Psych Chapter 12 Personality: Theory & Measurement

Factor III: Conscientiousness

Contrasts organization, thoroughness, and reliability with carelessness, negligence, and unreliability.

Repression

Ejection of anxiety-evoking ideas from awareness. Ex: a student forgets that a difficult term paper is due or a person in therapy forgets an appointment when "deep" material is too be discussed.

personality

Enduring and distinctive thoughts, emotions, and behaviors are the core areas in describing someone's

Reaction Formation

Engaging in behavior that opposes one's genuine impulses to keep those impulses repressed. Ex: a person who is angry with a relative behaves in a "overly sweet" manner toward that relative. Or a sadistic individual becomes a physician.

Person Variables

Factors within the person, such as expectancies and competencies, that influence behavior.

positive regard

Judgement of another person value or esteem on the basis of the acceptability of that person's behaviors. It can also be unconditional (an enduring expression of esteem for the value of a person).

Collective Unconscious

Jung's hypothecized store of vague racial memories. The _______ contains primitive images or archetypes, that reflect the history of our species.

Anal Stage

The second stage in psychosexual development, during which sexual gratification is attained through contraction and relaxation of the muscles that control the elimination of waste products from the body. This stage is said to begin in the 2nd year of life. Children learn to delay the gratification that comes from eliminating as soon as they feel the urge. The general issue of self control may become an issue between parent and child in this stage. Some develop a strong need for order, and exxagerated neatness and cleanliness (anal expulsive traits) or careless, messy and even sadistic.

Rationalization

the use of self-deceiving justifications for unacceptable behavior. Ex: a student blames her cheating on her teacher's leaving the room during a test. Or a man explains his cheating on his income tax b saying "everyone does it".

Projection

The thrusting of one's own unacceptable impulses onto others so that other are assumed to have those impulses. Ex: A gay man who is in the closet accusing many other men of being gay. Or A sexually frustrated person interprets innocent gestures as sexual advances.

Displacement

The transfer of ideas and impulses from threatening or unsuitable objects to less threatening objects. Es: A working picks a fight with her spouse after being reprimanded by her boss at work.

Self-esteem

The value of worth that we attach to ourselves. At first, it reflects the worth in which other people place on us.

Sociocultural Perspective

The view that focuses on the roles of ethnicity, gender, cultue and socioeconomic status in personality formation, behavior, and mental processes.

Encode

To symbolize or represent something. Different people ______ similar stimuli in difference ways. Encoding strategies affect their feelings and behavior.

Frames of reference

Unique ways of looking at ourselves and the world. Each using a different set of dimensions in defining ourselves and judging ourselves according to different sets of values.

ten

The MMPI-2 contains a total of ______ scales.

superego

The development of morality rests with the ______ in Freudian personality theory.

Genital Stage of personality development

The fifth and final stage of psychosexual development (beginning in puberty) during which sexual feelings that were dormant during the latency period reemerge.

Oral Stage of personality development

The first stage of psychosexual development (birth to 12-18 months old) during which the lips and mouth are the primary erogenous zone.

Latency Period of personality development

The fourth stage of psychosexual development (5 years old to puberty) during which sexual drives remain unexpressed or latent.

phallic

The genitals become the primary source of pleasure during Freud's ______ stage of personality development.

Self Actualization

The most abstract on Maslow's hierarchy of needs, the point in life when a person feels most successful and fulfilled

Physiological Needs

The most basic on Maslow's hierarchy of needs; includes oxygen, food, liquid, rest, shelter, and sex.

interview

The most widely used method of personality assessment is the

erogenous

The parts of the body which become the primary outlets of sexual energy are known as ______ zones.

repression

The process of ______ involves the placement of troubling thoughts and memories into the unconscious mind.

Eros

The psychodynamic theory's meaning for the basic instinct to preserve and perpetuate life.

Personality

The reasonably stable pattern of emotions, motives and behavior that distinguish one person from another.

