psych chapter 15

manic episode

period in which an individual experiences mania, characterized by extremely cheerful and euphoric mood, excessive talkativeness, irritability, increased activity levels, and other symptoms

panic attack

period of extreme fear or discomfort that develops abruptly; symptoms of panic attacks are both physiological and psychological

flashback

psychological state lasting from a few seconds to several days, during which one relives a traumatic event and behaves as though the event were occurring at that moment

schizophrenia

severe disorder characterized by major disturbances in thought, perception, emotion, and behavior with symptoms that include hallucinations, delusions, disorganized thinking and behavior, and negative symptoms

mania

state of extreme elation and agitation

psychopathology

study of psychological disorders, including their symptoms, causes, and treatment; manifestation of a psychological disorder

seasonal pattern

subtype of depression in which a person experiences the symptoms of major depressive disorder only during a particular time of year

peripartum onset

subtype of depression that applies to women who experience an episode of major depression either during pregnancy or in the four weeks following childbirth

diathesis-stress model

suggests that people with a predisposition for a disorder (a diathesis) are more likely to develop the disorder when faced with stress; model of psychopathology

dissociative fugue

symptom of dissociative amnesia in which a person suddenly wanders away from one's home and experiences confusion about his or her identity

flight of ideas

symptom of mania that involves an abruptly switching in conversation from one topic to another

dopamine hypothesis

theory of schizophrenia that proposes that an overabundance of dopamine or dopamine receptors is responsible for the onset and maintenance of schizophrenia

suicidal ideation

thoughts of death by suicide, thinking about or planning suicide, or making a suicide attempt

International Classification of Diseases (ICD)

authoritative index of mental and physical diseases, including infectious diseases, and the criteria for their diagnosis; published by the World Health Organization (WHO)

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5)

authoritative index of mental disorders and the criteria for their diagnosis; published by the American Psychiatric Association (APA)

disorganized/abnormal motor

behavior highly unusual behaviors and movements (such as child-like behaviors), repeated and purposeless movements, and displaying odd facial expressions and gestures

delusion

belief that is contrary to reality and is firmly held, despite contradictory evidence

somatic delusion

belief that something highly unusual is happening to one's body or internal organs

etiology

cause or causes of a psychological disorder

generalized anxiety disorder

characterized by a continuous state of excessive, uncontrollable, and pointless worry and apprehension

antisocial personality disorder

characterized by a lack of regard for others' rights, impulsivity, deceitfulness, irresponsibility, and lack of remorse over misdeeds

grandiose delusion

characterized by beliefs that one holds special power, unique knowledge, or is extremely important

paranoid delusion

characterized by beliefs that others are out to harm them

negative symptom

characterized by decreases and absences in certain normal behaviors, emotions, or drives, such as an expressionless face, lack of motivation to engage in activities, reduced speech, lack of social engagement, and inability to experience pleasure

anxiety disorder

characterized by excessive and persistent fear and anxiety, and by related disturbances in behavior

social anxiety disorder

characterized by extreme and persistent fear or anxiety and avoidance of social situations in which one could potentially be evaluated negatively by others

bipolar disorder mood disorder

characterized by mood states that vacillate between depression and mania

hoarding disorder

characterized by persistent difficulty in parting with possessions, regardless of their actual value or usefulness

obsessive-compulsive disorder

characterized by the tendency to experience intrusive and unwanted thoughts and urges (obsession) and/or the need to engage in repetitive behaviors or mental acts (compulsions) in response to the unwanted thoughts and urges

autism spectrum disorder

childhood disorder characterized by deficits in social interaction and communication, and repetitive patterns of behavior or interests

attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder

childhood disorder characterized by inattentiveness and/or hyperactive, impulsive behavior

comorbidity

co-occurrence of two disorders in the same individual

hopelessness theory

cognitive theory of depression proposing that a style of thinking that perceives negative life events as having stable and global causes leads to a sense of hopelessness and then to depression

