Psych exam 2

42. What best describes a flashbulb memory?

.....

79. A _______________ is a mental representation of an event, object, or situation constructed at the time of comprehending Caleb uses the words "sofa" "soda" and "dinner" instead of "couch" "soft drink" and "supper." When the others in the conversations use the same words, the people talking have adopted the same

.....

87. According to the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, pronouns like "I", "me", and "my" are used more often in _______________ cultures.

.....

60. John has just been assessed as having an mild intellectual disability. Part of this diagnosis was based on his IQ score, which must have been below which of the following thresholds?

70

17. The "law of effect" states

Any behavior that leads to a positive state is likely to be repeated

58. The questions on Binet's original intelligence test were developed by:

Binet, who applied "reasonable standards" for each question selection

48. Dianne is learning to play tennis. She is quite an accomplished badminton player. She is having a difficult time adjusting her stroke to account for the weight of the racquet and ball in tennis. This is an example of:

Cerebellum interference

72. "________ ground" refers to the information that is shared by people who engage in conversation. It allows for communication between speaker and listener to make coherent sense to both parties.

Common

7. A Pavlovian conditioned response elicits:

Conditional response

8. When Nora goes into a cupcake bakery, she is surrounded by cues associated with cupcakes. Her response elicited by these cues is to expect a very delicious dessert. When she waits until she gets home to eat the cupcake, that's exactly what she experiences. However, when she eats the cupcake at the bakery it is not as delicious as she predicted. Which concept can explain this phenomenon of cues reducing the strength of the unconditioned response (i.e. enjoyment of the cupcake)?

Conditioned compensatory responses

9. As learning occurs over repeated conditioning trials, the conditioned stimulus increasingly predicts the unconditioned stimulus, and prediction error __________.

Declines

1. In classical conditioning, the response is _____¬___ by a stimulus that comes ________it.

Elicited; before

40. During the lecture Wayne is busy texting on his cell phone, while kind of half paying attention to what the professor is saying. A few minutes after making a point the professor gives an pop quiz on the material. Wayne can't retrieve the information the prof gave in the lecture and does poorly on the test. A likely factor in Wayne's not being able to retrieve the information is:

Encoding failure

35. Episodic memory is the memory system that holds what kind of information?

Episodic memory is a person's memory of a specific event

70. When people are aware of stereotypes about their social group as it relates to scores on intelligence tests:

Fear may undermine their performance.

25. Which of the following is a primary reinforcer

Food, drink, and pleasure are the principal examples of primary reinforcers.

57. This person was among those who pioneered psychological measurement. Among other contributions, he was possibly the first to popularize the notion that the heritability of psychological traits could be assessed by looking at identical and fraternal twins.

Francis Galton

59. Which of the following pairs of psychologists were responsible for the first recognized test of intelligence quotient, or IQ?

French psychologist Alfred Binet

91. While gossip can hurt individuals, it has upsides. What is one of the main functions of gossip in our social world?

Gossip helps regulate the social world by communicating what is right or wrong and under what circumstances.

49. Imagine that you are trying to teach your friend a new language. In order to make sure they are learning the vocabulary, you have them write down, from memory, every word they can think of that has to do with clothes (i.e., you have them write down words like dress, pants, shoes, shorts, t-shirt, etc.). This type of memory performance is referred to as:

Imagine that you are trying to teach your friend a new language. In order to make sure they are learning the vocabulary, you have them write down, from memory, every word they can think of that has to do with clothes (i.e. you have them write down words like dress, pants, shoes, shorts, t-shirt, etc.). This type of memory performance is referred to as:

26. If Jack confiscates his son Joshua's video game console to stop him from misbehaving, what technique is Jack using to modify Joshua's behavior?

Increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as food.

3. Mr. Sampson's mouth always waters when he sees a donut. He nearly always orders a coffee when he has a donut. One day, he orders a coffee and a chocolate donut. He is served the coffee right away, but told that the donuts are still being made and he will have to wait a few minutes. He takes a seat while he is waiting and takes a deep sniff of his coffee. As he does so, he begins salivating. In terms of classical conditioning, why did this happen?

It happen because the coffee is acting as a conditioned stimulus

90. With regard to the hypothesis of Edward Sapir and Benjamin Whorf, which of the following is the most accurate statement?