Self esteem

The second most abstract on Maslow's hierarchy of needs; includes respect, recognition, status, dignity, and attention.

Sense of Safety

The second most basic on Maslow's hierarchy of needs; includes protection, security, stability, and order.

Ego

The second psychic structure which develops during the 1st year. It is characterized reason and good sense, by self awareness, planning, delay of gratification, and rational ways of coping with frustrations. It is guided by the "reality principle". It also acts as a censor that screens the impulses of the id. Thus causing defense mechanisms to develop during this structure.

Anal Stage of personality development

The second stage of psychosexual development (12 months to 3 years old) during which the anal area is the primary erogenous zone.

unconscious

The storage of primitive instinctual motives and memories and emotions threatening to the conscious mind are stored in the

Carl Jung

The terms extraversion and introversion are most accurately attributed to....

Sense of Belonging

The third most abstract and basic on Maslow's hierarchy of needs; includes love, approval, and acceptance.

Superego

The third psychic structure which functions as a moral guardian and sets forth high standards for behavior. It develops through childhood as the child incorporates the moral standards and values of their parents and community members in a process called identification. It functions according the the "moral principle".

Phallic Stage of personality development

The third stage of psychosexual development (3 to 5-6 years old) during which the focus of sexual gratification of genital stimulation.

Humanism

The view that peope are capable of free choice, self fulfillment, and ethical behavior. People and self awareness are at the center of consideration.

Existentialism

The view that people are completely free and responsible for their own behavior. They view freedom as as illusion determined by social forces that influence us. And the meaning of our lives is the meaning that we give to our lives.

Psychoanalytic Theory

Theory of personality that views people as shaped by ongoing conflicts between primary drives and the social pressures of civilized living.

Abraham Maslow

This humanistic psychologist argued that people also have a conscious need for self-actualization (to become all that we can be). He argued that one of the main threats to individual personality development is control by other people.

Carl Rogers

This humanistic psychologist represented the "self concept theory". Two of his major concerns are the self-concept and self esteem.

learned

To a social learning theorist like Bandura, personality is....

Carl Rogers' personality triad:

UNCONDITIONAL REGARD, GENUINENESS, EMPATHY

Construction Collorary

We anticipate future events according to our interpretations of recurrent themes.

Choice Collorary

We choose the alternative in a dichotomized construct that we see as extending our range of future choices

Experience Collorary

We continually revise our personal constructs as the result of experience.

Organization Collorary

We organize our personal constructs in a hierarchical system, with some constructs in a superordinate position and others subordinate to them. This organization allows us to minimize incompatible constructs.

to find socially acceptable ways for the id to be gratified

What is the major responsibility of the ego?

arousal

When shown pictures of scenes that were happy or positive, highly extraverted people showed more ______ than introverted people.

accuracy

Which of the following is a major criticism of personality tests?

social learning theorist

Which of the following theorists would believe that a human is neutral at birth (not good nor evil)?

good; evil

While humanists view humans as innately _______, psychoanalysts view them as innately _______.

Projective tests

________ are generally unsuccessful in predicting behavior.

Personality

____________ refers to one's typical way of behavior that differentiates a person from others.

Neuroticism

another word for emotional instability in Hans Eysenck's two dimensional trait theorr.

Distinctiveness

another word for personality CHARACTERISTICS

the 'psychodynamic' personality theory

FREUD AND ERIKSON

Sublimation

Form of displacement in which impulse-driven behaviors are channeled toward producing a socially valued accomplishment.

What is a personality 'theory'?

GENERATES RESEARCH, IS FALSIABLE, IS PARAMONIOUS, ORGANIZES DATA, GUIDES ACTION, IS INTERNALLY CONSISTENT

collectivist

Generally speaking, _______cultures tend to value membership as a part of a group.

self actualization

Having more concern about the welfare of friends, family members, and humanity rather than self, is an important aspect of...

