Psych Ch.9 Thinking, Language, and Intelligence

A person who can effectively identify the best possible answers to multiple-choice test questions is using:

convergent thinking.

An effortless, immediate, and automatic thought or feeling is known as:

intuition.

Dawi says things like "doggy," "mama," and "dada." He is in the:

one word stage

Psychologists refer to the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating as:

cognition.

The researcher who was lost in a dense fog and then shown to safety by a family of whales believes these animals are capable of:

empathy

_______________ observed the dramatic effects of early experiences and demonstrated the impact of early intervention in an Iranian orphanage.

hunt

___________ is the smallest unit of language that carries meaning.

the morpheme

Janet and George were both born in the 1950s. This means that they are from:

the same cohort

Maggie, a graduate student at a local university, is interested in the impact of the No Child Left Behind legislation on intelligence. As a result of this, she gives an intelligence test to people in different age groups from 15 to 45. Maggie is conducting a(n) _____ study.

cross sectional

The ability to produce novel and valuable ideas is called _____.

creativity

An architect would probably score highest on which portion of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale?

block design

How Would You Know if Intelligence Changes with Age?Your 25 year-old friend asks you whether her intelligence will decline when she is age 85. You tell her that her logical reasoning ability is likely to:

decrease

Which procedure is used to identify the different dimensions of performance that underlie people's intelligence scores?

factor analysis

When someone mentions hamburgers, Trisha immediately thinks of a Big Mac. In this instance, a Big Mac is a(n):

prototype

How Would You Know If There is a Bilingual Advantage? Select all of the factors that could affect your confidence about whether there is a bilingual advantage (based on the ability to pay attention):

-Whether participants actually became fluent in a second language -Number of bilingual relatives -Whether participants were bilingual before they began the study -If participants have a diagnosis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

_____ observed the dramatic effects of early experiences and demonstrated the impact of early intervention in an Iranian orphanage.

J. McVicker Hunt

Who has argued that all languages share some basic elements and named it universal grammar?

Chomsky

How Would You Know if Intelligence Changes with Age?Over the past 100 years, intelligence test performance has increased. This is known as the:

Flynn effect.

Which person is demonstrating creative thinking?

Forty-one-year-old Mary is a worldwide traveler who invents various recipes that combine cuisine she has sampled from around the world.

What evidence and examples presented here suggest that we tend to fear the wrong things?

We tend to have exaggerated fears of publicized threats that kill people dramatically (terrorism, plane crashes, shark attacks), and to fear too little the risks that are harder to visualize but take many more lives, one by one (ongoing gun violence, childhood illnesses worldwide, heart disease).

In her research, Professor Kyoto seeks to identify mental biases that are likely to impede effective problem solving. Her research is MOST likely in the area of _____ psychology.

cognitive

Fourteen-year-old Francisco enjoys playing the piano and never needs prompting from his parents to practice. He writes music and plays the piano several times a day. He tells his parents that he plays because he enjoys creating music. Francisco plays the piano because of _____ motivation.

intrinsic

in one study, monkeys first learn to classify pictures of cats and dogs. Then they are shown images that are "catlike" or "doglike." Which of the following responses suggests that monkeys are able to form concepts?

Different frontal lobe neurons fire in response to the images.

How Would You Know If There is a Bilingual Advantage? From the following options, select the design you think would work best to determine if being bilingual causes improvements on some performance measure.

Experimental design

How Would You Know if Intelligence Changes with Age?According to the results of your study, which type of intelligence declines with age?

Fluid intelligence

How Would You Know if Intelligence Changes with Age?If someone asks you whether intelligence changes with age, how might you respond based on what you learned in this activity?

Fluid intelligence—our ability to reason speedily and abstractly—tends to decline as we get older. Other factors unrelated to age, such as traumatic brain injuries, can also reduce fluid intelligence. It is important to know the year in which people are born, because average intelligence levels have increased over the past century. In contrast to fluid intelligence, vocabulary knowledge increases with age.

How Would You Know If There is a Bilingual Advantage? Of the following choices, which one represents the best way to determine whether there is a bilingual advantage in measures of attention?

Have participants listen to a recording that has a different voice presented to each ear. Ask them to ignore information presented to their right ear and write down certain words presented to their left ear. Count how many words they correctly identify.

How Would You Know If There is a Bilingual Advantage?

If participants did not become bilingual, it would be impossible to compare attention performance between those who were bilingual and those who were not bilingual.

What are the limitations of a cross-sectional study?

In comparing people of different ages, a cross-sectional study is also comparing people who grew up in different eras, who may have differing levels of education, and whose income varies. So, it's hard to pin any group differences on age alone.

Zelda was adopted when she was an infant. Her adoptive parents' intelligence test scores are in the average range. Her biological parents, on the other hand, have test scores that are well above average. When Zelda is 30, what can be predicted about her performance on an intelligence test?

It will be more similar to her biological parents' test scores.

The famous orangutan known as Fu Manchu is an honorary member of the American Association of:

Locksmiths

How Would You Know if Intelligence Changes with Age? We will start by choosing a good research DESIGN. Of the options listed below, which one would be the best design for studying whether intelligence changes with age?

