psych ch 8, 10, 11, 12, 13

Maria is a generous and altruistic woman who has a strong religious faith. According to the big five model of personality, Maria would likely score high on which of the following traits?

Agreeableness

Which of the following individuals illustrates the trait of conscientiousness?

Anne, who forgives her son for his poor academic performance

_____ is characterized by a pervasive pattern of instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, and emotions, and of marked impulsivity beginning by early adulthood and present in various contexts.

Borderline personality disorder

_____ is the psychological discomfort caused by two inconsistent thoughts.

Cognitive dissonance

Which of the following statements is true of the sociocultural factors involved in depression?

Depression increases as standards of living and employment circumstances worsen.

_____ involve a sudden loss of memory or change in identity.

Dissociative disorders

_____ is the most dramatic, least common, and most controversial dissociative disorder.

Dissociative identity disorder

_____ means helping another person for personal gain, such as to feel good, or avoid guilt.

Egoism

Ernie is an extrovert. Bert is an introvert. What can you predict about Ernie and Bert given your knowledge of personality research?

Ernie experiences more positive emotions than Bert.

_____ is a common negative symptom of schizophrenia, which means the display of little or no emotion.

Flat affect

Dave is a handsome and famous celebrity. He has been dating Gabriela, a beautiful and popular actress, for the past two months, but he doesn't feel strongly committed to their relationship. Recently, Dave has been working on a new movie and several women have expressed their interest in getting to know him better. Dave is now contemplating whether he should stay with Gabriela or explore the more tempting alternatives. According to the investment model, what will Dave probably do next?

He will probably break up with Gabriela and give in to the temptation of dating other women.

Which of the following is true of neuroleptic drugs?

If an individual with schizophrenia stops taking neuroleptic drugs, the symptoms return.

Which of the following statements is true of dissociative identity disorder (DID)?

In DID, one identity dominates at one time; another takes over at another time.

Which of the following statements is true of panic disorder?

In terms of biological factors, genetic predisposition is a likely cause of panic disorder.

Aria has been awake for two nights in a row and still feels highly energetic, and euphoric. The previous day, she quit her job on an impulse and decided to become an actress. In the context of bipolar disorder, Aria is experiencing an episode of

Mania

_____ refers to a psychological state in which an individual feels overexcited and unrealistically optimistic.

Mania

Which of the following statements is true of the psychological and sociocultural factors involved in schizophrenia?

Marriage and warm supportive friends are related to better outcomes for individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia.

In 1973, Rosenhan conducted a study in which eight healthy individuals were asked to see a psychiatrist at various hospitals. What did the results of this study demonstrate?

Once a person has been labeled with a psychological disorder, that label colors how others perceive everything else he or she does.

_____ is a severe psychological disorder that is characterized by highly disordered, psychotic thought processes.

Schizophrenia

Which of the following statements about psychosurgery is FALSE?

The effects of psychosurgery can be reversed with intensive therapy.

What did Harry Harlow demonstrate in his classic study of attachment amongst baby monkeys?

The monkeys were more attached to the artificial mothers that were warm and soft.

A schizophrenic patient who falsely believes that he is Jesus Christ is experiencing

a delusion.

All of the following are symptoms of major depressive disorder EXCEPT

a history of manic episodes.

Individuals with dissociative disorders have

a less voluminous hippocampus and amygdala.

Which of the following individuals is likely to be diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder?

a person who lacks empathy for others, is egocentric, and is willing to use others for his own personal gain

According to Erikson's theory of socioemotional development, establishing _____ is the key challenge of adolescence.

an identity

A person who regularly experiences motor tension, hyperactivity, and apprehensive expectations and thoughts is likely to suffer from

anxiety disorder.

Xanax, Valium, and Librium are benzodiazepines that are commonly used drug therapies for treating

anxiety disorders.

Parents who use the _____ parenting style give strict rules to their children with little discussion of the reasons for the rules.

authoritarian

Mazie's mom is loving and caring. Her mom sets clear boundaries and engages in a lot of verbal give and take. In terms of parenting styles, she would be described as

authoritative.

All of the following are criteria that are used to distinguish normal behavior from abnormal behavior EXCEPT

behavior that is inconsistent.

The _____ approach is evident in the medical model.

biological

The thinking style called splitting is associated with which of the following disorders?

borderline personality disorder

Cindy's therapist uses the technique of distraction to help her deal with anxiety and asks her to count to 200 by 13s when she feels herself becoming anxious. From this scenario, it can be inferred that Cindy's therapist practices

cognitive therapy.