Rating scales are developed for observers.

How are observational methods made more objective?

Alport's personality theory

INTRINSIC/EXTRINSIC RELIGIOUSNESS DISPOSITIONS

conscientiousness

If Pam is rated as negligent, careless, and undependable on a personality test, which of the following personality traits may also be low?

watching actual behavior

If someone is using an observational method to better understand personality, it means that they are

trait theory

If you say that Karl will make a good college class president because he is outgoing and sensitive, you are subscribing to...

cardinal

In Allport's personality theory, ______ traits dominate a person's life.

Collective Conscious

In Carl Jung's theory, a kind of universal memory bank that contains all the ancestral memories, images, symbols, and ideas that humans have accumulated throughout their evolvement.

Personal Unconscious

In Carl Jung's theory, the part of the unconscious that is akin to Freud's concept of a reservoir of all repressed thoughts and feelings.

Defense Mechanism

In Freud's psychoanalytic theory, an unconscious maneuver that shields the ego from anxiety by denying or distorting reality.

Repression

In Freud's psychoanalytic theory, the defense mechanism by which ideas, feelings, or memories that are too painful to deal with on a conscious level are banished to the unconscious.

Reality Principle

In Freud's psychoanalytic theory, the tendency to behave in ways that are consistent with reality; it governs the ego.

Fixation

In Freud's theory of psychosexual development, arrested development that results from exposure to either too little or too much gratification.

Electra Complex

In Freud's theory of psychosexual development, the attraction a female child feels toward her father (and jealousy toward her mother) during the phallic stage.

Oedipus Complex

In Freud's theory of psychosexual development, the attraction a male child feels toward his mother (and jealousy toward his father) during the phallic stage.

"Cardinal" personality trait

In Gordon Allport's theory of personality where a powerful, dominating behavioral predisposition is an organizing principle in a small number of people's lives.

"Secondary" personality trait

In Gordon Allport's trait theory of personality; any of a variety of less generalized and often short-term traits that affect people's behavior in specific circumstances.

inadequate parenting

In Karen Horney's theory of personality, anxious insecurity is most likely the result of

ideal

In humanistic psychology, the ________ self is is the person I wish I was.

reciprocal determinism

In social learning theory, the fact that an individual's behavior and the social learning environment continually influence each other is known as

self-efficacy

In social learning theory, the perception that one is capable of doing what is necessary to reach one's goals is known as

sublimation

In terms of the interests of society, the best form of displacement is referred to as

Self Efficacy

Individual's belief that he or she can perform adequately and deal effectively with a particular situation.

General Criteria for diagnosing those with personality disorders

(1) Cognitive (2)Affectivity (3) Interpersonal Functioning (4) Impluse control

Features of 'Abnormal Behavior'

(1) Maladaptive (2) Deviance (3) Personal distress

Repression

A Defense mechanism that protects the person from anxiety by ejecting anxiety-evoking ideas and impulses from awareness.

Carl Jung

A Neo-Freudian who later disfavored Freud's theory and developed his own pyschodynamic theory termed "Analytical psychology". He downplayed the importance of sexual instinct to just one of several important instincts. He believed that we not only have a person unconscious that contains repressed memories and impulses but also an "inherited collective unconscious".

trait

A _____ refers to a relatively enduring pattern of behavior that is relatively consistent across situations.

Social Cognitive Theory

A contemporary learning theory developed by Albert Bandura that focuses on observational learning and and on the cognitive processes that underly person variables such as values and individual differences. They differ from behaviorists because the see people as influencing their environment just as their environment influences them. Bandura terms this mutual pattern of influence reciprocal determinism.

Ego Identity

A firm sense of who one is and what one stands for. A term developed by Erik Erikson which he believed was the goal of all adolescents.

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

A hierarchy of needs going from most basic to most abstract; 5 levels.

artificial

A limitation of interviews is that they are _________ situations.

