Psych Ch 6 Quiz Bank
Gambling at a slot machine is an example of which reinforcement schedule?
Variable Ratio
If the principles of social learning theory are true, then children may model aggressive behavior ______.
after seeing a television character receive a reward for taking violent action against another character
When an organism receives a reinforcer each time it displays a behavior, it is called _____ reinforcement.
continued reinforcement
What is the primary conclusion John B. Watson's made after working with Littler Albert?
Emotions can be conditioned by response
In _____ conditioning, an established conditioned stimulus is paired with a new neutral stimulus.
higher-order ; second-order
What is the main idea of social learning theory?
One can learn new behaviors by observing others
In the initial period of learning, ________ describes when an organism learns to connect a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus.
acquisition
In classical conditioning, the association that is learned is between a
neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus
Learning that occurs while watching others and then imitating, or modeling, what they do or say is called ________ learning.
observational
In _____ conditioning, the unconditioned stimulus unconditionally elicits a reaction. For example, a bit of black pepper blown into the eye produces a blinking response.
classical
Which of the following is a process by which we learn to associate stimuli and consequently, to anticipate events?
classical conditioning
___ reinforcers have innate reinforcing qualities.
primary
Which term best describes rewarding successive approximations of a target behavior?
shaping
In classical conditioning, the _____ is an unlearned reaction to a given stimulus. For example, if you have an allergy to pollen and sneeze, sneezing is an unlearned reaction to the pollen
unconditioned response
Which of the following experiments involves the use of operant conditioning?
rewarding a child for finishing his oatmeal mush and counting how many times the child needs to be rewarded before he finishes his oatmeal voluntarily
Gus receives a paycheck every week. Which reinforcement schedule is this?
fixed interval
Birds migrating, cats chasing prey, sea turtles moving toward the ocean immediately after birth, and joeys moving to the mother's pouch immediately after birth are all examples of ________.
instincts
Which of the following is an example of vicarious punishment?
Jeong observes Bronwyn getting spanked for spitting out her carrots. Because he saw his friend punished, he does not spit out his carrots.
Classical and operant conditioning are forms of ____ learning.
associative
If a stimulus plus a response results in a satisfying outcome, the probability of that response occurring again ________.
increases
Which of the following is an example of latent learning?
remembering where the nearest gas station is when you unexpectedly run out of gas during your morning commute
Which of the following statements about Ivan Pavlov is true?
He is known for establishing the principles of classical conditioning.
In operant conditioning, _____ is when something is removed to increase the likelihood of behavior.
negative reinforcement
Which of the following is an example of vicarious reinforcement?
Babs saw Martin receive a candy bar for completing his reading list. She is careful to complete her reading list because she saw Martin get a reward for doing it.
Which of the following is an example of instinct: unlearned knowledge that involves complex patterns of behavior?
Baby seeking food by rooting and suckling
To maximize learning, a ________ should be presented on a(n) ________ schedule.
CS + UCS ; continuous
Although B.F Skinner and John B Watson refused to believe that thoughts and expectations play a role in learning, ____ suggested a cognitive aspect to learning.
Edward C Tolman
Who experimented with rates to demonstrate that organisms ca learn even if they do not receive immediate reinforcement?
Edward Tolman
What did John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner demonstrate with their studies of Little Albert?
Emotion can be a conditional response
Molly attempts to condition her puppy to greet her when she enters the house. She repeatedly pairs her entry to the house with a treat for the puppy. The puppy eventually acquires this ability, and Molly realizes how irritating it is for the puppy to run up to her every time she enters the house. She attempts to make the puppy stop, and eventually the puppy no longer feels motivated to greet her when she enters the house. The puppy no longer greeting her when she enters the house is an example of ________.
Extinction
Identify the major flaw with John B. Watson's Little Albert experiment.
It is unethical for a researcher to induce fear in a child, since it is harmful to induce fear.
What do psychologists call a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience?
Learning
According to Albert Bandura, ______.
Learning can occur by watching others and modeling what they do or say.
What was the main point of Ivan Pavlov's experiment with dogs?
Learning can occur when a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus
Which of the following is an example of observational learning?
Teaching yourself yoga by watching a yoga group at the park
Which of the following is an example of stimulus discrimination?
William was in an accident with a red car last month. Now he gets nervous when he sees a red car, but not when he sees a red truck or van.
Which of the following is an example of stimulus generalization?
being conditioned to laugh when you see a top hat, then also laughing when you see other kinds of hats
Which of the following is the decrease in the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer presented with the conditioned stimulus?
extinction
Learning that occurs but is not observable in behavior until there is a reason to demonstrate it is called ____ learning.
latent learning
Julian watches his grandfather repair watches. As Julian matures he imitates what his grandfather does, and then his grandfather shows him more complicated techniques. Eventually, Julian is as proficient at repairing watches as his grandfather. This exemplifies ________.
learning
Gabrielle watches her father put batteries into her toy phone, and she is then able to put the batteries into the toy phone herself without further instruction from her father. In this example, Gabrielle's father is a ________.
model
Dave's boss told him that he doesn't have to attend the company picnic (which everybody dislikes) if Dave meets his sales quota this month. Dave's boss is using ________.
negative reinforcement
In operant conditioning, what describes adding something to decrease the likelihood of behavior?
punishment
What is the main idea of operant conditioning?
rewarding a child for finishing his oatmeal mush and counting how many times the child needs to be rewarded before he finishes his oatmeal voluntarily
Dimitri and Rita eat some donuts for breakfast and then spend the morning at an amusement park. After a few hours of riding the Super Looper Double Twist Dimitri feels nauseous and regurgitates the donuts. Rita is fine, but Dimitri has developed a ________, and the next time they stop for donuts, Dimitri immediately feels ill.
taste aversion
You call a friend on the phone and repeatedly get sent to voicemail, so you continue to call her every 5-20 minutes hoping to speak to her personally. Which reinforcement schedule is this?
variable interval
Which process involves observing a model being punished and then becoming less likely imitate the model's behavior?
vicarious punishment
Tabetha has a mental picture of the layout of her house, also called a ________, so when she comes home late at night she can navigate through the rooms without turning on a light.
cognitive map
Grace whistles while tickling Khaleel with a feather. Eventually, Khaleel starts to squirm and giggle every time Grace whistles, even when he is not being tickled. In this example, squirming and giggling is a(n) ________.
conditioned response