Psych Chapter 1

which of the following is a behavior?

Movement because it's not a mental process like thought, memory & emotion

A focus on external behavior rather than internal workings of the mind is favored by the _________ perspective.

behavioral

which perspective is being practiced when I psychologist focuses on the activities a person is engaging in and not the thoughts or feelings the person has?

behavioral perspective

which of these are potential pitfalls of survey research

people may not want to admit to behaviors or attitudes that are socially unacceptable AND if the sample doesn't represent the larger population, then the data won't be accurate

_______ psychology studies the traits that differentiate one person from another

personality

select the 5 major perspectives in the field psychology today

psychodynamic, humanistic, behavioral, cognitive, and neuroscience

which of the following is true about the key issues in the sub field of psychology?

psychologist all agree on what the key issues are in the field

systematically inquiry aimed at the discovery of the knowledge is known as _______

research

if someone is using theories to develop hypothesis and then testing those hypothesis that person is using the

scientific method

human aggression, like in loving, persuasion, and conformity are also topics that would be both interest to a _____ psychologist

social

The perspective that focuses on uncovering the fundamental mental components of perception, consciousness, and other mental state is called _________.

structuralism

unlike counseling psychologist, clinical psychologist help people who are:

suffering from serious psychological disorders •alone •suffering from serious psychological disorders •having difficulty adjusting to new circumstances •physically ill

Gastalt psychologist believe that when it comes to perception, the whole is different from

the sum of its parts

recent research has found a relationship between body fat and colon cancer in women. This means that ______

there is a correlation between these variables

psychologist in every specialty area use experimental techniques (true/false)

true

correlational research involves gathering data on

two sets of variables

to help identify the sub fields of psychology which of the following would be the best question to ask?

what type of behavior does it address? •does it use the scientific method? •what type of behavior does it address? •does it involve seeing patients? •what degree is necessary in order to practice?

unlike correlational research, _______ research can determine causal relationships

experimental

which of the following describes the change that experiment deliberately produce in one variable?

experimental manipulation

naturalistic observation utilize existing data, such as written records. (true/false)

false

there is only one acceptable method for conducting scientific research (true/false)

false

in the field of psychology, women are more likely than men to

attend graduate school •being discourage from entering the field •attend graduate school •hold a high status position •earn more money

Compared to structuralist, a __________ would be most interested in the function of the emotion the fear and preparing us to deal with emergency situations

functionalist

which of the following would be interested in stress and fears to prevent people from carrying out their normal activities (select all that apply)

clinical, counseling and health psychologists

When using naturalistic observation, we can sample typical behavior in a situation but

lose control of other factors

in ______ research a sample of people company questionnaires about their thoughts, feelings and/or behaviors

survey

behaviors, events or characteristics that can change your very in study are called _____

variables

________ psychology is a branch of psychology that studies the process of sensing, perceiving, learning, and thinking about the world.

Experimental

unlike clinical psychologist, counseling psychologist help people who

having difficulty adjusting to new circumstances •are suffering from serious psychological disorders •having difficulty adjusting to new circumstances •physically ill •participating in an experiment

Who established the first laboratory in Leipzig, Germany devoted to psychological research?

William Wundt

the formal beginning of psychology as a scientific discipline is generally considered to have occurred when:

William Wundt establish the first experimental laboratory dedicated to psychological phenomenon • Franz Josef Gall proposed phrenology • Sigmud Freud developed a psychodynamic perspective • Leon Festinger published "A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance" • William Wundt establish the first experimental laboratory dedicated to psychological phenomenon

Which of the following is an example of a survey research?

a study in which people complete a questionnaire about how they feel about the people of different ethnic groups

Mary decided to mention intelligent in a group of children. She chose to do this easily specific IQ test. She was choosing

an operational definition for intelligence

which is a field of psychology includes both psychological factors and physical diseases?

health •behavioral •health •clinical •experimental

a __________ psychologist would be interested in investigating the similarities and differences in psychological functioning in various cultures and ethnic groups.

cross-cultural

that idea that behavior is mostly the result of factors outside of a person's willful control is known as

determinism

which of the following are steps in the scientific method?

