Psych Ch. 5
Modeling, Imitation, Observational learning
Five-year-old Fatima observes her mother feeding her infant brother. Fatima picks up her doll baby and begins to mimic the behavior. In this case, Fatima pretending to feed her doll is an example of which of the following learning concepts?
White rat
In the little Albert study, the conditioned stimulus was
Primary Reinforcers
Innate reinforcers that satisfy biological needs (food, water, sex, etc.) are
Generalization
In classical conditioning, the tendency of a new stimulus to elicit a response that is similar to the conditioned response is_____. In operant conditioning, _____ means performing a reinforced behavior in a different situation.
Discrimination
In operant conditioning means responding appropriately to stimuli that signal that a behavior will or will not be reinforced.
Ratio Schedule
In operant conditioning, if one wants a high rate of responding, a _____ should be utilized.
more efficient
In operant conditioning, when the interval between a behavior and its consequences is relatively immediate, learning is
Observational Learning
Learning that occurs when a person observes and imitates another's behavior. Learning by watching the behavior of others
Associative Learning
Learning that occurs when we make connections, or an association, between two events
Negative Reinforcement
Luis cleans his room so that his parents will not scold him. This is an example of _____.
Aversive Conditioning
Refers to a form of treatment that involves repeated pairings of a stimulus with a very unpleasant stimulus to change an association.
Secondary Reinforcers
Reinforcers that are learned by association
Negative Punishment
Removal of a stimulus to decrease a behavior
Negative Reinforcement
Tiffany usually fastens her seat belt so that the buzzing sound will stop. This would be considered _____.
Avoidance Learning
To prevent a headache, Mariah takes her medication as soon as she feels pressure near her eyes. This is an example of _____.
Ratio-Interval
_____ is NOT a schedule of partial reinforcement?
Negative Reinforcement; Positive Reinforcement
_____ is the removal of a stimulus after a behavior to increase the frequency of that behavior, whereas _____ is the presentation of a stimulus after a behavior.
Expectancy
_____ learning occurs, for example, when a patient anticipates feeling the pain of injections based on past experiences.
Schedules
_____ of reinforcement are timetables that determine when a behavior will be reinforced.
fixed-Interval Schedule
_____ of reinforcement is a schedule that provides reinforcement for a response only if a fixed time period has elapsed.
Positive
_____ punishment occurs when a behavior decreases when it is followed by a stimulus.
The bell began as a _____ in Pavlov's original experiment and became a _____ by the end.
neutral stimulus; conditioned stimulus
Behavior AKA Applied Behavior
the use of operant conditioning to change human behavior by analyzing and adjusting the rewards and punishments in a particular setting.
higher
Ratio schedules of reinforcement tend to create a _____ response rate compared to interval schedules.
operant conditioning processes with laboratory animals
A Skinner box is a chamber with a highly controlled environment that was used to study _____.
Stimulus Discrimination
A classical conditioning concept that involves the process of learning to respond to certain stimuli and not others. Even though his owner has a ring tone on his cell phone that sounds like a door bell, Buster, the family dog, only barks when the door bell rings and not when the phone rings. This is an example of which of the following?
Counterconditioning
A classical conditioning procedure for weakening a conditioned response by associating the fear-provoking stimulus with a new response that is incompatible with the fear.
Positive Punishment
A parking ticket
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
A previously neutral stimulus that eventually elicits a learned response
Learning
A relatively permanent change in behavior brought about through experience
Unconditioned Stimulus (US)
A stimulus that produces a response without prior learning. Automatically causes a response, each time it is presented
variable-interval
A(n) _____ schedule is a timetable in which a behavior is reinforced after a variable amount of time has elapsed.
How did Pavlov discover classical conditioning?
Accidentally after discovering that dogs salivated to various stimuli such as a food dish or a door opening
Positive Punishment
Addition of a stimulus to decrease a behavior
Avoidance Learning
After receiving her first low grade on a geography exam, Dora changed her study habits so that she would never score below an 80 again. Dora's change in behavior illustrates _____.
cognitively
Although latent learning is unreinforced, it is stored ______ in the observer's memories.
Spontaneous Recovery
An extinguished conditioned response reemerges. The sudden reappearance of an extinguished response.