Agreeableness

A personality trait characterized by compassion, cooperation, and good-naturedness.

unconscious

A projective test is intended to tap the ______ mind.

Carl Jung's personality theory

ARCHETYPES (opposites)

Reciprocal Determination

According to Albert Bandura, the principle that individual behaviors and thus personalities are shaped by the interaction between cognitive factors and environmental factors.

Unconscious Mind

According to Freud's theory, the vast reservoir of the mind that holds countless memories and feelings that are repressed or submerged because they are anxiety-producing.

3 years, 6 years

According to Freud, children between the ages of _______ and _______ become concerned with the size and functioning of the genitals.

conscious, preconscious, unconscious

According to Freud, what are the three levels of consciousness?

to sustain and promote life

According to Freud, what is the primary function of the libido?

collective

According to Jung, the part of the unconscious that people are born with and that they share is called the _______ unconscious.

peak experiences

According to Maslow, self-actualized individuals have more ______ than non-self-actualized individuals.

classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and modeling

According to social learning theorists, what are the key concepts in the study of personality?

Reciprocal Determinism

Albert Bandura's social-cognitive term for the view that people influence their environment just as their environment influences them.

Individual Psychology

Alfred Adler's pyschodynamic theroy which emphasizes feelings of "inferiority" because of our small size and the "creative self". Adler believed that people are basically motivated by an inferiority complex. And that these feelings give rise to a drive for superiority. His theory states that self awareness plays a major role in the formation of personality. Adler spoke of a "creative self", a self aware aspect of personality.

Drive for Superiority

Alfred Adler's term for the desire to compensate for feelings of inferiority that originated from our small size in comparison to our parents.

Dichotomy Collorary

All personal constructs are dichotomous, that is, we construe events in an either/or manner.

Modeling

Also knows as observational learning; in the social-cognitive theory, it is the exhibiting of behaviors that others will imitate or acquire through observational learning.

Karen Horney

Among those who have revised Freud's psychoanalytic theory, who has been the most influential?

Extroversion

An outgoing personality trait characterized by an energetic, gregarious, and positive outlook.

BOWLBY & AINSWORTH's personality theory

Attachment theory

the 'behavior learning' personality theory

BANDURA AND SKINNER

B.F. Skinner's personality theory

BEHAVORISM, OPERANT CONDITIONING, learning from stimulus / response

Alfred Adler's personality theory

BIRTH ORDER; STRIVING FOR SUPERIORITY

when there is time off, they spend it with family and friends

Based on research, what is best be attributed to someone living in a collectivistic culture?

Behavior Observation

Behavior assessment method that involves observing individuals' behavior as they interact with their environment.

Anaytical Psychology

Carl Jung's psychodynamic theory which emphasizes the "collective unconscious" and archetypes.

id

Cartoons sometimes depict personal conflict by showing the individual being caught between an internal devil tendency and an internal angel tendency. This devil tendency corresponds to the

inferiority

Children are dependent on their parents for protection and support. According to Adler, this situation is the source for one's __________ feelings.

Phallic Stage

Children enter this psychosexual development stage during the 3rd year of life. It is characterized by a shift of libido to the phallic region. The major eroneous zone is the phallic region (the penis and the clitoris). Parent/child conflict is likely to develop over masturbation, to which parents may respond with threats or punishments. Complexes that may arise from this stage are called Oedipus and Electra.

Rorschach Inkblot Test

Commonly used projective test in which the subject is asked to examine inkblots and say what they look like or bring to mind.

Range Collorary

Constructs are limited to a particular range of convenience, that is, they are not relevant to all situations.

Displacement

Defense mechanism in which a person diverts his or her impulse-driven behavior from a primary target to secondary targets that will arouse less anxiety.

Regression

Defense mechanism in which an individual attempts to cope with an anxiety-producing situation by retreating to an earlier stage of development. In statistics, a procedure for predicting the size of one variable based on a knowledge of the size of a correlated variable and the coefficient of correlation between the two variables.

