Psych Chapters 6 and 7

Which of the following techniques is MOST likely to facilitate successful encoding of info?

Finding ways to make info personally meaningful

Irene is trying to convince her husband that spanking is not necessarily the best way to control their child's behavior. Which argument should she NOT use to support her position?

Spanking increases the frequency of behavior

It is easier to remember information that is organized into meaningful units than information that is not. This is known as:

chunking

In classical conditioning, the learned stimulus/response to a previously neutral stimulus is called the:

conditioned response (CR)

In classical conditioning, this is an originally irrelevant stimulus/response that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response

conditioned stimulus (CS)

Jane had leukemia as a child and had to undergo numerous bouts of chemotherapy. The chemotherapy always made her nausea. As she underwent a year of treatment, the waiting room started to make her nausea. The waiting room became the:

conditioned stimulus (CS)

Walter was bitten by a dog when he was 5 years old. To this day he will not pet dogs; however, he will pet cats. This reaction best illustrates:

discrimination

_____ refers to a person's brief sensory memory of auditory stimuli. This type of memory only lasts for about three to four seconds before fading away.

echoic memory

Studying for a psychology test requires _____. It takes attention and conscious effort, but pays off with lasting and accessible memories.

effortful processing

The processing of info into the memory system is called:

encoding

The three steps in memory info processing are:

encoding, storage, retrieval

With continuous reinforcement, an organism is reinforced _____. With intermittent reinforcement, an organism is reinforced _____.

every time the desired behavior occurs; sporadically when the desired behavior occurs

In the case of H. M., removal of tissue in his temporal lobe resulted in impaired ability to form new ______ memories.

explicit

People's memory of facts and experiences that they consciously know and can easily recite is known as:

explicit memory

During a typical morning, Colin will check the clock more frequently as the time for his regularly scheduled lunch break approaches. In this case, Colin's clock checking behavior is reinforced on a _____ schedule.

fixed-interval

George received a great money-saving credit card offer in the mail complete with a rewards program. He reads on to find that the one dollar for every mile spent may not be such a great offer after all because he only receives a $500 airline ticket after he acquires 25,000 miles or spends $25,000. This is a _____ schedule.

fixed-ratio

Some of a person's memories for an emotionally significant moment or event are vividly clear. These are known as:

flashbulb memories

Secondary reinforcers are powerful tools for shaping behavior because they have become associated with primary reinforcers. Which is NOT a secondary reinforcer?

food

Marlee was raped at gunpoint in a parking garage. Her attacker was wearing strong cologne, and she refuses to go through the male fragrance department at the department store, will not be alone by herself or with any man, and will not park in any garages. This reaction BEST illustrates:

generalization

Shaping is a method used by B.F. Skinner in order to:

guide an organism to exhibit a complex behavior using successive approximations

As Diana is watching television, the electricity goes out. For a few tenths of a second she is still able to see the last images from the screen. This is an example of:

iconic memory

One main difference between punishment and reinforcement is that the goal of reinforcement is to _____ a behavior, while the goal of punishment is to _____ a behavior.

increase; decrease

This is a relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of a person's memory system

long-term memory

This prolonged strengthening of potential neural firing is believed to be the basis for learning and memory and is known as:

long-term potentiation

Nannette's daughter refused to brush her teeth and threw her toys across the room. Nannette gave her daughter a 20-minute time-out. This is an example of:

negative punishment

Michael is busy with his work project he brought home. His son wants him to put a movie in the DVD player. Michael tells him to wait for 10 minutes; however, his son whines and complains so much that Michael decides to put the movie in right now. This best illustrates the value of:

negative reinforcement

Tina is a 7-year-old girl who frequently witnesses her father's anger and physical abuse toward her mother. In Tina's room, she is playing with her toys and begins to yell at them and hit them for "being so stupid and not having dinner ready." Her behavior is a clear example of:

observational learning

Learning by imitating the behavior of others is called _____ learning. The researcher BEST known for studying this type of learning is _____.

observational; Albert Bandura

At work, there is a vending machine that gives extra candy bars when a worker selects either the "A" or "B" choices. This worker continues to frequent this machine regularly. This BEST illustrates:

operant conditioning

According to psychologists, memory refers to:

persistence of learning over time, storage and retrieval of information

To reduce the self-destructive behavior of some children, a therapist might squirt water in the children's faces whenever they bite themselves. The squirt of water is a:

positive punishment

Jenni has been working nights and weekends to get a project completed for her job. She is successful, and a couple of weeks later she comes into work and her boss presents her with a bonus check. This BEST illustrates the value of:

positive reinforcement

In the process of retrieving a specific memory from a web of associations, a person needs to activate one of the strands that leads to it. This known as:

priming

During a Spanish language exam, Janice easily remembers the French vocabulary she studied that morning. However, she finds it difficult to recall the Spanish vocabulary she rehearsed that afternoon. Her difficulty BEST illustrates:

proactive interference

George Miller's research on short-term memory capacity indicated that people can only store _____ in their short-term memory.

