Psych Ch. 6 & 8

8. What are innate behaviors that are triggered by a broader range of events, such as aging and the change of seasons? A. conditions B. instincts C. operants D. reflexes

B. instincts

97. All of the following are explicitly identified concerns about the use of punishment in the text except A. it may teach fear in some cases. B. it may model aggressive behavior. C. it is difficult to administer. D. it sometimes can be effective.

C. it is difficult to administer.

9. When you are learning how to play the piano, the statement "Every good boy does fine" can help you remember the notes E, G, B, D, and F for the lines of the treble clef. This is an example of a (an) ________. a. jingle b. acronym c. acrostic d. acoustic

c. acrostic

7. Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon is also known as ________. a. persistence b. misattribution c. transience d. blocking

d. blocking

3. The three functions of memory are ________. a. automatic processing, effortful processing, and storage b. encoding, processing, and storage c. automatic processing, effortful processing, and retrieval d. encoding, storage, and retrieval

d. encoding, storage, and retrieval

45. If I am looking at a snake and processing the fear caused by the snake, what part of my brain am I using? A. amygdala B. cerebellum C. hippocampus D. prefrontal cortex

A. amygdala

53. Lisa puts five quarters into the parking meter every time she goes downtown. However, when asked, Lisa cannot say if the head on a quarter is facing left or right. This may be an example of ________, because Lisa never paid attention to the picture in the first place. A. effortful processing B. effortless processing C. encoding failure D. enigmatic processing

C. encoding failure

Extinction occurs when ________. a. the conditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly without being paired with an unconditioned stimulus b. the unconditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly without being paired with a conditioned stimulus c. the neutral stimulus is presented repeatedly without being paired with an unconditioned stimulus d. the neutral stimulus is presented repeatedly without being paired with a conditioned stimulus

b. the unconditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly without being paired with a conditioned stimulus

57. Tim receives $100 for every ten telemarketing calls he makes. This is an example of a ______ schedule of reinforcement. A. fixed ratio B. variable ratio C. fixed interval D. variable interval

A. fixed ratio

35. Aleah remembers that her dog is named Rocky and her cat is named Skipper, but she can't remember the name of her first grade teacher's dog and cat. This is an example of ________. A. Atkinson-Shiffrin model. B. relearning effect. C. self-reference effect. D. Stroop effect.

A. Atkinson-Shiffrin model.

71. Which of the following is the best example of vicarious reinforcement? A. Babs saw Martin receive a candy bar for completing his reading list. She is careful to complete her reading list because she saw Martin get a reward for doing it. B. Lana wants to receive a candy bar and she knows from reading the rulebook that she will receive one if she earns enough good behavior tokens. C. James wants to avoid detention, so he follows the school rules and does not smoke on the playground. D. Ryan observes Cameron getting a time out for spitting out her toast. Because he saw his friend punished, he does not spit out his toast.

A. Babs saw Martin receive a candy bar for completing his reading list. She is careful to complete her reading list because she saw Martin get a reward for doing it.

82. Which of the following statements about encoding is least true? A. Encoding involves a single set of neurotransmitters located in the prefrontal cortex. B. Encoding involves the input of information into the memory system. C. Encoding is an information processing system. D. Encoding is the set of processes used to decode, store, and retrieve information.

A. Encoding involves a single set of neurotransmitters located in the prefrontal cortex.

48. Sharmila cannot remember what she had for breakfast last week, but she can remember the day she got married ten years ago as clearly as if it just happened. This example best illustrates the ________ theory. A. arousal B. emotion C. equipotentiality D. flashbulb

A. arousal

30. Which theory/hypothesis suggests that strong emotions trigger the formation of strong memories, and weak emotional experiences form weak memories? A. arousal theory B. engram hypothesis C. equipotentiality hypothesis D. flashbulb theory

A. arousal theory

4. Encoding information occurs through ________. A. automatic processing and effortful processing. B. automatic storing and effortful retrieving. C. processing and storing. D. storing and retrieving.