develop hypothesis, communicate findings, test hypothesis through research and identify question • develop hypothesis • diffusion of research • communicate findings • test hypothesis through research • identify question

__________ psychology studies how people grow and change from the moment of conception through death

developmental

a baby taking her first step or saying her first word or universal milestones that would be studied in ______ psychology

developmental

someone says "I can make my own destiny," is endorsing what psychological concept?

free will

The field of _______ is involved in the scientific study of behavior and mental processes

psychology

The process of systematically acquiring knowledge and understanding through the use of theories and testing hypothesis is called the __________

scientific method

what term describes an in-depth intensive investigation of an individual or group of people

Case study

________ research is designed to systematically investigate a person, group or patterns of behavior

Discriptive

which of the following is an example of archival research?

The study examining ethnic differences in neighborhoods using census data

A theory is

framework to explain relationships between different facts or principles

_______ are broad explanations of predictions concerning phenomena of interest

theories

based on series of observations you think that the planet might be orbiting the sun. You have developed a ______

theory • experiment • case study • theory • correlation

The sub field of psychology or related to each other because they should come and go, which is?

Understanding behavior

Who was associated with the Gastalt movement

Max Wertheimer

which of the following statements about women in the field of psychology are true?

75% of psychology graduate students are female AND women outnumber male psychologists by more than 2:1 • 75% of psychology graduate students are female • male psychologist earn less than women in this field •women occupy majority the high status positions in the field •women outnumber male psychologists by more than 2:1

Match definitions to the psych: Neuroscience Cognitive Humanistic Behavioral psychodynamic

Neuroscience: views behavior from the perspective of biological functioning Cognitive: examines how people understand and think about the world Humanistic: contends that people can control their behavior and that they naturally try to reach their full potential Behavioral: focuses on observable behavior Psychodynamic: believes behavior is motivated by inner, unconscious forces over which a person has little control

The origins of psychodynamic perspective her linked to

Sigmund Freud

which of the following are drawbacks of archival research?

The information could be incomplete, records with existing information may not exist, AND the data may not be in a form that allows a hypothesis to fully be tested

neuroscientist are most likely to consider how

how the body influences behavior •peoples thoughts & feelings are influenced by others •behavior is related to our genetic inheritance •how the body influences behavior • psychological factors relate to disease

which of the following would most likely be the subject of experimental psychology?

how to make a workplace more safe •how the brain influences muscles •how to make a workplace more safe •how stress is linked to long-term disease •how people change over time

______ are predictions that can be tested

hypotheses

which of the following is true of the neuroscience perspective?

it emphasizes that the brain is central to understanding behavior, thought, and emotion • it emphasizes that the brain is central to understanding behavior, thought, and emotion • it focuses on the unconscious elements of behavior, thought, and emotion • it emphasizes that behavior can be understood only through direct observation • it focuses on natural selection as a method of evolution for any species

which of the following is a benefit of archival research?

it is relatively inexpensive • it's based on observation • allows a researcher to fully test a hypothesis • it is relatively inexpensive • it relies on records that always exist somewhere else

which of the following are included in cognitive psychology?

judging, thinking, language, decision-making, problem-solving

what type of research methodology involves watching and documenting peoples behaviors, without changing the situation?

naturalistic observation

when a researcher wants to currently tension with depression, she develops test and measure these two emotional states. The test or higher ______________ of the variable is she's interested in.

operational definitions

Gástala psychologist have made substantial contributions to understanding of

perception • attitudes • perception • dreams • moods

which of the following is a mental process?

perception of threat •movement in response to a perceived threat •perception of a threat •movement •movement in response to a threat

which of the following is an example of a case study

the study of one person to determine how experience has affected their behavior today towards people of different ethnic groups

Match definitions to the psych: Counseling Evolutionary Developmental Social Experimental

•Counseling: focuses on primarily on educational, social, and career adjustment problems •Evolutionary: considers her behavior is influenced by our genetic inheritance from our ancestors •Developmental: examine how people grow and change from the moment of conception (birth) through death •Social: studies how people starts, feelings, and actions are affected by others •Experimental: studies the process of sensing, perceiving, learning, and thinking about the world

in an experiment the _______ variable is expected to change as a result of experimental manipulation