Longitudinal correlation design

Which statement is true with respect to the relationship between thinking and language?

People sometimes think in images rather than in words.

Sherry's brother is considering adopting an infant from an orphanage that has a reputation for minimal child-caregiver interaction. A 1-year-old boy is available for adoption, but he is passive and not speaking yet. What advice would Sherry give her brother? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button.

The chances are good that the boy will learn to talk if he is provided with responsive caregiving.

How Would You Know If There is a Bilingual Advantage? If you had a friend who asked you how to improve her attention, you could tell her one option is to become fluent in a second language.

True

Experienced air traffic controllers can tell a plane's flight pattern at a glance, yet they cannot explain how they do it. Their acquired expertise is such an automatic habit that it feels like:

intuition.

Susan was born deaf to hearing-impaired parents. She is fluent in sign language and successful in school. How will she perform on a standard intelligence test compared to hearing children her age? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button.

Because the intelligence test is in the culture's dominant language (a language she cannot hear), she will not perform as well.

If Serena goes to a new restaurant she will probably recognize some of the objects she sees as chairs even though she may have never seen that particular style of chair before. This is because she has an existing _____ of chairs.

concept

Barry attempts to solve an abstract word problem that he has never seen before. He is given three minutes to come up with the solution. Barry MOST likely relies on his _____ intelligence to complete the task.

fluid

Teresa is a Black woman scheduled to take a math aptitude test. To ensure her best performance and reduce the chance of stereotype threat, which situation would MOST likely be recommended for her? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button.

She should have a Black woman administer the test.

Alessa achieved an intelligence test score of 100 on a current version of the Stanford-Binet test. This indicates that relative to other adults her age her intellectual abilities: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button.

are supposedly average.

Having been married for over 50 years, a couple believes that they can recognize each other's feelings, and predict when either partner is likely to be happy or sad. In other words, they are displaying evidence of:

emotional intelligence

The extent to which variation among individuals in intelligence test scores is attributable to genetic factors is known as the _____ of intelligence.

heritability

_____ area controls muscle movements involved in speech.

Broca's

_______________ intelligence is demonstrated when a person reacts adaptively to new situations and generates novel ideas.

creative

When people estimate the likelihood of events based on the ease with which they retrieve them from memory, they are demonstrating:

the availability heuristic.

Savion is 10 years old. His performance on a series of cognitive tasks is the same as that of the average 11-year-old child. Savion's intelligence quotient (IQ) is:

110.

How Would You Know If There is a Bilingual Advantage?Of the following options, which one represents the best participants for your study?

A group of children who were randomly assigned to attend a language immersion school in a second language, and a group of children who were randomly assigned not to attend a language immersion school in a second language

Intelligence tests administered to 5-year-olds:

predictive of later school achievements

Why do we so often fear the wrong things?

We tend to fear things that were risks for our distant ancestors (thus, we may fear snakes more than cigarettes). And we tend to fear what we can't control, what's immediate, and what's vividly available in memory (a shark attack or a terrorism attack, rather than guns in the home or heart disease).

Of the types of intelligence described in the textbook's discussion of aging and intelligence, _____ intelligence decreases with age.

fluid

The similarity between intelligence scores of fraternal twins reared together is:

less than identical twins reared apart.

Which person is NOT demonstrating creative thinking?

Seventeen-year-old Jason is an excellent test-taker and does very well on aptitude tests.

How Would You Know if Intelligence Changes with Age? Which of the following statements is FALSE based on what you have learned in this activity?

As people age, their vocabulary knowledge decreases.

Tony fell two stories while working on a construction site. The left side of his head hit some concrete steps. During his recovery, his doctors noticed that while he can understand what others are saying to him, Tony has a hard time speaking even though there is nothing wrong with the muscles that control his speech. Tony MOST likely suffered damage to:

Broca's area.

Down syndrome is an intellectual disability associated with a physical cause. It is caused by:

an extra chromosome 21

Intelligence tests are most likely to be considered biased in terms of their:

cultural assumptions

When making each day's hundreds of judgments and decisions, people often refer to:

intuition

"Sound it out," Mrs. Sands encourages her first grade students when they struggle to read a word aloud. Mrs. Sands is introducing her students to:

phonemes.

An experiment finds that men who take a spelling test have lower scores after they read an article about how women typically outscore men on this kind of test. This finding supports the concept of _____ threat.

stereotype

How Would You Know If There is a Bilingual Advantage? If someone asks you whether there is a bilingual advantage, how might you respond based on what you learned in this activity?

We've learned that there is indeed a bilingual advantage. Bilingual individuals, compared with monolingual individuals, perform better on attention tasks. This may be due to the reality that speaking a second language requires suppression of one's native language, which could strengthen the ability to direct an attentional spotlight. Bilingual individuals also show less cognitive decline in later life.

A test on chapter 10 of a psychology textbook would be an example of a(n):

achievement test.

Both Jennifer and Tony experienced traumatic head injuries. While Jennifer finds it difficult to understand others, Tony is able to understand what others are saying, but finds it difficult to speak even though there is nothing wrong with the muscles that control his speech. Both Jennifer and Tony are suffering from:

aphasia.

