are acquired through conditioning, observational learning, and ______ appraisal.
Selective avoidance
Diverting one's attention from information that is inconsistent with one's attitudes.
Stare
Gazing into another's eyes can be a sign of love, but a hard _______ is an aversive challenge.
75
In Asch's studies of conformity, ____% of the participants agreed with an incorrect majority judgment at least once.
Effort justification
In cognitive-dissonance theory, the tendency to seek justification (acceptable reasons) for strenuous efforts.
Peripheral route
In persuasive arguments, associating viewpoints with tangential issues, such as who endorses a product rather than the qualities of the product itself.
Central route
In persuasive arguments, providing substantive information about the issues involved.
Polarization
In social psychology, taking an extreme position or attitude on an issue.
Do
Most people ______ comply with the demands of authority figures when those demands are immoral.
Cognitive
On a _____ level, prejudice is linked to expectations that members of the target group will behave poorly.
Risky
People in a group are likely to experience a _______ shift.
Positive
People who feel ______ toward one another tend to position themselves close together.
Categorization
Prejudice may be based on factors such as social _______, or the tendency to divide the world into us and them.
Social psychology
The field of psychology that studies the nature and causes of behavior and mental processes in social situations.
Social
The following factors contribute to obedience: socialization, lack of ______ comparison, perception of experimenters as legitimate authority figures, the foot-in-the-door technique, and inaccessibility of values.
Bystander effect
The tendency to avoid helping other people in emergencies when other people are also present and apparently capable of helping.
Risky shift
The tendency to make riskier decisions as a member of a group than as an individual acting independently.
Primacy
The tendency to perceive others in terms of first impressions is an example of the _______ effect.
Cognitive-dissonance theory
The view that we are motivated to make our cognitions or beliefs consistent with each other and with our behavior.
Conform
To change one's attitudes or overt behavior to adhere to social norms.
Altruism
Unselfish concern for the welfare of others.