Dependent

in an experiment which variable is measured by the experimenter?

dependent

in an experiment the ________ variable is manipulated by the experimenter

independent

which of the following are types of descriptive research

survey, archival, case studies, naturalistic research

which of the following would be studied by a personality psychologist?

the traits to differentiate one person from another AND the consistency in peoples behavior across their lives •the study diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders •the traits to differentiate one person from another • the consistency in peoples behavior across their lives •the manners in which biological aspects of the body determine behavior

A manipulation implemented by experimenter is called

the treatment

A psychologist taking the psychodynamic perspective to stay how people change through clothes it would be most interested in which of the following?

the unconscious motives that led the student to attend college in the first place • student study habits • the unconscious motives that led the student to attend college in the first place • the manner in which student is able to memorize material • changes that occur in brain or student learns • the student's dreams of the future

Which of the following are true for hypothesis?

they can be tested • they are correlated with experiments • they are the same as theories • they are the bases of theories • they can be tested

researchers who work with nonhuman animals must follow which of the following guidelines?

they must promote psychological well-being of some species of research animals AND they must make all efforts to minimize discomfort, illness, and pain

what is a placebo?

A fake treatment that doesn't in theory actually do nothing

what type of research methodology utilize census data or previous collections of data?

archival

behavioral neuroscientist study the ______ basis of behavior?

biological •evolutionary •biological •developmental •environmental

A crucial disadvantage to correlation research is that

cannot demonstrate cause-and-effect relationships

in an experiment the _______ variable is expected to change as a result of the experimental manipulation

dependent

what are key elements of an experiment?

dependent variable, independent variable, hypothesis, random assignment

first step to designing an experiment is to

develop one or more hypotheses to test

A psychologist has identified a question of interest for a scientific research study. Which of the following will be part of the process formulating an explanation?

developing a hypothesis

when conducting a naturalistic observation it is important to researchers _______

do not change the situation/environment that they are observing

researchers rule out the possibility that something other than the experimental manipulation produce the results observed in the experiment by

employing experimental and control groups in an experiment

experimenter and participant expectations are two different types of _____ bias

experimental

Dr. Langley unintentionally transmits his expectations to his participants in the experiment which of the following best describes what type of bias is occurring?

experimental bias

which of these research methods allows the researcher to determine cause-and-effect?

experimental research

an experimental manipulation should be viewed by itself and isolation?

false

The first of the scientific method is to

identify question of interest (research question)

Why is random so important for determining causing and effect

it allows a researcher to be more confident that the outcomes are due to the independent variable, not other participant characteristics

The branch of developmental psychology that would study how your traits are different from your sister traits are called ________?

personality psych •health •biological •clinical •personality

the control group in a study looking at the effects of a drug on behavior would probably be administered a ____ to make them think they were getting the drug.

placebo

One pitfall of survey research is that if they sample of a _______ is not representative, the result will be in accurate

population

in using scientific method, psychologists start by identifying questions of the Internet. Such questions generally stem from which of the following?

prior research findings, behavior in phenomenon requiring an explanation, curiosity and creativity and insight

A procedure in which participants are assigned to different experimental groups on the basis of chance is called _____ assignment

random

researchers use both experimental control groups and experiments to

rule out the possibility that something else calls the observable changes

what is a purpose of using deception in psychological research?

to prevent participants from being influenced by what they think the purpose of the study is

psychological experimental research compares the response of one group that receives a ________ (the manipulation implemented by an experimenter) to the responses of another group that does not receive it

treatment

put the elements of an experiment in the proper order from first to last 1. Identify participants 2. Manipulate the independent variable 3. Compare the results of the two groups 4. Measure the dependent variable 5. Randomly assign participants to a condition

1. Identify participants 2. Randomly assign participants to a condition 3. Manipulate the independent variable 4. Measure the dependent variable 5. Compare the results of the two groups

deception and psychological research is not acceptable (true/false)

false

which of the following would be areas of most interest to a health psychologist?