Studies in which researchers test and compare people of various ages at one point in time are known as _____ studies.

cross-sectional

Which person BEST illustrates Sternberg's concept of analytical intelligence?

Selma, a 9-year-old who solves complicated mathematical problems in record time

Aditi and Alberto both study how aging affects people's temperament. Aditi does so by comparing the temperament of 40-year-olds with that of 80-year-olds. Alberto does so by following the same people over time, observing how their temperament changes at varying ages. What method did each of these researchers use?

Aditi used the cross-sectional method, and Alberto used the longitudinal method.

Every day, Maria imagines that she will win her gymnastics competition. She imagines receiving a medal and the cheers from the crowd. The visual imagery Maria is using is called _____.

outcome simulation

How Would You Know If There is a Bilingual Advantage? Your results showed a bilingual advantage, because participants who _________, compared with those who __________, identified more correct words on an attention task.

attended a language immersion school; did not attend a language immersion school

Although he is unable to speak coherently and has been diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder, 18-year-old Andrew can produce intricate and detailed drawings of scenes he has viewed only once. Andrew illustrates a condition known as:

savant syndrome.

Though she is performing at the first grade level in most of her other classes, Sarah is doing very well in college-level algebra. This may be an example of:

savant syndrome.

How Would You Know if Intelligence Changes with Age? Of the following options, which one represents the best participants for your study?

A group of people whose intelligence you measure every two years beginning at age 18 and ending at the end of their lives.

The spontaneous utterance of a variety of sounds by infants is called:

babbling

Which type of game is MOST likely the prototype of the concept sport?

baseball

In the United States in the twenty-first century, girls are MOST likely to outperform boys in a: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button.

spelling bee.

Your sister's identical twin sons are participating in a research study that will include MRI scans. The MRI findings will most likely indicate that:

the boys have very similar gray matter volume.

At a faculty-student mixer, Mildred's psychology professor introduces her to a faculty member from the linguistics department. Mildred's professor remarks that the linguist is one of North America's foremost phonologists. Based on her study of the psychology of language, Mildred surmises that the faculty member studies:

sounds.

Charlotte's identical twin sons are participating in a research study that includes MRI scans. The MRI findings will MOST likely indicate that: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button.

they have very similar gray matter volume.

How Would You Know If There is a Bilingual Advantage? Which of the following statements is FALSE, based on what you learned in this activity?

Only women show a bilingual advantage.

Makayla is taking a child development class and has been assigned a class project of her choice. She has chosen to analyze child drawings. She collected child drawings from a nearby elementary school from a total of 50 children in the third grade. Now she is in the process of analyzing the drawings and preparing her presentation. She has completely lost track of time. She meant to work on this for only an hour but when she looks at the clock three hours have passed. She is completely interested in the project and finds it challenging to analyze them. Makayla is demonstrating:

intrinsic motivation.

The oil company BP displayed this before its exploded drilling platform spilled oil in the Gulf of Mexico, by downplaying safety concerns and then downplaying the magnitude of the oil spill.

overconfidence

How Would You Know if Intelligence Changes with Age? From the list below, select all of the factors that could affect your confidence about whether intelligence changes with age (based on measures of fluid intelligence):

-Whether participants experience a brain injury to the frontal lobe after they begin participating in the study -The year in which participants were born

How Would You Know if Intelligence Changes with Age? Of the following options, which one represents the best way to measure whether intelligence changes with age? Remember that you will be measuring intelligence once every two years beginning at age 18 and until the end of your participants' lives.

Have participants complete several logical reasoning questions. You will keep track of how long it takes them to complete the questions and their accuracy.

In evaluating differences in intellectual ability between groups, geneticists find that the _____ greatly exceeds the _____.

genetic difference between two Icelandic villagers; average group differences between Icelanders and Kenyans

Homonyms, such as bank (financial institution) and bank (the side of a river) differ in _____ but not _____.

semantics; phonemes

While on vacation in Mexico, James attempts to speak Spanish. However, he is finding it difficult to communicate with others. He is using Spanish terms, but he places words together according to the English language. James is having difficulty with: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button.

syntax

Carl's identical twin sons are participating in a research study that includes MRI scans. The MRI findings will MOST likely indicate that:

the areas in their brains associated with verbal intelligence are very similar.

Auriele is a very attractive female who lives in Cleveland and loves American football. When asked to predict if it is more probable that she is a schoolteacher or a cheerleader for the Cleveland Browns, most people selected the latter even though there are thousands of more schoolteachers than cheerleaders for the Browns in Cleveland. This illustrates the fallacy in reasoning known as:

the representativeness heuristic.

_______________ psychologists study an individual's mental activities, examining the logical and illogical manner in which we create concepts, solve problems, and make decisions.

cognitive

Alan is a bright young man, who scored very high on both the critical reading and mathematics sections of the SAT. He is an excellent map reader and his reasoning abilities are fantastic. According to Charles Spearman, _____ intelligence is likely underlying these abilities. Please type the correct answer in the following input field, and then select the submit answer button or press the enter key when finished.

general