Psych exam 2

For many in the baby-boom generation, the Kennedy assassination represents a ________, an exceptionally clear recollection of an important event. A) flashbulb memory B) flashpoint C) hyperthymesia D) sensory memory

A

Forgetting anything good that happened on your trip to France because you just broke up with your French fiancée and now can't bear the thought of anything French is a good example of ________: Memories are distorted by your current belief system. A) bias B) blocking C) suggestibility D) transience

A

In Howard Gardner's Multiple Intelligences Theory, ________ intelligence and ________ intelligence are often combined into a single type: emotional intelligence. A)interpersonal; intrapersonal C)logical-mathematical; interpersonal B)intrapersonal; naturalist D)musical; linguistic

A

Not all aspects of cognition are ________. A)consciously experienced C)essential features of human consciousness B)essential features of adult consciousness D)exceptionally complex

A

People may not intend to distort facts, but ________. A)it can happen in the process of retrieving old memories and combining them with new memories B)other people will influence bystanders to change details in their short term memory C)people are unreliable and don't pay attention, so they make things up D)research proves it always happens when the event is unimportant

A

___ 5. In the ________ stage, children use words and images to represent things, but they lack logical reasoning. A) concrete operational B) formal operational C) preoperational D) sensorimotor

C

Reth is known for his ability and interest in writing. He won an award for his short story, "A Bear in the Woods," and was named Young Poet of the Year at his high school. He is currently working on a book titled, When Harry Potter Attacks. This exemplifies ________ intelligence. A) linguistic B) logical-mathematical C) musical D) spatial

A

___ 1. The hierarchy of needs is the spectrum of needs ranging from basic ________ needs to ________ needs to self-actualization. A) biological; social B) social; imaginary C) special; biological D) special; imaginary

A

___ 4.Which of the following exemplifies intrinsically motivated behavior? A)attending a mosque because you believe it is the right thing to do B)behaving to avoid being punished C)misbehaving in order to get attention D)working at a job you hate in order to afford school

A

___ 6. Many cultures have stories about a hero who goes on a quest, such as Hercules, King Arthur, and Gilgamesh. What would Carl Jung say this exemplified? A) archetype B) id C) persona D) unconscious anxiety

A

___ 6. Professor Morooka works 60 hours a week for 9 months of the year. During this time he longs for a break. When he finally gets a break, he misses the sense of accomplishment he feels when he is working. ________ theory suggests that this is because there is an optimal level of arousal that we all try to maintain. A) arousal B) habit C) instinct D) Schachter-Singer

A

___ 9. Mercy has maintained her body weight far below what is healthy through starvation and constant exercise. Mercy probably suffers from ________. A) anorexia B) bulimia C) high metabolism D) Prader-Willi syndrome

A

________ and ________ are powerful influences on both our thoughts and behaviors. A) emotion; memory B) feeling; remembering C) recall; retention D) recollection; sentiment

A

A public opinion poll was administered to 50 people before the election of President Barack Obama. Polls taken before election night showed 50% of the people polled believed Barack Obama would be elected president. After the election results, the same people were asked if they believed Barack Obama would be elected president, and this time 75% of the people said yes. This may be an example of ________ bias. A) egocentric B) hindsight C) stereotypical D) transient

B

Ben is asked to memorize the words canine, feline, and avian. He remembers the words by associating them with their synonyms: dog, cat, and bird. This is an example of ________ encoding. A) acoustic B) semantic C) sensory D) visual

B

Illnesses such as diabetes and stomach cancer kill more than twice the number of Americans than murder or car accidents. However, Zale sees car accidents as more dangerous because he often hears about car accident fatalities on the nightly news, and he doesn't know anyone with diabetes or stomach cancer. Therefore, Zale takes more precautions against car accidents. This exemplifies A) algorithm B) availability heuristic C) functional fixedness D) hindsight bias

B

Kai cuts her foot while hiking. She forgot to pack bandages, but she has a tube of superglue and uses that to seal the wound. Kai's ability to invent a solution uses the ________ intelligence component of the triarchic theory of intelligence. A) analytic B) creative C) fluid D) practical

B

___ 2. Luis works part-time after school to earn money so he can afford a secondhand motorcycle. Luis is working because of ________ motivation. A) emotion B) extrinsic C) habit D) intrinsic

B

___ 3. A(n) ________ is a subjective state of being that we often describe as our feelings. A(n) ________ refers to a prolonged, less intense, affective state that does not occur in response to something we experience. A) dysphoria; dysmorphia B) emotion; mood C) mood; emotion D) orientation; hormone

B

___ 3. After Mike does not get the job he interviewed for, he moves back in with his parents and spends his days playing video games. Which defense mechanism does this exemplify? A) reaction formation B) regression C) repression D) sublimation

