Psych Chapter 7 Test

How are psychoactive drugs absorbed and used by the body?

- carried by the blood and target tissues in the body -drugs encounter capillaries and absorb into blood -drugs act as neurotransmitters (send their own chemical messages)

Why might marijuana's effects vary from person to person, and what effects are generally the same?

-most people experience augmented sense and heightened emotions -reaction depends on the setting and your part with marijuana

What is REM Sleep?

A stage of sleep characterized by rapid eye movements, a high level of brain activity, a deep relaxation of the muscles, and dreaming

What is hypnosis?

A state of consciousness resulting from a narrowed focus of attention and characterized by heightened suggestability

What drugs are depressants?

Alcohol

What is a pseudoscientific claim?

Any assertion that isn't based on science, even though in some circumstances attempts are made to appear scientific (appears to be scientific but isn't)

What is consciousness?

Awareness of yourself and your environment

What drugs are tranquilizers?

Barbiturates, benzodiazepines (Valium/Xanax)

What happens during Stage II sleep?

Brain wave cycle slows, first time through stage II lasts about 20 minutes

What is the formal name for teeth grinding?

Bruxism

What drugs are stimulants?

Caffeine, amphetamines, cocaine

How do opiates effect behavior?

Decrease pain, decrease attention to real world, unpleasant withdrawal effects as drugs wear off

What are effects of sleep deprivation?

Decreases efficiency in immune system, safety and accident issues, contributes to hypertension, impaired concentrations, irritability, etc.

What device is used to aid in sleep study? It records electrical activity in the brain.

EEG

What is the formal term for bed wetting?

Enuresis

What does mindful meditation consist of?

Focusing on the present

What do some people think that dreams contain?

Hidden meanings

What drugs are hallucinogens?

LSD, mescaline

Biofeedback uses what to show people the very subtle, moment-to-moment changes in their bodies?

Machines

How does the hypothalamus control sleep?

Monitors changes in light or dark environments, changes levels of hormones in the body

What is the sudden jerk of a body part during stage I sleep called?

Myoclonus (everyone has episodes of this)

How does a stimulant like coffee differ from a designer drug like methamphetamine?

Natural stimulants increase energy and alertness while synthetic stimulants like designer drugs do that but the side effects include paranoia, violence, schizophrenia, and convulsions

Are the emotions in dreams normally positive or negative?

Negative

Ernest Hilgard supports what theory?

Neodissociation theory

Negative emotions in dreams can trigger what?

Nightmares

What is REM sleep also called?

Paradoxical sleep (because brain wave patterns are similar to when a person is awake, pulse and breathing quicken, muscle movement blocked)

What are hallucinations?

Perceptions that have no direct external cause

What are the two primary reasons for sleep?

Preservation: keep us protected from dangers of the night Restoration: recuperate from the wear and tear of the day

What kind of sleep do people need to function normally?

REM and NREM

What do opiates do?

Reduce pain, cause euphoria, and constipation -regular use can lead to addiction

How do depressants effect behavior?

Relaxants, relieve inhibitions, impair memory and judgment

How do tranquilizers effect behavior?

Relieve anxiety, relax muscles, induce sleep

What does transcendental meditation consist of?

Repeating a mantra

What is narcolepsy?

Sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks

What are night terrors?

Sleep disruptions that occur during Stage IV sleep, involving screaming, panic, or confusion

What is the formal name for sleep walking?

Somnambulism

What is NREM sleep?

Stages I-IV

Some researchers think that hypnosis is not a special state of consciousness, but only the result of what?

Suggestibility

What caused the drop in use and abuse of barbiturates?

The Comprehensive Drug Abuse Protection and Control Act of 1970

What is insomnia?

The failure to get enough sleep at night in order to feel rested the next day

What is meditation?

The focusing of attention to clear one's mind and produce relaxation

What is biofeedback?

The process of learning to control bodily states with the help of machines monitoring the states to be controlled

What is the Divided Consciousness Theory?

Theory that during hypnosis our consciousness splits so that one aspect of consciousness is not aware of the role that other parts are playing

What is the Social Influence Theory?

Theory that powerful social influences produce a state of hypnosis

What are some of the reasons that a depressant like alcohol is so often abused?

They are generally easy to find, people lose their inhibitions, feel more social, encouraged by advertisements, society and traditions support alcohol use

What happens to someone during hypnosis?

They are highly receptive to certain internal and external stimuli

How might opiates be used medicinally, but why can using them be medically dangerous?

They reduce pain, but are dangerous because of the euphoria they cause after regular use

What did Nathaniel Kleitman believe about dreams?

They serve no purpose

Why do researchers think that people's hallucinations are often similar?

They think they're similar because of the way the drugs effect the brain

How long has meditation been practiced?

Thousands of years

REM sleep is called ____________ because the brain waves resemble those of a person who is ____________

active, awake

Internal ____________________ regulate the body's sleep-wakefulness cycle, but external forces like the environment and the ______________ control it

biological clock, 24 hour day

As you begin to fall asleep your ________________ and _____________ decrease, while your _______________ becomes slow and even

body temperature, pulse rate, breathing

What is Stage I sleep?

breathing slows, brain waves become irregular, easy to wake the person, person will probably say they weren't asleep, rarely lasts longer than 5 minutes

What purpose does REM sleep seem to serve?

builds efficient learning and memory processes

How do hallucinogens effect behavior?

cause hallucinations, sensory distortions, and occasionally panic

What is the neodissociation theory?

claims that a portion of a hypnotized person's personality becomes a hidden observer

Sleep is characterized by unresponsiveness to the _____________ and usually limited ______________

environment, mobility

By seeing how their bodies reach to thoughts and ____________, people can learn to change their ______________ processes

feelings, physiological

What does breath meditation consist of?

focusing on inhaling and exhaling

What is melatonin?

hormone that helps regulate daily biological rhythms, linked to sleep-wake cycle, levels increase during night and decrease with exposure to light

How do stimulants effect behavior?

increase energy and alertness

________________ may be caused by anxiety or depression, whereas ____________ is caused by a physical problem that blocks the airway

insomnia, sleep apnea

How do distortion of experience drugs effect behavior?

intensify sensory experiences, distorts perception of time, can relieve glaucoma and nausea, sometimes impairs learning and memory

What drugs cause distortion of experience?

marijuana (THC)

What drugs are opiates?

morphine, heroin

What drugs are mixed stimulant-depressants?

nicotine

Why is hypnosis used?

reduce pain, suppress or enhance memory, change unwanted behaviors, help athletes achieve peak performance

What happens during stage III and IV sleep?

slow wave sleep, first time through stage 4 is about 30 minutes and where one gets rejuvenated

How do mixed stimulant-depressants effect behavior?

stimulate brain activity, but most smokers say cigarettes relax them

Stage I sleep is marked by the presence of low amplitude _________ waves, whereas the deeper level of Stage III sleep shifts to high amplitude __________ waves

theta, alpha

A hypnotist can induce a(n) _____________ by helping a participant relax and lose interest in external ____________

trance, distractions

What is age regression?

under hypnosis, the supposed ability to remember earlier periods of time in one's life (considered unreliable by psychologists)