A. automatic processing and effortful processing.

33. Which of the following is a good example of acoustic encoding? A. being able to hum the tune to a song even when you can't remember the lyrics B. dreaming about an airport and deciding to take a trip C. remembering the names of the Great Lakes with the acronym HOMES D. thinking about a bike you plan to buy and having the image of the bike appear in your mind

A. being able to hum the tune to a song even when you can't remember the lyrics

59. Forgetting anything good that happened on your trip to France because you just broke up with your French fiancée and now can't bear the thought of anything French is a good example of ________: Memories are distorted by your current belief system. A. bias B. blocking C. suggestibility D. transience

A. bias

76. Chuck wakes up in the middle of the night. He dreamed that he left the oven on, and he is now convinced that the oven is on. Chuck can't go back to sleep until he turns the oven off. Which category of memory failure associated with the seven sins of memory is exemplified? A. distortion B. forgetting C. imposition D. intrusion

A. distortion

17. What type of memories do we consciously try to remember and recall? A. explicit memories B. implicit memories C. sensory memories D. short-term memories

A. explicit memories

32. What is episodic memory? A. information about events we have personally experienced B. knowledge about words, concepts, and language-based knowledge and facts C. storage of facts and events we have personally experienced D. type of implicit memory that stores information about how to do things

A. information about events we have personally experienced

47. ________ is when our recollections of the past are done in a self-enhancing manner. A. Stereotypical bias B. Egocentric bias C. Hindsight bias D. Enhancement bias

B. Egocentric bias

64. Which part of the brain is most involved in creating implicit memories? A. amygdala B. cerebellum C. hippocampus D. primary cortex

B. cerebellum

55. A public opinion poll was administered to 50 people before the election of President Barack Obama. Polls taken before election night showed 50% of the people polled believed Barack Obama would be elected president. After the election results, the same people were asked if they believed Barack Obama would be elected president, and this time 75% of the people said yes. This may be an example of ________ bias. A. egocentric B. hindsight C. stereotypical D. transient

B. hindsight

1. Ben is asked to memorize the words canine, feline, and avian. He remembers the words by associating them with their synonyms: dog, cat, and bird. This is an example of ________ encoding. A. acoustic B. semantic C. sensory D. visual

B. semantic

23. According to Baddeley and Hitch, ________. A. animals process memories the same way as people. B. short-term memory itself has different forms. C. people process happy memories better than sad memories. D. people will name a color more easily if it appears printed in that color.

B. short-term memory itself has different forms.

48. Extinction occurs when ________. A. the conditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly without being paired with an unconditioned stimulus. B. the unconditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly without being paired with a conditioned stimulus. C. the neutral stimulus is presented repeatedly without being paired with an unconditioned stimulus. D. the neutral stimulus is presented repeatedly without being paired with a conditioned stimulus.

B. the unconditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly without being paired with a conditioned stimulus.

56. In this type of schedule of reinforcement, a person receives reinforcement for different time periods, and the time periods are not always the same. A. fixed-interval B. variable-interval C. variable-ratio D. fixed-ratio

B. variable-interval

49. Which of the following examples best illustrates that the Deese-Roediger-McDermott paradigm? A. Jerome can perfectly describe and diagram a medical illustration of a dog, even though he has never seen it before. B. Jerome is asked to name all the body parts of a dog in alphabetical order. Instead, he names the parts of a dog beginning in the front and moving backward toward the tail. C. Jerome is required to memorize 15 words associated with dog. When he is asked to repeat the words he has learned, dog is among them, even though dog was not a word on the original list. D. Jerome is told to memorize 15 words that describe what a dog does. He is then able to repeat them back in the order he memorized them.

C. Jerome is required to memorize 15 words associated with dog. When he is asked to repeat the words he has learned, dog is among them, even though dog was not a word on the original list.