B

___ 3. What does nurture refer to in the nature vs. nurture debate? A) biology B) environment and culture C) genetics D) sexual preference

B

___ 6. Madeline is seven months old. Her mother is eating a cookie and Madeline wants some. Her mother hides the cookie under a napkin, but Madeline is not fooled. She knows the cookie is still there. What does this exemplify? A) egocentrism B) object permanence C) reversibility D) stranger anxiety

B

___ 7. Jory, a six year old, is picking out a card for his mother's birthday. He picks the card with a picture of Lightning McQueen, reasoning that since he loves Cars his mother does to. What does this exemplify? A) conservation B) egocentrism C) pretend play D) reversibility

B

___ 7. Which of the following is an example of self-efficacy? A) Judd does not believe he is good at math. B) Naomi believes she can successfully complete law school. C) Stacia thinks that Tammy underestimates her abilities. D)Tony knows that Yancy frequently brags about his accomplishments.

B

___ 8. Anasophia binges on chocolates, then induces vomiting, and then swallows laxatives. Anasophia probably suffers from ________ nervosa. A) anorexia B) bulimia C) leptin deficiency D) Prader-Willi

B

___ 8. Jules is participating in the Strange Situation experiment. When his mother returns, he freezes, and then behaves erratically. In fact, he runs away from his mother. What kind of attachment is this? A) avoidant B) disorganized C) resistant D) secure

B

___ 8. Tammy has a positive view of challenges: She views them as tasks to be mastered. She develops a deep interest in and a strong commitment to becoming a good teacher. When she doesn't pass her first teaching praxis, she quickly recovers and works to overcome the setback. Albert Bandura would say Tammy has ________. A) healthy cognitive processes C) low self-efficacy B)high self-efficacy D) moderate reciprocal determinism

B

Mikel can look at an engineering plan and quickly build a scale model. This exemplifies ________ intelligence. A) bodily kinesthetic B) logical-mathematical C) naturalist D) spatial

D

An anchoring bias occurs when you focus on ________. A)direct experience versus indirect experience B)empirical knowledge versus personal opinion C)one piece of information versus all of the information D)personal opinion versus empirical knowledge

C

Scientists who study cognition are searching for ways to understand how we ________, organize, and utilize our conscious cognitive experiences without being aware of all of the unconscious work that our brains are doing. A) infiltrate B) innovate C) integrate D) intensify

C

Which of the following is a good example of anterograde amnesia? A) John Doe can provide detailed autobiographical information for every day of his life over the past 30 years, including what he wore and ate every day. B)John Doe emerges from a collapsed building with no idea who he is. C)John Doe is in a car accident. Every day he wakes up with no memory of what he did the day before, feeling as though no time has passed because he is unable to form new memories. D)John Doe remembers his third birthday more clearly than any other birthday because his dog died the day of his birthday party.

C

Which of the following is a good example of semantic encoding? A)being able to hum the tune to a song after hearing it only once B)dreaming about a beach and deciding to take a vacation C)remembering the colors of the rainbow with the acronym ROY-G-BIV D)thinking about a car you plan to buy and having the image of the car appear in your mind

C

Which term refers to the process by which we derive meaning from morphemes and words? A) interpretation B) language C) semantics D) syntax

C

___ 10.Research shows that receiving some sort of extrinsic reinforcement for engaging in behaviors that we enjoy leads to those behaviors ________. A) creating an attraction/repulsion complex C) no longer providing that same enjoyment B) motivating us to engage in different behaviors D) providing twice as much enjoyment

C

___ 5. Motivation describes the wants or needs that direct behavior toward a goal. What is the motivation in the following sentence? Giorgio works part-time at a diner so he can afford to attend culinary school because he wants to become a chef, even though he is in debt. A)attending culinary school C) wanting to become a chef B) being in debt D)working part-time at a diner

C

Remembering ________ is a good example of episodic memory. A)how a hamburger tastes even though you have never tasted it yourself B)how to use the microwave C)what the word January means D)your first day of school

D

Which of the following is a good example of visual encoding? A) being able to remember the words to a song even when you can't remember the tune B) dreaming about your mother and deciding to call her C) remembering the colors of the rainbow by thinking about a bag of Skittles D) thinking about a dog you want to adopt and having the image of the dog appear in your mind

D

___ 1. Ego identity is our ________. A) early personality B) nature C) primary character D) sense of self

D

___ 10. Which of the following illustrates conservation? A)Deirdre believes that five pennies have more value than two nickels. B)Joseph saves his energy by brushing his teeth in the shower. C)Rebekah recycles her glass bottles but not her cell phone batteries. D)Scott knows that one piece of pizza cut into two slices is the same amount as cutting the same piece of pizza into three slices.