Projection

Defense mechanism in which an individual reduces anxiety created by unacceptable impulses by attributing those impulses to someone else.

Rationalization

Defense mechanism in which an individual substitutes self-justifying excuses or explanations for the real reasons for behavior.

Reaction Formation

Defense mechanism in which the ego unconsciously replaces unacceptable impulses with their opposites.

Five Factor Personality

Defines personality by five basic dimensions: neuroticism, extraversion, openness to experience, agreeableness, and conscientiousness.

Definition of personality

Distinctive patterns of behavior, emotions, and thoughts that characterize an individual's adaptations to his or her life.

the big 5 personality types

EXTRAVERSION, NEUROTICISM, OPENNESS TO EXPERIENCE, AGREEABLENESS, AGREEABLENESS

Fixation

Insufficient or excessive gratification in ANY stage could lead to this. The attachment to objects of an earlier stage. Freud theorized that adults with oral ____, could experience exxagerated desires for oral actvities such as smoking, thumb sucking, overeating, alcohol abuse, and nail biting.

"Narcissistic"

Its all about me mentality

self actualization

Jack has been described as spontaneous and natural, committed to cancer research, highly moral, and very positive about life. Jack probably has achieved_______

Competencies

Knowledge of rules that guide conduct and skills.

Fragmentation Collorary

Our behavior is sometimes inconsistent because our construct system can readily admit incompatible elements.

Sigmund Freud's personality theory

PSYCHOANALYSIS; ID, EGO, SUPEREGO

Individuality Collorary

People have different experiences and therefore construe events in different ways.

individualistic / collectivistic

People who live in ________ cultures are more likely than people who live in __________ cultures to work hard to meet their own personal goals as opposed to the goals of others.

Expectancies

Personal predictions about the outcomes of potential behaviors.

Eysenck's Personality Scale

Personality scale that differs between instability and stability and extroversion and introversion.

Projective Tests

Personality tests that consist of loosely structured, ambiguous stimuli that require the subject's interpretation.

Archtypes

Powerful, emotionally charged universal images or concepts in Carl Jung's theory of the collective unconscious.

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

Projective test for personality assessment in which he subject is shown cards depicting various scenes and is asked to describe what is happening in each scene.

Free Association

Psychoanalytic technique developed by Sigmund Freud in which patients relax and say whatever comes to their mind.

must have valid evidence for their theory

Psychologists who support the idea that behavior is influenced by both enduring personal characteristics and the current situation...

Neo-Freudian

Psychologists who were in general agreement with Freud's basic interpretation of personality, his focus on the unconscious, and his emphasis on childhood experience, but dissented regarding other aspects of Freud's theory, such as his emphasis on aggressive impulses and unconscious sexual conflicts.

the 'humanistic' personality theory

ROGERS AND MASLOW

Bandura's personality theory

SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY; RECIPROCAL DETERMINISM

Psychosexual Development

Stages of development, in Freud's psychoanalytic theory, in which the focus of sexual gratification shifts from one body part to another.

Impulse control

difficulties with self regulating control emotions and behavior

antisocial

disregard and violation of the rights of others occuring since 15 years old of age

Extroversion

feeling free and open to reveal personal information

Introversion

never reveal personal information

cerebral cortex

rains of neurotic persons shown sad scenes evoking negative emotions showed an increase in activity of the ____.

libido

sexual drive, according to Freud

collective conscious thoughts

shared with everyone

Acculturation

the process of adaptation in which immigrants and native groups identify with a new, dominant culture by learning about that culture and making behavioral and attitudinal changes.

neurosis

unrealistic goals or finalisms overcompensate weakness and develop mistaken lifestyles

identification

Children develop a superego through the process of

Denial

Te refusal to face or accept the true nature of a threat. Ex: Belief that one will not contract cancer even though one smokes heavily. Saying to oneself "no, it can't happen to me".

