psych ch 8 memory

Atkinson-Shiffrin Model

A model for describing memory in which there are three distinguishable kinds of memory (sensory, short term, long term) through which info passes in a sequential way as it is processed.

Egocentric bias

exaggerate the change between past and present in order to make ourselves look good in retrospect

flash bulb memory

exceptionally clear recollection of an important event

persistence

failure of the memory system that involves the involuntary recall of unwanted memories, particularly unpleasant ones

encoding failure

failure to process information into memory

construction

formulation of new memories

bias

how feelings and view of the world distort memory of past events (stereotypical, egocentric, and hindsight).

retroactive interference

information learned more recently hinders the recall of older information

engram

physical trace of memory

reconstruction

process of bringing up old memories that might be distorted by new information

false memory syndrome

recall of false autobiographical memories

equipotentiality hypothesis

some parts of the brain can take over for damaged parts in forming and storing memories

sensory memory

storage of brief sensory events like sights, sounds and tastes.

arousal theory

strong emotions trigger the formation of strong memories and weaker emotional experiences form weaker memories

short-term memory (STM)

(also, working memory) holds about seven bits of information before it is forgotten or stored, as well as information that has been retrieved and is being used

automatic processing

encoding of informational details like time, space, frequency, and the meaning of words (remembering when you last studied)

acoustic encoding

encoding of sound

A. arousal

Sharmila cannot remember what she had for breakfast last week, but she can remember the day she got married ten years ago as clearly as if it just happened. This example illustrates the _______________ theory. A. arousal B. emotion C. equipotentiality D. flashbulb

B. suggestibility

Dozens of people witness a purse snatching. One of the eyewitnesses loudly yells "the man with the blue shirt did it." Later, when questioned by police, several other eyewitnesses remember the purse snatcher wearing a blue shirt, even though the purse snatcher was a woman in a flowered dress. This is an example of ____________ the effects of misinformation from external sources that leads to the creation of false memories. A. sexism B. suggesetibility C. recognition D. reconstruction

Schacter's 7 sins of memory

FORGETTING TYPE: transience, absent-mindedness, blocking, DISTORTION TYPE: misattribution, suggestibility, bias, INTRUSION TYPE: persistence

A. flashbulb memory

For many in the baby-boom generation, the Kennedy assassination represents a ____________, an exceptionally clear recollection of an important event. A. flashbulb memory B. flashpoint C. hyperthymesia D. sensory memory

D. transcience

Giogio memorizes the German poem "The Erlking" to recite in his eighth grade German class. He remembers it well for weeks after the presentation but gradually his ability to recite the poem fades. This is an example of __________, one of the seven sins of memory. A. blocking B. misattribution C. peristence D. transcience

A. explicit memory

I am trying to learn the names of all 50 states. While I am actively remembering and recalling his information, it is considered ____________. A. explicit memory B. implicit memory C. procedural memory D. sensory memory

A. amygdala

If I am looking at a snake and processing the fear caused by the snake, what part of my brain am I using? A. amygdala B. cerebellum C. hippocampus D. prefrontal cortex

C. rehearsal

In order to remember his lines for the play, Guy repeats his lines over and over again. This process is called ______________. A. declarative memory B. hyperthymesia C. rehearsal D. relearning

D. retroactive

Jason studies Spanish for three years, and then switches to Pashto. When asked to remember Spanish vocabulary he can't, instead he can only remember Pashto vocabulary. This is an example of ____________ interference. A. active B. inactive C. proactive D. retroactive

C. encoding failure

Lisa puts quarters into the parking meter every time she goes downtown. However, when asked, Lisa cannot say if the head on a quarter is facing left or right. This may be an example of ___________, because Lisa never paid attention to the picture in the first place. A. semantic memory B. episodic memory C. encoding failure D. self-reference effect

A. it can happen in the process of retrieving old memories and combining them with new memories

People may not intend to distort facts, but _______________ A. it can happen in the process of retrieving old memories and combining them with new memories B. other people will influence bystanders to change details in their short term memory C. people are unreliable and don't pay attention, so they make things up D. research proves it always happens when the event is unimportant

A. anterograde

Quincy is struck on the back of the head and finds, while she can remember her life up to the time she was struck on the head, she can no longer make new memories. Quincy has ________ amnesia. A. anterograde B. flashbulb C. graduated D. retrograde

B. how to use the phone

Remembering __________ is a good example of procedural memory. A. how a cookie tastes even though you have never tasted one B. how to use the phone C. what the word inconceivable means D. your least favorite vacation trip

D. your first day of school

Remembering _____________ is a good example of episodic memory. A. how a hamburger tastes even though you have never tasted it yourself. B. how to use the microwave C. what the word January means D. your first day of school

