PSYCH CH 2

Phoebe recently suffered a major fall in which she sustained brain injuries. Since then, she has had immense difficulty in communicating with others. She appears to understand what is said to her, but her responses are slow and laborious. Her sentences are always incomplete with important grammatical words missing. Which of the following conditions best reflects Phoebe's case?

Broca's aphasia

A(n) _________ is a stereotyped pattern of behavior that is triggered in a specific situation.

instinct

Allen was adopted at an early age by a Japanese-American couple. As a result, he grew up speaking both Japanese and English fluently. In terms of genetics, this manifestation of Allen's ability to speak is called _____.

phenotype

The _________ lies below the hypothalamus and is dubbed the "master gland."

pituitary gland

_________ remove dead neurons and waste products from the nervous system, nourish and insulate neurons, and form myelin.

​Glial cells

Studies show that the _________ is connected with aggressive behavior in monkeys, cats, and other animals.

​amygdala

Which of these is a function of the medulla of the brain?

It plays roles in sleeping, sneezing, and coughing.

Which of the following brain imaging techniques relies on subtle shifts in blood flow?

Magnetic resonance imaging

Emily suffers from insomnia. When she went to see a doctor, she was told that her sleeplessness was caused by the deficiency of a particular hormone. The doctor then gave her sleeping pills containing the same. Which is the hormone in question?

Melatonin

Which of the following terms is related to one's genotype?

Nature

Which of the following is a bulb-shaped structure at the end of axons?

Terminal buttons

Which of the following terms best describes the nucleotides found along just one of the rungs of a molecular ladder?

The genetic code

Which of the following represents an interaction of one's nature and nurture?

The phenotype

Which of the following causes Down syndrome?

The presence of an extra chromosome on the 21st pair

Which of the following is a likely consequence of low thyroxin secretion in adults?

They feel tired and sluggish and may put on weight.

In the context of the brain's language functions, identify the correct statement.

Those with Wernicke's aphasia usually speak freely and with proper syntax.

Dr. Kennett is a neurologist who is conducting research using brain imaging techniques. He wants to study pictures of his subjects' brain while they are speaking or using a language. The pictures will help Dr. Kennett understand the parts of the brain that are being used to speak and other processes that occur simultaneously in the brain. Based on the nature of study, the most suitable technique for Dr. Kennett's research would be to use _____.

​functional magnetic resonance imaging

Alicia recently had a bad car accident. Since then, she cannot recall events that occurred after the accident. However, she can recall events that took place before the accident. She recognizes her family and friends and important dates, such as her birthday and her marriage anniversary, but has to be constantly reintroduced to new people in her life. Alicia has most likely sustained damage to her _____.

​hippocampus

The _________ minimizes leakage of the electrical current being carried along the axon, thereby allowing messages to be conducted more efficiently.

​myelin sheath

​Traits such as sociability and aggressiveness are thought to be _________.

​polygenic

Some researchers consider the _________ to be the "executive center" of the brain, where decisions are made to keep information in working memory and to solve problems.

​prefrontal cortex

A neuron relays its message to another neuron across a junction called a(n) _________.

​synapse

In positron emission tomography, to trace the metabolism of glucose, a radioactive compound called a(n) _____ is mixed with glucose and injected into the bloodstream.

​tracer

Paul is a fifty-five-year-old man who has been having some difficulty recalling important details. On visiting a doctor, he was told that he was in the early stages of Alzheimer's disease. The deficiency of _________ is most likely to be linked to Paul's condition.

acetylcholine

Bobby was standing in line to purchase a movie ticket. All of a sudden, the man in front of him took a few steps back and stepped on Bobby's foot. Bobby had an immediate sensation of pain. This sensation was transmitted via the spinal cord to the brain through _____.

afferent neurons

Which of the following refers to a time when a neuron is insensitive to messages from other neurons and does not fire?

A refractory period

Which of the following diseases stems from food poisoning and prevents the release of acetylcholine?

Botulism

​_________ intensifies most emotions and is central to the experience of fear and anxiety.

Epinephrine

Derek is working on a thesis about the changes in social behavior in the context of finding partners. An important part of his study concerns the various practices followed by males and females over the course of generations and how they have gradually transformed into our current social norms. Derek can be called a(n) _____ psychologist.

Evolutionary

_________ relatives have a genetic overlap of about 50%.

First-degree

Which of the following is a function of norepinephrine?

It is involved in general arousal and learning and memory.

Which of these is a function of prolactin?

It regulates maternal behavior in lower mammals such as rats.

Which of the following is a function of oxytocin?

It stimulates labor in pregnant women.

Which of the following pituitary hormones regulates the adrenal cortex?

The Adrenocorticotrophic hormone

Which of the following terms describes the electrical impulse that provides the basis for the conduction of a neural impulse along an axon of a neuron?

The action potential

Which of the following is a difference between the thalamus and the hypothalamus?

The thalamus serves as a relay station for sensory stimulation, whereas the hypothalamus controls the regulation of body temperature, concentration of fluids, storage of nutrients, and motivation and emotion.

What is the purpose of a split brain operation?

To confine seizures to one hemisphere of the cerebral cortex

​John recently suffered a blow to the head. Since then, he has found it quite difficult to express his thoughts. Although his ability to think has not been impaired, he cannot find the right words to say what he wants to say. However, he speaks freely and with proper syntax. John most likely suffers from _____.

Wernicke's aphasia

​The _________ refers to the fact that a neuron fires an impulse of the same strength whenever its action potential is triggered.

all-or-none principle

The _________ reveals deformities in shape and structure that are connected with blood clots, tumors, and other health problems.

computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan

Peter took his bicycle for a ride one morning. He was not wearing a helmet and fell off a ridge, into a steep valley. Apart from fracturing his arm and acquiring several bruises, Peter severely injured his head. The doctor noticed a swelling on the right side of his head and suspected it to be a blood clot. He advised Peter to get a(n) _____ done to further investigate his injuries.

computerized axial tomography scan

People with severe cases of epilepsy have split-brain operations in which much of the _________ is severed.

corpus callosum

Nicotine, alcohol, and many other drugs are pleasurable because they heighten levels of _____.

dopamine

Shana is a young girl who met with a car accident a few years ago. Since her accident, Shana is only able to remember her family members and instances from her childhood. However, she is unable to remember people she met recently or events that are currently happening in her life. She is often introduced to the same people whom she has met earlier. She reads the same newspaper for several days without realizing that she has read it before. The accident has disabled Shana's ability to permanently store new information because she sustained an injury to her _____.

hippocampus

​Among lower animals, stimulation of various areas of the _________can trigger instinctual behaviors such as fighting, mating, or nest building.

hypothalamus

The _________ is a bulge in the hindbrain that lies forward of the medulla and transmits information about body movement.

pons

Which of the following neurotransmitters is involved in emotional arousal and sleep?

serotonin

Sara is a pregnant woman who is well past her due date, which was three weeks ago. The doctors decide that they must induce labor in Sara and inject her with the hormone _____.

​oxytocin