Psychoanalysis

Technique developed by Freud in which an individual's revelations of normally unconscious cognitions are interpreted.

reciprocal determinism

Many times, the way you treat others will have an effect on how they treat you. This is similar to the concept of__________

preconscious

Memories are not presently conscious but can easily be brought into consciousness. This statement describes the ________ mind.

Interview

Method used in psychological studies in which an individual is asked questions; may be informal and unstructured or highly structured.

Neuroticism

Negative emotionality characterized by the ease and extent to which people experience negative emotions.

Modulation Collorary

Not all new experiences lead to a revision of personal constructs. To the extent that constructs are permeable they are subject to change through experience. Concrete or impermeable constructs resist modification regardless of our experience.

secondary

Of Allport's categories of traits, which traits tend to describe a specific aspect of a person's personality?

situationism

One personality theory called _______ suggests that behavior is consistent when the environment we inhabit remains consistent.

five factor model

Opposing adjectives are used to describe each trait in _______ of personality.

Factor IV: Neuroticism

Contrasts Nervousness, moodiness, and sensitivity to negative stimuli with coping ability.

Factor I: Extraversion

Contrasts Talkativenessm, assertiveness and activity with silence, passivity and reserve.

Factor II: Agreeableness

Contrasts kindness, trust and warmth, with hostility, selfishness, and distrust

Factor V: Openness to Experience

Contrasts imagination, curiousity, and creativity with shallowness and lack of preceptiveness.

Oedipus Complex

A conflict of the phallic stage in which the boy wishes to possess his mother sexually and perceives his father as a rival love. This complex is usually resolved by the ages of 5 or 6 and desires are then displaced or transferred to socially appropriate members of the opposite gender.

Electra Complex

A conflict of the phallic stage in which the girl longs for her father and resents her mother. This complex is usually resolved by the ages of 5 or 6 and desires are then displaced or transferred to socially appropriate members of the opposite gender.

Erik Erikson

A modern psychoanalyst who also believed that Freud had placed undue emphasis on sexual instincts. He asserted tat social relationships are more crucial determinants of personality than sexual urges. He proposed stages of "psychosocial development". And rather than labeling stages for various erogenous zones, he labeled them for the traits that might be developed during the stages. Each stage is named according to it's possible outcome (trust vs. mistrust). For him, the goal of adolescence is the attainment of "ego identity", no genital sexuality.

Individualists

A person who defines herself or himself in terms of personal traits and gives priority to his or her own goals.

Collectivist

A person who defines herself or himself in terms of relationships to other people and groups and gives priority to group goals.

Projective Tests

A psychological test that presents ambiguous stimuli such as inkblots or drawings and people are asked to say what they look like to them. They have no clear specified answer.

Trait

A relatively stable aspect of personality that is inferred from behavior and assumed to give rise to consistent behavior, even in varying situations.

Behavior Rating Scales

A systematic means for recording the frequency with which target behaviors occur. Behavior is assessed in settings such as classrooms, or mental hospitals. Trained observers usually check off each occurrence of a specific behavior such as talking to another student or biting a fingernail. (a form of personality measurement)

Standardized Tests

A test that is given to a large number of respondents so that the data concerning the typical responses can be accumulated and analyzed.

Extraversion

A trait characterized by tendencies to be socially outgoing and to express feelings and impulses freely. (Hans Eysenck's two dimensional trait theory)

Introversion

A trait characterized by tendencies to direct one's interests inward and to inhibit impulses. (Hans Eysenck's two dimensional trait theory)

Psychoanalysis

A type of mental dectective work that Sigmund Freud engaged in to explore the unconscious mind. Aka, a method of exploring human personality.

