Psych Chapter 1& 2

moral treatment

19th century approach to treating the mentally ill with dignity in a caring environment

functionalism

19th century school of psychology that argued it was better to look at why the mind works the way it does than to describe its parts

who led the functionalism movement

James

who led humanism?

Maslow and Rogers

who led the structuralism movement

Titchener

what is an enriched environment?

a living situation that provides ample opportunity for play and activity

hypothesis

a specific, informed, and testable prediction of the outcome of particular set of conditions in a research design

correlation coefficients

a statistic that ranges from -1.0 and +1.0 and assesses the strength and direction of association between two variables

when conducting research with humans, researchers

always must obtain informed consent

one advantage of behavioral measures compared to self-reported measures is that they

are less prone to social desirability bias

why is GPA a good example of the statistic mean?

because it is calculated by adding scores and dividing by the number of scores

introspection

careful, systematic observations of ones own consciousness

Dr. Porsche is a psychologist who conducts research on whether hands-free phone use distracts drivers and leads to more accidents. Dr. Porsche is probably what kind of a psychology?

cognitive

what area of psychology has reported findings that driving while using a hands free cell phone is much like driving while being drunk?

cognitive psychology

What does science entail?

collecting observations/data

statistics

collection, analysis, interpretation, and presentation of numerical data

if Dr. Lovejoy wanted to examine whether certain personality traits make aggression more likely, she would most likely use what kind of research design?

correlational

B.F. Skinner

environmental factors determine behavior

wilhelm wundt

established first psychology laboratory, psychology was born

ethical guidelines for research with nonhuman animals state that

ethical and humane conditions must exist throughout the entire research process

structuralists thoughts

focused on analyzing consciousness into basic elements

functionalists thoughts

focused on investigating the function or purpose of consciousness

John B. Watson

founder of behaviorism

Sigmund Freud

founder of psychoanalytic school of thought

scores that are widely spread apart have a

high standard deviation

adaptations

inherited solutions to ancestral problems that have been selected for because they contribute in some way to reproductive success

which of the following is not a characteristic of science?

it is an attitude

behavioral measures

measures based on systematic observations of peoples actions either in their normal environment or in a lab setting

current guidelines on research ethics state that when studying humans, deception

must be avoided whenever possible, can be used only if its of the research design, must be followed by debriefing, and must be fully justified

Which phrase most accurately reflects a modern perspective in psychology?

nature through nurture

correlation

numerical index of degree of relationships

negative correlation

one variable increases and the other variable decreases

An advantage of self-reports questionnaires is that they are easy to administer to large numbers of participants. A disadvantage of questionnaires is that

people do not always accurately report their true thoughts or feelings

the main difference between a clinical and counseling psychologist is that counseling psychologists treat

people with less severe psychological disorders

a psychologist who is interest in how brain activity relates to behavior will most likely use which kind of measure?

physiological

physiology + philosophy =

psychology

what is the most rigorous study design that cab be used to study the effects of enrichment on brain development in humans?

quasi-experimental design

in contrast to other kinds of research designs, a true experimental design must have 2 things:

random assignment go participants to conditions and manipulation of an independent variable

quasi-experimental design

research method similar to an experimental design except that it makes use of naturally occurring groups rather than randomly assigning subjects to groups

positive psychology

scientific approach to studying, understanding, and promoting healthy and positive psychological functioning

psyche

soul/mind

t-test

statistic that compares two means to see whether they could come from the same population

double blind studies

studies in which neither the participants nor the researchers administering the treatment know who has been assigned to the experimental or control group

single blind studies

studies in which participants do not know the experimental condition to which they have been assigned

logos

study of

mean

the average of a series of numbers

evolutionary psychology

the branch of psychology that studies human behavior by asking what adaptive problems it may have solved for our early ancestors

evolution

the change over time in the frequency with which specific genes occur within a breeding species

clinical psychology

the diagnosis and treatment of mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders and the promotion of psychological health

sports psychology

the study of psychological factors in sports and exercise

if two sets of scores have the same mean, then

their variabilities could be the same or they could be different

positive correlation

variables increase or decrease together

asylums

facilities treating the mentally ill in Europe during the Middle Ages and into the 19th century

forensic psychology

field that blends psychology, law, and criminal justice

control group

group of research participants who are treated in exactly the same manner as the experimental group, except that they do not receive independent variable, or treatment

random assignment

he method used to assign participants to different research conditions so that all participants have the same chance of being in any specific group

natural selection

a feedback process whereby nature factors one design over another because it has an impact of reproduction

experimental group

a group consisting of those participants who will receive the treatment or whatever is predicted to change behavior

experiment

a research design that includes independent and dependent variables and random assignment of participants to control and experimental groups

representative sample

a research sample that accurately reflects the population of people one is studying

behaviorism

a school of psychology which proposed that psychology can be a true science only if it examines obeservable behavior, not ideas, thoughts, feelings, or motives

theory

a set of related assumptions from which scientists can make testable predictions

scientific theories are

a set of related assumptions that guide and explain observations and allow testable predictions to be made

what kind of science is psychology

a social science

as a field, psychology is

a social science, the practice of diagnosing and treating mental illness, and a biological science