D

___ 10.Why was Sigmund Freud trained as a medical doctor and not a psychologist? A)He tried to become a psychologist, but he could not pass the required exams. B)He tried to become a psychologist, but no university would admit a Jewish student. C)His theories were too radical, so he trained as a physician to give himself creditability. D)There was no such thing as a degree in psychology when he received his education.

D

___ 2. Stage theories hold that the sequence of development is ________. A) culturally specific B) dramatic C) related to language acquisition D) universal

D

___ 4. After age 65, most people are attempting to assess their lives and make sense of life and the meaning of their contributions. What is the primary developmental task of this stage? A) generativity vs. stagnation B) identity vs. guilt C) initiative vs. guilt D) integrity vs. despair

D

___ 7. What is the developmental task of Erik Erikson's eighth stage of psychosocial development, in which an individual assesses and makes sense of her life and the meaning of her contributions? A)autonomy vs. shame/doubt C)identity vs. confusion B)generativity vs. stagnation D)integrity vs. despair

D

___ 9. Carissa's parents let her stay up as late as she wants. She is allowed to pick out her own clothes and decide when and what she wants to eat. Her parents act more like her friends than authority figures. What kind of parenting style is this? A) authoritarian B) authoritative C) Freudian D) permissive

D

You and your roommate spent all of last night studying for your psychology test. You think you know the material; however, you suggest that you study again the next morning an hour prior to the test. Your roommate asks you to explain why you think this is a good idea. What do you tell her?

Due to storage decay, an average person will lose 50% of the memorized information after 20 minutes and 70% of the information after 24 hours (The Ebbinghaus forgetting curve). Studying right before test increases the likelihood the information will remain in your memory. Overlearning can help prevent storage decay.

Do you believe your level of intelligence was improved because of the stimuli in your childhood environment? Why or why not?

Range of Reaction is the theory that each person responds to the environment in a unique way based on his or her genetic makeup. According to this idea, your genetic potential is a fixed quantity, but whether you reach your full intellectual potential is dependent upon the environmental stimulation you experience, especially in childhood. Think about this scenario: A couple adopts a child who has average genetic intellectual potential. They raise her in an extremely stimulating environment. What will happen to the couple's new daughter? It is likely that the stimulating environment will improve her intellectual outcomes over the course of her life. But what happens if this experiment is reversed? If a child with an extremely strong genetic background is placed in an environment that does not stimulate him: What happens? Interestingly, according to a longitudinal study of highly gifted individuals, it was found that "the two extremes of optimal and pathological experience are both represented disproportionately in the backgrounds of creative individuals"; however, those who experienced supportive family environments were more likely to report being happy

Describe the five stages of grief and provide examples of how a person might react in each stage.

The first stage is denial. The person receives news that he is dying, and either does not take it seriously or tries to escape from the reality of the situation. The next stage is anger. He realizes time is short, and he may not have a chance to accomplish what he wanted in life. "It's not fair. The third stage is bargaining. In this stage, he tries to delay the inevitable by bargaining or pleading for extra time, usually with God, family members, or medical care providers. "God, just give me one more year so I can take that trip with my grandchildren. The fourth stage is depression. He becomes sad about his impending death. "I can't believe this is how I'm going to die. The final stage is acceptance. This stage is usually reached in the last few days or weeks before death. He recognizes that death is inevitable. "I need to get everything in order and say all of my good-byes to the people I love."

Why might a prospective employer screen applicants using personality assessments?

They can help an employer predict a candidate's reactions and attitudes to various situations they might encounter on the job, thus helping choose the right person for the job. This is particularly important in hiring for a high-risk job such as law enforcement. Personality tests can also reveal a potential employee's desirable qualities such as honesty, motivation, and conscientiousness.

___ 1. A(an) ________ locus of control is the belief that our outcomes are outside of our control; an ________ locus of control is the belief that we control our own outcomes. A) congruent; incongruent B) external; internal C) internal; external D) real; ideal

b

___ 4. The ________ Inkblot Test employs a series of symmetrical inkblot cards that are presented to a client by a psychologist in an effort to reveal the person's unconscious desires, fears, and struggles. A) Julian Rotter B) Rorschach C) TAT D) TEMAS

b

___ 2. Asa is buying a gift for his mother, an overbearing woman who is difficult to please. When a clerk asks him who he is shopping for he replies, "my smother" instead of "my mother." What does this exemplify? A) archetype B) collective unconscious C) Freudian slip D) repressed memory

c

___ 5. Ingrid is energized by being alone, speaks slowly and softly, and avoids attention. Carl Jung would call her a(an) ________. A) extrovert B) humanist C) introvert D) neo-Freudian

c

___ 9. As the "third force" in psychology, ________ is touted as a reaction both to the pessimistic determinism of psychoanalysis and to the behaviorists' view of humans passively reacting to the environment. A) biological determinism B) feminism C) humanism D) social cognition theory

c