Language influences but does not determine how we think.

50. What best captures how memory works?

Memories are reconstructions of the event, which makes them susceptible to inaccuracy

30. A child who learns to play kickball by sitting back and watching is engaged in:

Observational learning

2. In Pavlov's experiments, what type of stimulus was the bell, generally?

Pavlov introduced the ringing of the bell as a neutral stimulus

56. Spearman viewed G as the general factor of intelligence. From his perspective:

People who score high in one sub-area, such as math, tend also to score high on other sub-areas such as verbal scores.

10. Humans are much more likely to associate snakes with danger than flowers and danger. This is due to our evolutionary tendency called __________.

Preparedness

88. __________ occurs when thinking about one concept (e.g., strawberry) causes you to think of other, related concepts (jam, shortcake, milkshakes).

Priming

67. Which psychologist conducts research on the mindset of children looking at differences in high and low achievers with similar IQ scores?

Researcher Carol Dweck

64. Alfred takes an IQ test at ages 25 and 55, measuring his fluid and crystallized intelligence. Based on research of their respective developmental trajectories, what are most likely changes in these two areas that we would see?

She notes that this mindset is healthier than other beliefs about one's own intelligence.

19. The researchers most closely associated with operant conditioning are

Skinner

6. Emily naturally blinks whenever her sister pretends she's going to poke her in the eye. Her sister, a psychology major, then decides to have a little fun. She pairs the word "psychology" (conditioned stimulus) with pretending to poke Emily in the eye (unconditioned stimulus). Soon, Emily blinks as soon as she hears the word "psychology." According to the concept of blocking, what would happen in this scenario if Emily's sister also started snapping her fingers when she said the word psychology?

Snapping her fingers will not have any additional effects because it is not adding any surprise to predict the unconditioned stimulus

76. While traveling to the Canada from his home in Europe, Gunther often asks people, "Excuse me, can you please the time tell me?" Even though people understand what he is asking and politely tell him the time, Gunther's incorrect use of __________ threatens his attempts at communicating with others in a language that is foreign to him.

Syntax

11. Three years ago, Nasim ate a burger and was violently sick a few hours afterwards. Even though it was the only time up to that point that he had had this reaction to burgers, he cannot even look at a burger without feeling sick. Why is his conditioned taste aversion puzzling from the perspective of the general principles of classical conditioning?

The association that nasim made between eating the burger and feeling sick required only a single US-CS pairings.

5. In classical conditioning the unconditioned response is:

The biological response triggered by the unconditioned stimulus

31. What is the correct order of the four parts of learning theorized by Bandura?

The four steps in the Social Learning Theory of Bandura are attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation. Step 1: Attention. The behavior of the model must grab the learner's attention for them to notice the behavior and to implement observational learning. ... Step 2: Retention. ... Step 3: Reproduction. ... Step 4: Motivation.

51. The testing effect refers to:

The testing effect is the finding that long-term memory is often increased when some of the learning period is devoted to retrieving the to-be-remembered information.

23. Kurt's mom was so upset when she overheard him swearing that she made him clean his room! This is an example of:

This is an example of: Positive punishment.

34. When Carla was discussing the party with one of her friends, she was trying to remember a conversation she'd had. Carla was trying to access her:

When Carla was discussing the party with one of her friends, she was trying to remember a conversation she'd had. Carla was trying to access her:

22. Jaspreet has been nagged by his parents to make his bed.

When Jaspreet makes his bed and the nagging stops, he is negatively reinforced

33. Levi met a cute girl on the street. The girl gave Levi her number and Levi is trying to remember the digits until he can write it down when he finds a paper and pencil. Levi is using what type of memory to remember the girl's phone number?

Working memory

39. Forgetting is one type of error, where you cannot recall information. Misremembering is another type of error. What would be an example of misremembering?