B. construction; reconstruction

The formulation of new memories is sometimes called ________, and the process of bringing up old memories is called _________. A. coding; recoding B. construction; reconstruction C. equipotentiality; amnesia D. construction; reconstruction

D. misinformation effect paradigm

When Benito was five he cut his leg on some glass and needed stitches. Years later, his mother tells him the scar came from being bit by a dog. Now, when people ask about his scar he distinctly remembers the dog biting him. This is an example of the __________. A. Deese-Roediger-McDermott paradigm B. equipotentiality hypothesis C. levels of processing memory D. misinformation effect paradigm

D. retrograde; anterograde

When experiencing ___________ amnesia, you experience loss of memory for events that occurred prior to the trauma. When experiencing ___________ amnesia, you cannot remember new information. A. antero-retro; flashbulb B. anterograde; retrograde C. flashbulb; retro-antero D. retrograde; anterograde

B. implicit

When people say you never forget how to ride a bike, they are referring to ____________ memory, also called non-declarative memory. A. explicit B. implicit C. semantic D. sensory

B. forgetting

Which category of memory failure associated with the seven sins of memory is exemplified by the following? Samantha left her phone somewhere, but she can't remember where. A. distortion B. forgetting C. imposition D. intrustion

C. remembering the colors of the rainbow with the acronym ROY-G-BIV

Which of the following is a good example of semantic encoding? A. being able to hum the tune to a song after hearing it only once B. dreaming about a beach and deciding to take a vacation C. remembering the colors of the rainbow with the acronym ROY-G-BIV D. thinking about a car you plan to buy and having the image of the car appear in your mind

B. Jane Doe emerges from a coma with no idea who she is, and she is unable to provide any details about herself, where she came from, or what happened to her

Which of the following is an example of retrograde amnesia? A. Jane Doe can provide a second-by-second account of what she ate for dinner. B. Jane Doe emerges from a coma with no idea who she is, and she is unable to provide any details about herself, where she came from, or what happened to her C. Jane Doe is in a boating accident. Every day she wakes up with no memory of what she did the day before D. Jane Doe remembers her first day of school more clearly than any other day because her best friend was not there

C. hippocampus

Which part of my brain is probably damaged if I am unable to recognize basic objects around my house? A. amygdala B. cerebellum C. hippocampus D. prefrontal cortex

B. cerebellum

Which part of the brain is most involved in creating implicit memories? A. amygdala B. cerebellum C. hippocampus D. primary cortex

retrieval

act of getting information out of long-term memory storage and back into conscious awareness (recall, recognition, and relearning).

memory consolidation

active rehearsal to move information from short-term memory into long-term memory

misinformation effect

after exposure to incorrect information, a person may misremember the original event

rehearsal

conscious repetition of information to be remembered

long-term memory (LTM)

continuous storage of information (explicit and implicit)

storage

creation of a permanent record of information

suggestibility

effects of misinformation from external sources that leads to the creation of false memories (eyewitness misidentification and misinformation effect)

visual encoding

encoding of images

effortful processing

encoding of information that takes effort and attention (remembering what you last studied)

encoding

input of information into the memory system (automatic and effortful)

semantic encoding

input of words and their meanings

Stereotypical bias

involves racial and gender biases

absentmindedness

lapses in memory that are caused by breaks in attention or our focus being somewhere else

relearning

learning information that was previously learned

forgetting

loss of information from long-term memory

amnesia

loss of long-term memory that occurs as the result of disease, physical trauma, or psychological trauma

anterograde amnesia

loss of memory for events that occur after the brain trauma

retrograde amnesia

loss of memory for events that occurred prior to brain trauma

transcience

memory error in which unused memories fade with the passage of time

blocking

memory error in which you cannot access stored information

Misattribution

memory error in which you confuse the source of your information

repressed memory

memory of a traumatic event has been repressed and is, therefore, unavailable for recall

proactive interference

old information hinders the recall of newly learned information

memory

system or process that stores what we learn for future use

self-reference effect

tendency for an individual to have better memory for information that relates to oneself in comparison to material that has less personal relevance

hindsight bias

the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it (knew it all along phenomenon).

explicit memory

type of LTM declarative memory of facts and events we can consciously remember and recall (semantic and episodic)

implicit memory

type of LTM; memories that are not part of our consciousness; procedural and behaviors learned through emotional conditioning

semantic memory

type of explicit memory; Knowledge of the world. Facts, Words, Concepts (knowing who the president is)

episodic memory

type of explicit memory; information about events personally experienced (what, when, and where of an event)

procedural memory

type of long-term implicit memory for making skilled actions, such as how to brush your teeth, how to drive a car, and how to swim

Recall

type of retrieval of accessing information without cues (essay test)

recognition

type of retrieval of identifying previously learned information after encountering it again, usually in response to a cue (multiple choice test).