major depressive disorder

commonly referred to as "depression" or "major depression," characterized by sadness or loss of pleasure in usual activities, as well other symptoms

psychological disorder

condition characterized by abnormal thoughts, feelings, and behaviors

suicide

death caused by intentional, self-directed injurious behavior

catatonic behavior

decreased reactivity to the environment; includes posturing and catatonic stupor

posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

experiencing a profoundly traumatic event leads to a constellation of symptoms that include intrusive and distressing memories of the event, avoidance of stimuli connected to the event, negative emotional states, feelings of detachment from others, irritability, proneness toward outbursts, hypervigilance, and a tendency to startle easily; these symptoms must occur for at least one month

personality disorder

group of DSM-5 disorders characterized by an inflexible and pervasive personality style that differs markedly from the expectations of one's culture and causes distress and impairment; people with these disorders have a personality style that frequently brings them into conflict with others and disrupts their ability to develop and maintain social relationships

dissociative disorders

group of DSM-5 disorders in which the primary feature is that a person becomes dissociated, or split off, from his or her core sense of self, resulting in disturbances in identity and memory

bipolar and related disorders

group of mood disorders in which mania is the defining feature

obsessive-compulsive and related disorders

group of overlapping disorders listed in the DSM-5 that involves intrusive, unpleasant thoughts and/or repetitive behaviors

rumination

in depression, tendency to repetitively and passively dwell on one's depressed symptoms, their meanings, and their consequences

prodromal symptom

in schizophrenia, one of the early minor symptoms of psychosis

borderline personality disorder

instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, and mood, as well as impulsivity; key features include intolerance of being alone and fear of abandonment, unstable relationships, unpredictable behavior and moods, and intense and inappropriate anger

body dysmorphic disorder

involves excessive preoccupation with an imagined defect in physical appearance

safety behavior

mental and behavior acts designed to reduce anxiety in social situations by reducing the chance of negative social outcomes; common in social anxiety disorder

harmful dysfunction

model of psychological disorders resulting from the inability of an internal mechanism to perform its natural function

mood disorder

one of a group of disorders characterized by severe disturbances in mood and emotions; the categories of mood disorders listed in the DSM-5 are bipolar and related disorders and depressive disorders

depressive disorder

one of a group of mood disorders in which depression is the defining feature

neurodevelopmental disorder

one of the disorders that are first diagnosed in childhood and involve developmental problems in academic, intellectual, social functioning

ventricle

one of the fluid-filled cavities within the brain

hallucination

perceptual experience that occurs in the absence of external stimulation, such as the auditory hallucinations (hearing voices) common to schizophrenia

specific phobia

anxiety disorder characterized by excessive, distressing, and persistent fear or anxiety about a specific object or situation

agoraphobia

anxiety disorder characterized by intense fear, anxiety, and avoidance of situations in which it might be difficult to escape if one experiences symptoms of a panic attack

panic disorder

anxiety disorder characterized by unexpected panic attacks, along with at least one month of worry about panic attacks or self-defeating behavior related to the attacks

locus coeruleus

area of the brainstem that contains norepinephrine, a neurotransmitter that triggers the body's fight-or-flight response; has been implicated in panic disorder

orbitofrontal cortex

area of the frontal lobe involved in learning and decision-making

persistent depressive disorder

depressive disorder characterized by a chronically sad and melancholy mood

supernatural

describes a force beyond scientific understanding

atypical

describes behaviors or feelings that deviate from the norm

diagnosis

determination of which disorder a set of symptoms represents

disorganized thinking

disjointed and incoherent thought processes, usually detected by what a person says

dissociative identity disorder

dissociative disorder (formerly known as multiple personality disorder) in which a person exhibits two or more distinct, well-defined personalities or identities and experiences memory gaps for the time during which another identity emerged

dissociative amnesia

dissociative disorder characterized by an inability to recall important personal information, usually following an extremely stressful or traumatic experience

depersonalization/derealization disorder

dissociative disorder in which people feel detached from the self (depersonalization), and the world feels artificial and unreal (derealization)