Creative Self

According to Adler, the self aware aspect of personality that strives to achieve full potential.

conflict between the id and the superego

According to psychoanalytic theory, displacement and identification are employed when there is

Alfred Adler

Another follower of Freud (neo-Freudian) that also felt Freud placed too much emphasis on sexual impulses. He believed that people are basically motivated by an inferiority complex. And that these feelings give rise to a "drive for superiority". His views have been termed "Individual Psychology".

predicting

Based on the research, projective tests are highly successful at ____________future behavior.

Self-efficacy expectations

Beliefs to the effect that one can handle a task. Beliefs that we can accomplish certain things such as speaking before a group, doing a backflip, or solving math problems. People with higher _______ are more likely to try difficult tasks than people who do not believe they can master a certain task.

Reality Principle

Consideration of what is practical along with what is urged by the id. And possible in gratifying needs; it is the governing principle of the ego.

The Big Five Factor Model

Five basic personality factors that include Eysenck's two (extraversion and neuroticism) along with conscientiousness, agreeableness, and openness to experience. Paul T. Costa and Robert McCrae played a role in the development of this Model. These factors can define the personality structures of American, German, Portuguese, Hebrew, Chinese, Korean, Japanese, and Philippine people. The factors are related to people's basic temperaments which are considered to be largely inborn.

The self-concept

Focuses on the nature of the self and the conditions that allow the self to develop freely. Carl Rogers wrote that people shape themselves through free choice and action. He defined the "self" as the center of experience. Our self concepts consist of our impressions of ourselves and our evaluations of our adequacy. He assumed that we all develop a need for self-regard or self esteem.

Libido

Generally speaking it is sexual interest or drive. But in the psychodynamic theory, it is the energy of eros; the sexual instinct.

Hans Eysenck

He developed a "Trait Theory" termed a two dimensional view that evolved from Greek physician Hyppocrates's four fluid or four humor theory. He focused his research on the relationships between two personality traits: introversion-extraversion and emotional stability-emotional instability (also known as neuroticism).

anal expulsive

If John is described as cruel, pushy, messy, and disorderly, Freud would refer to his personality as....

experience little or no conflict

If a child feels loved and secure, Karen Horney believed the child will...

central

In Allport's trait theory, the most common traits are _______ traits.

our parents

In Rogers' theory of personality, conditions of worth are determined by

Self-actualization

In humanistic theory, the innate tendency to strive to realize one's potential.

Defense Mechanism

In psychodynamic theory, an unconscious function of the ego that protect it from anxiety-evoking material by preventing accurate recognition of this material.

Psychosexual development

In psychodynamic theory, it is the process by which libidinal energy is expressed through different erogenous zones during stages of development. Freud hypothesized 5 periods or stages of development and termed this. The stages are oral, anal, phallic, latency and genital.

self efficacy

In social learning theory, the perception that one is capable of doing what is necessary to reach one's goals is known as....

Unconscious

In the psychodymamic theory, not available to awareness by the simple focusing of attention.

Psychic Structures

In the psychodynamic theory, this is a hypothesized mental structure that helps explain different aspects of behavior. They cannot be seen or measured directly, byt their presence is suggested by behavior, expressed thoughts and emotions. There are 3 total

Erogenous Zones

Libidinal energy is expressed through sexual feelings or stimulation in different parts of the body, these are called blank. Areas of the body that are sensitive to sexual sensations. To Freud, human development involves the transfer of libidinal energy from one blank to another.

Karen Horney

Like many of Freud's intellectual decendants, she took issue with the way psychoanalytic theories portrayed women. Psychoanalytics originally taught that a woman's place was in the home and women who sought to compete with men in the business world were assumed to be suffering from unconscious "penis envy". Horney argued that little girls do not feel inferior to boys and that there views were founded on western cultural prejudice, no scientifc evidence. She agreed that childhood experiences affect the development of adult personalities. But she asserted that unconscious sexual and agressive impulses are less important than social relationships in children's development. She also believed that genuine and consistent love can alleviate the effects if even the most traumatic childhood.

collective unconscious

Most people intuitively understand that incest is wrong, even though they are not told this directly. Jung would explain that the incest taboo is part of the ________

Identification

Occurs in the superego psychic structure. The unconscious adoption of another person's behavior.