about seven bits of info (give or take two)

In his experiments, Ivan Pavlov found that spontaneous recovery often occurred after a conditioned response was extinguished if:

after a few hours without the conditioned stimulus or the unconditioned stimulus, the tone was presented again

Memories of emotional events are especially likely to be facilitated by activation of the:

amygdala

Although B.F. Skinner and other behaviorists did not think that it was necessary to refer to thoughts or expectations when explaining human learning, findings from experiments with rats suggest otherwise. Which finding suggests that cognitive processes are involved in operant learning?

rats appear to experience latent learning while exploring mazes

A fill-in-the-blank test is a good example of:

recall

Dr. Napleton prefers to give his students all essay and fill-in-the-blank questions to fully test their:

recall

Tarik has a chemistry test in two days. He has to memorize the elements on the periodic table, so he writes them on index cards. He keeps the cards with him at all times and periodically reads through them. Tarik is using _____ to encode information for storage.

rehearsal

Which is NOT a measure of retention?

reimaging

Even after we learn the material, _______ increases retention.

relearning

In 1920, John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner taught "Little Albert" to fear white rats by:

repeatedly pairing a loud noise with the presentation of a white rat

According to Sigmund Freud, one reason that people forget is because they are _____ painful memories.

repressing

Classical conditioning focuses on _______ behavior, whereas operant conditioning focuses on _______ behavior.

respondent; operant

The process of getting info out of memory storage is called:

retrieval

When a person encodes a piece of target information, other bits of information become associated with it. The bits of information connected with the target information are known as:

retrieval cues

Ivan recently suffered a severe stroke and is no longer able to remember events from his childhood. His memory problems are related to:

retrieval failure

In Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin's three-stage processing model, people record information in which order?

sensory memory, short-term memory, long-term memory

This activated memory holds a few items briefly before the info is stored or forgotten

short-term memory

Oliver is trying to make an online purchase, but he does not have his credit card. He calls his wife, who reads the 16-digit credit card number to him. Unfortunately, Oliver cannot remember the number long enough to type it into the computer. This is because:

short-term memory is limited in duration and capacity

If students learn a list of chemistry terms while they are in a great mood, they have a better chance of recalling that list if they are in the same kind of mood when they take the exam. This is known as:

state-dependent memory

The retention of encoded info over time is called:

storage

One of Ivan Pavlov's major contributions to the field of psychology was to show how:

the discipline of psychology could be based on objective laboratory methods

Duncan Godden and Alan Baddeley conducted a study using two groups of scuba divers. One group listened to a list of words while sitting on a beach. The other group listened to the same list of words while 10 feet underwater. What did the researchers discover about context and learning?

the greatest recall for the words happened when learning and testing were in the same context

At a block party, Cyndi meets nine new neighbors. Moments later, she can only remember the names of the first three and last two neighbors she met. Her experience illustrates:

the serial position effect

Blinking in response to a puff of air directed into one's eye is a(n):

unconditioned response (UR)

In classical conditioning, a stimulus/response that unconditionally, naturally, and automatically triggers a response is called a(n):

unconditioned stimulus

In classical conditioning, this is the unlearned , naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (US), such as salivation when food is in the mouth

unconditioned stimulus

Conditioning seldom occurs when a(n) _______ repeatedly comes before a(n) _______

unconditioned stimulus (US); conditioned stimulus (CS)

Pop quizzes and random checks of quality help to produce slow, steady responding and are examples of the _____ schedule of reinforcement.

variable-interval

Jack finds it extremely difficult to pull himself away from the blackjack table. He keeps thinking he will break even because the next hand is his winning one. This is a:

variable-ratio schedule

Jamaal has to make an important phone call. Unfortunately, his cell phone is not charged and he has to use his landline, which does not store phone numbers. To make the call, he has to get the number from his cell phone and remember it long enough to dial on his landline. For this task, which memory system is MOST important?

working memory

_____ memory refers to retention of information that is independent of conscious recollection, whereas _____ refers to memory for facts and experiences.

Implicit; explicit

_____ aids can be used to help remember things such as speeches or lists of items. These aids often incorporate the use of vivid imagery and organizational devices.

Mnemonic

A police officer stops Richard to ask him about an automobile accident he may have witnessed the previous day. Since Richard was in the area at the time of the accident, the officer asks how fast the cars were going when they "smashed" into each other. Given the research findings of Elizabeth Loftus and John Palmer, how might the officer's wording effect Richard's recollection of the incident? He would be MORE likely to remember:

a more serious accident than if the officer had used other wording

Which BEST describes the typical forgetting curve?

a rapid initial decline in retention becoming stable thereafter

Which area of the brain plays an important role in forming and storing memories created by classical conditioning?

cerebellum

Ricardo distributes his study time rather than cramming because he wants to retain the information for the long-term. He is using the:

spacing effect