how to promote positive health behaviors AND how long-term stress affects physical health •how behavior is influenced by our genetic inheritance from our ancestor •how long-term stress affects physical health •how people start feelings and actions are affected by others •how to promote positive health behaviors

what are the following key issues of the field of psychology?

nature vs nurture free will vs determinism individual differences vs universal principles

it is hoped that advances in _____________ will allow psychologist to focus more on prevention of psychological disorders rather than only treatment

neuroscience

A psychologist who is stating how heredity influences behavior most likely will be using the _________ perspective

neuroscience • evolutionary • humanistic • neuroscience • psychodynamic

which psychological perspective examined how the breed and the nervous system affect behavior?

neuroscience perspective

Random assignment is a procedure in which _______ are assigned to either the treatment or control group on the basis of chance

participants

you are surprised at the outcome of an experiment that comes out very differently than you anticipated. You should probably ______ the study to see if you see the same result a second time

replicate

which of the following is an example of a theory?

all people have an innate tendency towards positive growth in their life • red signs because pigeons to get hungry • seen pictures of happy faces cause bread thinking • all people have an innate tendency towards positive growth in their life • receiving $20 make people think they enjoyed an activity more

in psychological research, procedures that subject nonhuman animals to distress are

allowed only when an alternative procedure is unavailable and research is justified by its perspective value

A researcher has decided to conduct research on study habits of the 19 century students. This type of research which uses already existing data is called ______ research

archival

as part of her doctoral work, Alice is planning to use data that has been previously collected on groups of individuals to see if there is a relationship between poverty and alcoholism. Which of the following describes Alice's research?

archival

A(n) ______ study is an in-depth investigation of an individual or small group of people

case

Dr. Agarwal is conducting an in-depth study of a patient who has exhibited some unusual neurological symptoms. What kind of research is this?

case study

experiments involve one variable ____ and observing the effect on another variable

changing (experimental manipulation)

free will is the idea that behavior is a reflection of

choice is made by an individual

_______ psych is subspecialty of experimental psychology that focuses on higher mental processes including thinking, memory, decision-making, and language

cognitive

in an experiment the group receives no treatment is referred to as the ______ group

control

The strength and direction of relationship between two variables can be represented by mathematical statistic known as a ________ which can range from +1.0 to -1.0

correlation

differences between the United States and other industrialized nations in the use of spanking during childhood would be of most interest to a

cross cultural psychologist

A health psychologist, clinical psychologist, and a counseling psychologist would all be most interested in which of the following?

how frequent depression has prevented someone from carrying out their normal activities • how environmental influences bring out certain genetic traits • how frequent depression has prevented someone from carrying out their normal activities • how people grow and change from the moment of conception to death • how people sad, perceive, learn, think think about the world

which of the following are likely trends in future of psychology?

increased influence on issues of public interest AND more focus on issue of diversity AND greater adherence to strict ethical and moral guidelines • increased influence on issues of public interest • more focus on issue of diversity • decrease speciation • greater adherence to strict ethical and moral guidelines • less public understanding of psychology and it's complex principles

in an experiment which variable variable is manipulated by the experimenter

independent

Random assignment reduces the odds that something other than the ______ is responsible for the difference between the treatment and control groups

independent variable

A cycle a psychologist design and experiment to determine the fact of positive and negative emotion on health. In this experiment, emotion is a(n) ______ variable and the health is a(n) _______ variable

independent; dependent

in an experiment, the researcher manipulates the __________ variable and then measures the effect on the _________ variable

independent; dependent

__________ a procedure used to study the structure of the mind, the main method of investigation for structuralists; looking into one's own mind for information

introspection

which procedure was favored by structuralists over functionalists?

introspection

which procedure was favored by structuralist over functionalist?

introspection • free association • thought stopping • aversive conditioning • introspection

Wundt and others used a technique called ____________, which involve describing in their own words as much detail as possible what they were experiencing

introspection • functionalism (concentrate on what the mind DOES & how behavior functions) • introspection • free association (technique used by psychoanalysis and developed by Freud)

The change in an experimenter deliberately produces experiment is an experimental

manipulation

research that is repeated sometimes using other procedures, signings, and groups of participants to increase confidence in prior findings is called

replicated research