Archetypes

Primitive images or concepts hypothesized by Carl Jung to reside in the collective unconscious. Examples are the all powerful God, the young hero, the fertile and nurturing mother, the wise old man, the hostile brother, fairy godmothers, wicked witches, rebirth and resurrection, etc. They remain unconscious, Jung believed that they influence our thoughts and emotions and cause us to respond cultural themes in stories and films.

Observational Learning

Refers to acquiring knowledge by observing others. It is one of the foundations of the social-cognitive theory. It is also known as Modeling.

Conscious

Self aware.

Psychodynamic Theory

Sigmund Freud's perspective which emphasizes the importance of unconscious motives and conflicts as forces that determine behavior.

Objective Tests

Tests whose items must be answered in a specified manner. Tests whose items have concrete answers that are considered correct.

Latency Stage

The 4th pyschosexual development stage characterized by the repression of sexual impulses. The pressures of the Oedipus and Electra complexes cause the child to repress all sexual urges. During this stage, their sexual feelings remain unconscious. It is expect that children will prefer playmate of their own gender during this stage. This stage occurs after age 5 or 6.

Genital Stage

The 5th and mature stage of psychosexual development, characterized by preferred expression of libido through sexual intercourse with an adult of the other gender. Freud believed that we enter this stage at puberty (adolescence). This time, the incest taboo case them to repress the impulses toward their mother and father and displace them onto other adults or adolescents of the other gender.

phallic stage

The Oedipal complex and the Electra complex develop and are resolved during the

Sublimation

The channeling of primitive impulses into positive constructive efforts. Ex: A hostile person becoming a boxer or a tennis star.

Subjective Values

The desirability of an object or event.

Oral Stage

The first stage in psychosexual development, occurs during the 1st year of life. During this stage, gratification is to be attained primarily through oral activities. Freud argued that oral activities such as sucking and bitig give the child sexual gratification as well as nourishment. Conflict resulting from this stage stems from the nature and extent of oral gratifiction. Early weaning (stopping of breast feeding) could lead to frustration. On the other hand excessive gratification caould lead to an infant expecting to get anything it wants. Oral traits include dependence, gullibility, excessive optimism or pessimism.

inheritance and experiences

The five basic traits are thought to be relatively stable and to be influenced by ____________.

Pleasure Principle

The governing principle of the id which demands instant gratification of instincts without consideration of law, social custom, or the needs of others..

Moral principle

The governing principle of the superego, which sets moral standards and enforces adherence to them. Throughout life, it monitors the ego and hands out judgements of right and wrong.

Inner-directedness

The internal force that motivates humans to grow and improve is known as ____________

Behaviorism

The learning theory that states, we should focus on observable behavior rather than hypothesized unconscious forces and that we should emphasize the situational determinants of behavior. John B. Watson and B.F. Skinner largely ignored the notions of personal freedom, choice, and self direction and suggested that environmental influences can shape people into wanting to do what is required of them. Behaviorist believe that personality is plastic. That situational variables and environmental influences are the key shapers of human behaviors. Behaviorists like Watson argued that unseen, undetectable mental structures must be rejected in favor of what can be seen and measured. In opposition to this, evidence suggests that some personality traits are heritable. Some object to behaviorists because they downplay the importance of consciousness and choice.

Id

The psychic structure present at birth, that represents physiological drives and is entirely unconscious. Freud describes this structure as "a chaos, a couldron of seething excitations. It follows what Freud termed the "pleasure principle".

Regression

The return, under stress, to a form of behavior characteristic of an earlier stage of development. Ex: An adolescent cries like a child when forbidden to use the family car. Or an adult becomes highly dependent on his parents after a bad divorce.