Unconditioned Response (US)
An unlearned response that is automatically elicited by an unconditioned stimulus
reduce the frequency of a behavior
Both positive and negative punishment _____.
Shaping
Can be especially helpful for learning tasks that require multiple steps, some of which may be complex, because rewards are given as subjects get closer to approximating the task.
Shaping
Can help teach a child who is struggling to produce language by first reinforcing the production of sounds, then by only reinforcing simple words.
delayed reinforcement
Choosing to not go out on Saturday nights with friends and instead spend the time studying in order to get into a top professional school is an example of
Types of conditioning where association are learned
Classical and Observational
Conditioned Stimulus
Classical conditioning can explain the placebo effects of a fake pill because the pill can serve as a _____ for the actual drug.
Secondary Reinforcers
Earning an "A" in a course is an example of a
Reinforcement
Every time Max, the family dog, sits on command, he receives a treat. The treat would be considered _____.
The Law of Effect
Every time second-grader Sarah raises her hand in class and gives the correct answer, her teacher gives her a sticker. Receiving a sticker increases the likelihood of Sarah's participation. This is an example of _____.
exhibited
Generalization occurs when learning that occurred in one setting is _____ in other similar settings.
Unconditioned Stimulus
In Watson and Rayner's experiment with little Albert, they paired a loud noise with a white rat. Although Albert had not initially been afraid of the rat, after only seven pairings of the loud noise with the white rat, Albert began to fear the rat, even when the loud noise was no longer sounded. In this experiment, the loud noise is an example of a(n) _____.
Continuous; Partial
In _____ reinforcement, the reinforcer is presented every time; whereas in _____ reinforcement, the reinforcer is presented some of the time.
Counterconditioning
In _____, pleasant feelings from eating chocolate chip cookies are incompatible with the fear produced by being in an elevator, allowing the fear to be weakened or extinguished.
Contiguity; Contingency
In classical conditioning, _____ means that the CS and US are presented closely together, whereas _____ means that the CS is a good predictor that the US will occur soon.
the unconditioned stimulus is absent
In classical conditioning, extinction occurs when _____.
Conditioned Response
In classical conditioning, the _____ is the learned response to the conditioned stimulus that occurs after the pairing of the conditioned stimulus (CS) and unconditioned stimulus (US). Deanna goes to the closet to grab the leash when she walks her dog, Maximus. Maximus gets excited and begins to run back and forth. In classical conditioning terms, the leash would be a _____. Classical conditioning can explain habituation to a drug's effects because the _____ to the drug can be the body's way of preparing itself for the drug.
Taste Aversion
Involves learning the association between conditioned stimuli and nausea after only a single pairing
Acquisition
Involves the initial learning of the stimulus-response link.
Behaviorism
Is a theory of learning that focuses solely on observable behaviors, discounting the importance of mental activities such as thinking, wishing, and hoping.
Placebo Effect
Observable changes that occur in response to a fake pill or medicine containing no active ingredient.
model others
Observational learning is learning that occurs when we _____.
Tolerance and Habituation
Occur when an individual needs a higher and higher dose of a substance to get the same effect.
Aversive Conditioning
Pairing an alcoholic beverage with something that induces nausea to reduce drinking is a form of
innate
Primary reinforcers are
Reinforcement
Process in operant conditioning by which a stimulus or event following a particular behavior increases the probability that the behavior will be repeated.
reduces the frequency of a behavior
Punishment is a consequence that _____.
One cognitive factor of learning is _____, which is the idea that much of behavior is goal-directed.
Purposiveness
delay of gratification
Putting off the pleasure of an immediate reward in order to gain a valuable reward later is called
Endocrine System
Research on the placebo effect shows that the secretion of hormones from the _____ can be influenced by classical conditioning.
Ivan Pavlov
Researcher who originally described classical conditioning
Shaping
Rewarding successive approximations of a desired behavior
Variable-Ratio Schedule
Sam is reinforced every two to five times he puts his toys away.
Contingency
Sam wants her cat, Mr. Whiskers, to run into the kitchen for tuna when he hears the electric can opener. However, sometimes Sam opens canned vegetables for herself instead of tuna. _____ would explain the most likely reason Mr. Whiskers would not associate the sound of the can opener with the tuna.