Megan is a 17-year-old girl who is interested in music. She wants to become a pop star and, therefore, has joined piano and vocal-training classes. According to Marcia's theory on identity status, which of the following dimensions of identity is being focused by Megan?

commitment

Ivan is a child who experiences regular punishment from parents and is only rewarded for good behavior. According to Rogers, Ivan is likely to develop knowledge of

conditions of worth.

Katie bought a few t-shirts from a garage sale. While purchasing them, she tried her best to bargain as she knew the seller was charging her a higher price for every t-shirts compared to the others. After reaching home, she found that there was an extra t-shirts in her bag for which she did not pay. As her mother had taught her to return things that did not belong to her, Katie went back to the store and returned the extra t-shirts. According to Kohlberg's theory of moral development, Katie belongs to the _____ level of moral development.

conventional

Which of the following is a part of the process of systematic desensitization?

deep relaxation

Which of the following is NOT one of the essential qualities needed in a relationship to reconnect with one's true feelings and desires according to Rogers?

defense mechanisms

The Stanford prison experiment provides a dramatic example of how social situations and the roles we take on in life can influence

deindividuation.

Which of the following was formerly called multiple personality disorder?

dissociative identity disorder

Which of the following is NOT one of the big five personality factors?

dominance

According to Jeffrey Arnett, the transitional period from adolescence to adulthood is described as

emerging adulthood.

Systematic desensitization involves

exposing someone to a feared situation in a real or an imagined way.

Children of permissive parents

fail to learn respect for others and have difficulty controlling their behavior.

The _____ is the overestimation of the degree to which everybody else thinks or acts the way we do.

false consensus effect

Trait theories of personality

focus on lasting personality characteristics.

Karen has been suffering from a disorder that is characterized by exaggerated and irrational worry that tends to interfere with her daily functioning. She can't sleep properly and often complains of stomach aches. In spite of being constantly nervous and restless she cannot seem to find the specific cause of her worry. These symptoms have lasted for almost six months now. Which of the following disorders is Karen most likely to be diagnosed with?

generalized anxiety disorder

A schizophrenic patient hears multiple voices inside his head talking to him at the same time and forcing him to do things. It can be inferred that the patient is experiencing the symptom of

hallucinations.

When an individual hears and sees people who are not actually there, the individual is likely to be experiencing

hallucinations.

Mary has been working with a therapist because she has felt very confused and unsure about herself for the past few years. Mary's therapist tends to be very nondirective and devotes a great deal of the session to allowing Mary to explore her identity, wants, and dreams for the future. The therapist rarely gives direct advice and instead is primarily interested in helping Mary clarify her own ideas and feelings. Mary's therapist is most likely associated with the _____ perspective of psychotherapy.

humanistic

Linda has decided to pursue law because everyone in her family is a lawyer. This is an example of

identity foreclosure.

As young Javier gets off his school bus, he runs to his mother and proudly shows her the book he read at school today. Which of the following Erikson's childhood stages is Javier demonstrating?

industry vs. inferiority

When members of a group know something that a person doesn't, the person will follow the group to be right. This explains the concept of

informational social influence.

According to Abraham Maslow, which of the following traits is least likely to be associated with self-actualizers?

intolerance

According to Hyde, the gender similarities hypothesis

is the idea that men and women (and boys and girls) are much more similar than they are different.

According to research on aggressive behavior, which of the following personality factors is mostly associated with aggression?

low levels of conscientiousness

Ever since Kerry lost her job, she has been feeling worthless. It's been more than two weeks now since she slept well. She has lost a lot of weight and keeps thinking about committing suicide. In the context of disorders involving emotion and mood, it can be inferred that Kerry is most likely suffering from

major depressive disorder.

