Psych Chapter 6
observational learning
(Bandura) learning by observing others
operant chamber
(Skinner box) small enclosure in which an animal can make a specific response that is recorded whole the consequences of the response are systematically controlled
higher-order conditioning
(classical conditioning) a conditioned stimulus functions as if it were an unconditioned stimulus
renewal effect
(classical conditioning) if a response is extinguished in a different environment than where it was acquired, the extinguished response will reappear if the animal is returned to the original environment where acquisition took place
stimulus generalization
(classical conditioning) occurs when an organism that has learned a response to a specific stimulus responds in the same way to new stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus
stimulus discrimination
(classical conditioning) occurs when an organism that has learned a specific stimulus does not respond in the same way to new stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus
trial
(in classical conditioning) consists of any presentation of a stimulus or pair of stimuli
discriminative stimulus
(operant conditioning) cues that tell the probability of a consequence (example: pigeon only gets a reward when it pecks at the circle when there is a green light on)
extinction
(operant conditioning) disappearance after you no longer have the consequence, instead of not pairing anymore, you are no longer rewarding and punishing
stimulus generalization
(operant conditioning) example: pigeon learns how to peck at circle, then learns how to beck at oval (oval looks like circle)
stimulus discrimination
(operant conditioning) example: stop rewarding pigeon for pecking at the oval, it learns that it should only peck at the circle
acquisition
(operant conditioning) repeatedly rewarding closer and closer approximations of desired response until the desired response is achieved
resistance to extinction
(operant conditioning) when an organism continues to make a response after delivery of the reward has been terminated
acquisition
(process in classical conditioning) initial stage of learning something
extinction
(process in classical conditioning) the gradual weakening and disappearance of a conditioned response tendency
spontaneous recovery
(process in classical conditioning) the reappearance of an extinguished response after a period of non exposure to the conditioned stimulus
attention
(process of observational learning) to learn through observation, you must pay attention to another person's behavior and its consequences
reproduction
(process of observational learning) turning memory into behavior
motivation
(process of observational learning) you are unlikely to reproduce an observed response unless you are motivated to do so
retention
(process of observational learning) you may not have the chance to learn what you observed for a while, but you have to store a mental representation of what you have observed in your memory
operant conditioning
a form of learning in which responses come to be controlled by their consequences
conditioned response
a learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus that occurs because of previous conditioning (example: salivation)
conditioned stimulus
a previously neutral stimulus that has, through conditioning, acquired the capacity to evoke a conditioned response (example: bell)
unconditioned stimulus
a stimulus that evokes an unconditioned response without previous conditioning (didn't have to be learned) (example: food)
Pavlovian conditioning
also called classical conditioning
avoidance learning
an organism acquires a response that prevents some aversive stimulation from occurring
unconditioned response
an unlearned reaction to an unconditioned stimulus that occurs without previous conditioning (didn't have to be taught) (example: salivation)
learning
any relatively durable change in behavior or knowledge from experience
evaluative conditioning
changes in the liking of a stimulus that result from pairing that stimulus with other positive or negative stimuli
reward contingencies
circumstances or rules that determine whether responses lead to the presentation of rewarders (does the rat really want the food?)
cumulative reorder
creates a graphic record of responding and reinforcement in a Skinner box as a function of time
schedule of reinforcement
determines which occurrences of a specific response result in the presentation of a reward
secondary rewards
events that acquire rewarding qualities by being associated with primary rewards
primary rewards
events that are inherently rewarding because they satisfy basic biological needs (food, air)
positive punishment
giving something, decreases behavior (example: spanking)
positive reward
giving something, increases behavior (example: giving a kid candy after it does something good)
phobia
irrational fear of a specific object or situation
intermittent reinforcement
occurs when a designated response if rewarded only some of the time
punishment
occurs when an event following a response weakens the tendency to make that response
reward
occurs when an oven following a response increases an organism's tendency to make that response
continuous reinforcement
occurs when every instance of a designated response is rewarded
variable interval schedule
reinforcement for the first response after a variable time interval has elapsed (example: checking email)
fixed ratio schedule
reinforcement given after a fixed number of responses (example: rat is rewarded for every 10th lever press)
variable ratio schedule
reinforcement is given after a variable number of responses but the number varies (example: gambling)
negative punishment
taking something away, decreases behavior (example: taking away toys)
negative reward
taking something away, increases behavior (example: you don't have to do chores)
fixed interval schedule
time; reinforcement for the first response after a fixed time interval has elapsed (example: rat is rewarded for the 1st lever press after a 2-minute interval has elapsed and them must wait 2 minutes before being able to earn the next reward)
emit
to send forth
classical conditioning
type of learning in which a stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus; reflexive responses (dentist drill example)