standard deviation

a statistical measure of how much scores in a sample vary around the mean

case study

a study design in which a psychologist, observes one person over a long period of time

naturalistic observation

a study in which the researcher unobtrusively observes and records behavior in the real world

humanistic psychology

a theory of psychology that focuses on personal growth and meaning as a way of teachings ones highest potential

gestalt psychology

a theory of psychology that maintains that we perceive things as wholes rather than as a compilation of parts

what perspective in psychology assumes the unconscious is the most powerful force behind most behavior

psychoanalysis

how does psychology differ from the related field of sociology

psychology studies individuals; sociology studies groups

replication

the repetition of a study to confirm the results; essential to the scientific process

ethics

the rules governing the conduct of a person or group in general or in a specific situation or more simply, standards of right and wrong

psychology

the scientific study of thought and behavior

what distinguishes science from pseudoscience?

the search for truth

social psychology

the study of how living among others influences thought, feeling, and behavior

cognitive psychology

the study of how people perceive, remember, think, speak, and solve problems

psychophysics

the study of how people psychologically perceive physical stimuli such as light, sound waves, and touch

educational psychology

the study of how students learn, the effectiveness of particular teaching techniques, the social psychology of schools, and the psychology of teaching

developmental psychology

the study of how thought and behavior change and remain stable across the life span

behavioral neuroscience

the study of the links among brain, mind, and behavior

biological psychology

the study of the relationship between bodily systems and chemicals and how they influence behavior and thought

health psychology

the study of the role psychological factors play in regard to health and illness

personality psychology

the study of what makes people unique and the consistencies in peoples behavior across time and situations

social desirability bias

the tendency toward favorable self-presentation that could lead to inaccurate self reports

measures

the tools and techniques used to access thought or behavior

empiricism

the view that all knowledge and thoughts come from experience

structuralism

19th century school of psychology that argued that breaking down experience into its elemental parts offers the best way to understand thought and behavior

A psychologist has conducted a series of studies on what part of the brain is most active during a memory task. She is probably

a behavioral neuroscientist

variable

a characteristic that changes or varies such as age, gender, weight, intelligence, anxiety, and extraversion

psychoanalysis

a clinically based approach to understanding and treating psychological disorders; assumes that the unconscious mind is the most powerful force behind thought and behavior

3 distinct kinds of science

physical, biological, and social

research designs

plan of action for how to conduct a scientific study

scientific method

OPTIC observation, prediction, test, interpret, communicate

inferential statistics

analyses of data that allow us to test hypotheses and make an influence as to how likely a sample score is to occur in a population

industrial/organizational (i/o) psychology

application of psychological concepts and questions to work settings

____ argued that thought, feelings, and motives are unimportant in understanding human behavior

behaviorists

normal distribution

bell curve, a plot of how frequent data are that is perfectly symmetrical, with most scores clustering in the middle and only a few scores at the extreme

pseudoscience

claims presented as scientific that are not supported by evidence obtained with the scientific method

Dr. Lovejoy wanted to do research on real world conditions that lead to aggression in a 10-year old children. She defined aggression as intent to harm another person and went to a local elementary school and videotaped a 10-minute recess period. She and her trained coders then coded the behavior of every child and counted the number of times each child acted aggressively. This is an example of what kind of research design?

descriptive

what sub disciplines of psychology examines how thoughts, feelings, and behaviors change over the life span?

developmental psychology

scientific thinking

process using the cognitive skills required to generate, test, and revise theories

charles darwins great contribution was the theory of

how evolution works (natural selection)

psychology is best defined as the scientific study of

human thought and behavior

positive psychology is a modern form of which school of thought

humanism

softwiring

in contrast to handwriting, means that biological systems- genes, brain structures, brain cells, are inherited but open to modification from the environment

researchers have consistently found that married men live longer than single men. from this finding, we can conclude that

marriage correlates with a longer life

physiological measures

measures of bodily responses, such as blood pressure, or heart rate, used to determine changes in psychological state

descriptive statistics

measures used to describe and summarize research

shamans

medicine men or women who treat people with mental problems by driving out their demons with elaborate rituals such a exorcism, incantations, and prayers

the scientific method consists of

observing, predicting, testing, interpreting, communicating

independent variable

one being manipulated

median

score that separates the lower half of scores from the upper half

correlational designs

studies that measure two or more variables and their relationship to one another; not designed to show causation

descriptive designs

study designs in which the researcher defines a problem and a variable of interest but makes no prediction and does not control or manipulate anything

samples

subsets of the population studied in a research project

population

the entire group a researcher is interested in

debriefing

the explanation of the purposes of a study following data collection

effect size

the measure of the strength of the relationship between two variables or the extent of an experimental effect

mind-body dualism proposes that

the mind influences the body and the body influences the mind

mode

the most commonly occurring score or value

frequency

the number of times a particular score occurs in a set of data

dependent variable

the outcome/response to the experimental manipulation

nurture through nature

the position that the environment constantly interacts with biology to shape who we are and what we do

which of the following is a technique we argue for integrating the many perspectives in psychology

using not believing everything you think, using the scientific method, making connections within and between chapters

confounding variable

variable whose influence on the dependent variable cannot be separated from the independent variable being examined