Marilyn is depressed a great deal of the time and seeks help from a doctor. She is diagnosed as having a mental illness caused by a chemical imbalance. Marilyn is most likely being treated by a person who adheres to the _____ of psychological disorders.

medical model

A depressive disorder is classified as a(n) _____ disorder.

mood

In the context of types of therapy, client-centered therapy follows a _____ approach.

nondirective

Robert, a nine-year-old boy, loves watching wrestling on TV. Last night, he used several of the aggressive wrestling moves on his little brother. Which of the following theories best explains William's behavior?

observational learning

Alex cannot control his impulse to wash his hands every five minutes. He washes his hands almost 100 times a day because he is terrified of being contaminated by germs. If Alex doesn't wash his hands, he experiences overwhelming anxiety. In the context of anxiety and anxiety-related disorders, it can be inferred that Alex is most likely to be diagnosed with

obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Six-month-old Ian loves to suck on anything he can get his hands on (e.g., fingers, dolls, blocks, rattles). The fact that Ian receives pleasure and comfort by exploring the world with his mouth suggests that he is in the _____ stage of psychosexual development.

oral

A man who slaps his wife during an argument is most likely exhibiting

overt aggression.

A parenting style wherein very few limits or boundaries are set and ample freedom is given to children most likely indicates a(n) _____ parenting style.

permissive

As other children in his school line up for lunch on the first day of kindergarten, Ben demands to be at the beginning of the line. He is most likely receiving _____ parenting.

permissive

According to Freud, penis envy and the Oedipus complex is experienced during which of the following psychosexual stages of development?

phallic

Despite evidence to the contrary, Denise thinks she is smarter than most of the people in her class. Denise's unfounded attitude about herself is an example of a(n)

positive illusion.

Dissociative disorders often occur in individuals who also show signs of

post-traumatic stress disorder.

If Tony shares his toys with his little sister because he is afraid of being punished, he is reasoning at the _____ level of moral development.

preconventional

Behavior that is intended to benefit other people is called

prosocial behavior.

Which of the following is a biological intervention that involves the removal or destruction of brain tissue to improve an individual's adjustment?

psychosurgery

At the preconventional level of moral development, individuals decide right and wrong based on

punishments or rewards.

All of the following are symptoms of borderline personality disorder EXCEPT

reduced awareness.

Darin had an automobile accident in which his brother and another passenger were killed. Though Darin wasn't seriously hurt in the accident, he can't remember any of the accident details. Darin is exhibiting which ego defense mechanism?

repression

Prozac, Paxil, and Zoloft are what type of antidepressant drugs?

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)

Which of the following is an important element of Carl Rogers's humanistic theory?

self-concept

Parents warn a new babysitter that their son, Dennis, is very aggressive and mischievous. As a result of this initial expectation, the babysitter starts calling Dennis "Dennis the Menace," and he behaves in ways that elicit aggressive and mischievous behaviors from Dennis. This example best demonstrates the phenomenon called

self-fulfilling prophecy.

Some researchers disagree with the notion that the labels "easy," "difficult," and "slow-to-warm-up" are the best way to conceptualize temperament. These psychologists argue that _____ are the core dimensions of temperament.

self-regulation, inhibition, and negative affectivity

Depressed people tend to have fewer receptors of the neurotransmitters

serotonin and norepinephrine.

Which of the following theories best explains why individuals like to think of their group as an in-group?

social identity theory

Derek has been diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder (ASPD). Derek's counselor, Mary, believes that Derek's poor relationship with his alcoholic stepfather is a factor that contributed to Derek's psychological disorder. Which of the following theoretical approaches to psychological disorders conforms to Mary's beliefs in this scenario?

sociocultural approach

Alfred suffers from an extreme and irrational fear of spiders. His fear is exaggerated and disproportionate to the actual danger he might be in if he did encounter a spider. Alfred's fear of spiders is so intense that he would go to almost any length to avoid coming into contact with them. Alfred is most likely to be diagnosed with which of the following disorders?

specific phobia

Jeff has been extremely aggressive since childhood. He pursues a career in boxing, which provides a socially acceptable channel to express his aggression. This scenario best illustrates the defense mechanism of

sublimation.

The hormone that is typically implicated in aggressive behavior is

testerone

Which theoretical approach emphasizes the contributions of experiences, thoughts, emotions, and personality characteristics in explaining psychological disorders?

the psychological approach

Freud considered _____ to be the most important motivator of all human activity.

the sexual drive

From the perspective of the investment model of close relationships, long-term relationships are most likely to continue when

there are few tempting alternatives for the partners.

The disordered thoughts in schizophrenia are referred to as psychotic because

they are far removed from reality.

According to Rogers, an individual's need to be liked, loved, and accepted by others regardless of his or her behavior is called

unconditional positive regard.

Infants who display secure attachment

use their caregiver as a secure base from which to explore the environment.

Attribution theory

views people as motivated to discover the underlying causes of their behavior as part of their effort to make sense of the behavior.