61. Which of the following is the best example of fixed ratio reinforcement schedule? A. checking your e-mail at random times throughout the day instead of every time you hear the new e-mail notification B. feeding your fish every day at 8 a.m. C. knowing you will get to play miniature golf as soon as you collect 10 gold stars for your reward chart D. playing the slot machine

C. knowing you will get to play miniature golf as soon as you collect 10 gold stars for your reward chart

14. According to the Atkinson-Shiffrin model, ________. A. colors are more easily named when they appear printed in that color B. happy memories are processed better than sad memories C. memories are processed the same way that a computer processes information D. short-term memory itself has different forms

C. memories are processed the same way that a computer processes information

34. Tomica watches her older sister do headstands. Tomica falls over when she attempts to do a headstand herself. She watches her older sister more carefully, and she notices that her sister leans backward slightly to complete her headstand. Tomica is then able to do headstands herself. This best exemplifies which type of learning? A. classical B. conditioning C. observational D. operant

C. observational

94. Psychologist Albert Bandura believes that children learn aggression through A. classical conditioning. B. insight learning. C. observing and imitating models. D. latent learning.

C. observing and imitating models.

14. In operant conditioning, what describes adding something to decrease the likelihood of behavior? A. acquisition B. extinction C. punishment D. recovery

C. punishment

38. Which of the following is a good example of semantic encoding? A. being able to hum the tune to a song after hearing it only once B. dreaming about a beach and deciding to take a vacation C. remembering the colors of the rainbow with the acronym ROY-G-BIV D. thinking about a car you plan to buy and having the image of the car appear in your mind

C. remembering the colors of the rainbow with the acronym ROY-G-BIV

50. In classical conditioning, the ________ is an unlearned reaction to a given stimulus. For example, if you have an allergy to pollen and sneeze, sneezing is an unlearned reaction to the pollen (i.e., the stimulus). A. conditioned response B. conditioned stimulus C. unconditioned response D. unconditioned stimulus

C. unconditioned response

5. Harold catches fish throughout the day at unpredictable points in time. Which reinforcement schedule is this? A. fixed interval B. fixed ratio C. variable interval D. variable ratio

C. variable interval

45. Learning differently to various stimuli that are similar is called __ and ___ occurs when we learn not to respond to a stimulus that is presented repeatedly without change. A. stimulus discrimination ; stimulus generalization B. stimulus generalization ; stimulus discrimination C. Habituation ; stimulus discrimination D. Stimulus discrimination ; habituation

D. Stimulus discrimination ; habituation

94. Which of the following statements about the amygdala is least correct? A. Arousal in the amygdala can impact forming new memories. B. The amygdala plays a part in how memories are stored because storage is influenced by stress hormones. C. The amygdala seems to facilitate encoding memories at a deeper level when the event is emotionally arousing. D. The amygdala has no meaningful role in transferring new learning into long-term memory.

D. The amygdala has no meaningful role in transferring new learning into long-term memory.

66. Which of the following is the best example of a variable interval reinforcement schedule? A. Julie knows she will get a trampoline if she accumulates enough allowance money B. Nikita takes her dog for a walk every day at 8 a.m. C. Viviane plays scratch-off lottery tickets D. Winona checks her cellphone at random times throughout the day instead of every time she hears the voicemail notification

D. Winona checks her cellphone at random times throughout the day instead of every time she hears the voicemail notification

64. For both ___ and ___ type of learning, a person must be physically present. A. observational ; social B. social ; modeling C. latent ; classical D. classical ; operant

D. classical ; operant

83. Which of the following neurotransmitters is least associated with memory? A. epinephrine B. dopamine C. serotonin D. endorphins

D. endorphins

4. In classical conditioning, the association that is learned is between a ________. A. conditioned stimulus and an unconditioned response. B. neutral response and a conditioned response. C. neutral stimulus and a neutral response. D. neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus.

D. neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus.

49. Kicking your leg when your knee is tapped and quickly pulling your hand back when you accidently touch a hot stove are both examples of ________. A. associations B. instincts C. learning D. reflexes

D. reflexes

62. Jason studies Spanish for three years, and then switches to French. When asked to remember Spanish vocabulary he can't, instead he can only remember French vocabulary. This is an example of ________ interference. A. active B. inactive C. proactive D. retroactive

D. retroactive

5. A stimulus that does not initially elicit a response in an organism is a(n) ________. a. unconditioned stimulus b. neutral stimulus c. conditioned stimulus d. unconditioned response

b. neutral stimulus

9. ________ is when you take away a pleasant stimulus to stop a behavior. a. positive reinforcement b. negative reinforcement c. positive punishment d. negative punishment

d. negative punishment