Punishment
Steven has been fired twice for being late. In his new job, he has never been late. The consequence of being fired would be considered _____.
In Pavlov's original experiment, the conditioned stimulus (CS) was
The Bell
Classical Conditioning
The form of associative learning in which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a stimulus to which the subject has an automatic inborn response. Can produce immunosuppression, a decrease in the production of antibodies. A learned association between a particular taste and nausea is a special kind of ______. In Watson and Rayner's study of an infant named Albert, the fear was developed through ______. The study involving little Albert and the white rat was an experiment in what type of learning? Sometimes real estate agents will provide freshly baked chocolate chip cookies at open houses in hopes that potential buyers will associate the smell of the cookies with positive feelings about the house. In this case, they are applying _____ techniques.
Law of Effect
The idea that consequences of a behavior can increase or decrease the likelihood that a behavior will be repeated
modeling
The imitation of behaviors performed by others is called _____.
Variable-Interval (VI) Schedule
The pattern of intermittent reinforcement in which responses are reinforced after time periods of different duration have passed
Fixed-Ratio (FR) Schedule
The pattern of partial reinforcement in which reinforcement requires a set number of responses is called a
Fixed-Interval (FI) Schedule
The pattern of partial reinforcement in which responses are regularly reinforced after a set period of time has passed
voluntary
Unlike classical conditioning, operant conditioning typically involves _____ responses.
involves removing a stimulus
Unlike positive punishment, negative punishment _____.
Learned
Unlike primary reinforcers, secondary reinforcers are _____.
Variable-Ratio (VR) Schedule
Watching for shooting stars is an example of a ______ because seeing the stars occurs on an unpredictable basis.
Perform a behavior to receive food
What behavior do rats engage in while in a Skinner box?
Shaping
What learning process is exhibited by the following: In teaching a child to walk, the child is rewarded first for crawling, then for standing up, and then for taking his or her first step?
Negative
What type of punishment is a time-out?
Extinction
When a previously conditioned response decreases and eventually disappears. In classical conditioning, the weakening of the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is absent is _____. Lori used to rush to her infant son and pick him up every time he cried. Lately, she has stopped rushing to him, and he has decreased his crying. According to the principles of operant conditioning, this is due to _____.
Shaping
When a rat enters a Skinner box, it has to learn to press a lever to get food. At the very beginning of this process, it is rewarded with food when it is only in the vicinity of the lever. Then it is rewarded when it touches the lever, and so on. This technique of rewarding successive approximations of a desired behavior is _____.
Stimulus Generalization
When one responds in a similar manner to a new stimulus as the conditioned stimulus. Joan was bitten by a chihuahua when she was 5 years old. As a result, she is now afraid of all dogs, no matter the breed. What is this an example of?
Operant Conditioning
When organisms learn from the consequences of their behavior. A form of associative learning in which the consequences of a behavior change the probability of the behavior's occurrence. Jared, a first grader, works harder in school so that he can get a prize from the teacher's treasure chest at the end of the week. In this case, the teacher is using _____ to help Jared improve.
Discrimination
When the red light is on, the pigeon does not peck on the disk because it has learned that food will only be presented when the green light is on. This is due to _____.
Providing a reinforcer to the rat for being near the lever
Which of the following may be a step in the process of shaping a rat to press a lever?
Albert Bandura
Which theorist viewed learning as the process of observing and imitating behavior?
Partial Reinforcement
Winning on a slot machine would be considered ______ because winning only occurs some of the time.
Positive
Within the framework of operant conditioning, spanking a child would be considered _____ punishment.
Attention, retention, motor reproduction, and reinforcement
order of the four processes involved in observational learning?
In Pavlov's work, he found that dogs would salivate to various _____, such as seeing someone who usually brings food enter the room or a cabinet door opening.
stimuli
In classical conditioning, the sight of a food dish would be considered a _____, and the dog's salivation would be considered _____.
stimulus; response
When a dog salivates upon tasting food, the salivation is
unconditioned response
When a dog salivates after having food placed in its mouth, the food is
unconditioned stimulus