You falsely recognize a definition term on an exam, remembering the word but not the concept

54. Intelligence is:

a mental quality consisting of the ability to learn from experience, solving problems

13. Fear conditioning can play a role in creating __________ in humans

anxiety disorders

20. The technical definition of a reinforcer is

any consequence of a behavior that strengthens the behavior or increases the likelihood that it will be performed again

73. Cedric tells a new acquaintance that is "from Chicago" but when he learns that this man is also a Chicago native he corrects by listing he specific neighborhood in which he lives. This is called:

audience design

32. In Bandura's famous experiment children observed either an aggressive or a non-aggressive model in a room of toys and a Bobo Doll. When allowed to play with Bobo, researchers observed that children who observed the aggressive model were more aggressive in their own interactions. Research concluded that:

children used their observation of adult models to determine that aggressive behavior was acceptable

38. Andre grew up in New Orleans and was present when Hurricane Katrina occurred. His family, his community, and Andre share a ________ memory of this event.

collective

71. Anna is telling Joy all about Maya's recent engagement. Because they share _______________, Anna assumes that Joy knows a little about Maya and George and doesn't need to tell about who they are. If Anna were speaking to someone else, she may need to include more details.

common ground

29. The stimulus controlling the operant response is called a __________ stimulus. For example, students do not learn simply when material is set in front of them. Instead, the material sets the occasion for learning to occur.

discriminative

41. Which principle describes when an unusual event, typically in the context of similar events, will be recalled and recognized better than uniform events?

distinctiveness

66. Some researcher say that ____________________ is really a set of skills including stress management and the ability to perceive moods.

emotional intelligence

43. Marcela can clearly remember the moment she learned about the events of Sept. 11, 2001. She vividly recalls when her teacher walked in and turned on the news - the face of the firefighter she saw is permanently etched in her brain. She remembers who was sitting next to her and what she was wearing. This scenario describes what phenomenon?

flashbulb memory

74. By some counts, more than 90 percent of conversations happen in a group of ____ or fewer individuals

four individuals or less.

68. According to researcher Carol Dweck, when children believe that their intelligence is changeable and evolving, they experience a(n) ________ mindset. She notes that this mindset is healthier than other beliefs about one's own intelligence.

growth

82. Gossip, making up 60-70% of conversations, is argued to be an important part of defining _____________ and _____________ in regulating the social world.

ingroups and outgroups

55. Paulo is being tested in the office of a licensed psychology. The test is examining Paulo's ability to acquire, process, recall, and apply information. In short, his cognitive capacity is being assessed. Paulo is probably undergoing a(n) __________ test.

intelligence

75. According to Fussell and Krauss (1992), speakers tend to use more descriptive information when speaking about ________.

lesser known to lesser identifiable people

78. Caleb uses the words "sofa" "soda" and "dinner" instead of "couch" "soft drink" and "supper." When the others in the conversations use the same words, the people talking have adopted the same

lexicon

85. Amir's friend Joe cheated on a test and got caught. When retelling the events Amir said that Joe only did it because the test was unannounced, making it unfair and that normally Joe wouldn't even think about cheating. By framing Joe's cheating as an exception to normal behavior, Amir is exhibiting

linguistic intergroup bias

89. With regards to language Dunbar argues that animals with larger brains, particularly humans, are more likely to _________.

live together in social groups

83. According to the social brain hypothesis, the human brain has evolved over many generations so that people can:

maintain larger ingroups.

Some people have amazing and elaborate memory processes that allow them to remember a large amount of information in a short amount of time. Often, these individuals are said to use ______________, or elaborate scenes with discrete places, to help them encode and recall information at a rapid rate

memory palaces

44. Our experiences that directly impact our brain though neural processes are referred to as:

memory traces/engrams

52. "Please Excuse My Dear Aunt Sally" (PEMDAS) is a popular way for math teachers to help their students remember the order of operations (Parentheses, Exponents, Multiplication and Division, Addition and Subtraction). This is an example of:

mnemonic devide

63. Wechsler designed IQ tests that provide specific scores for different kinds of abilities. Performance items:

nonverbal abilities such as the ability to copy block designs

61. Psychological tests are often used to measure characteristics (e.g., IQ) across people of different ages, who live in different places, and so on. In order that people can be properly ordered on the dimension of measurement (e.g., compare their IQs), it's important that these tests are:

normed

24. Richard, an institutionalized schizophrenic patient has poor personal hygiene. He is given a token each time he completes a personal hygiene behavior (e.g., brush their teeth in the morning). At the end of the week Richard can exchange these tokens for his favorite snack. The token acts as a:

positive reinforcement

27. Kelly is grounded by her father, until she sits down and completes an important homework assignment. Which technique has her father used to try to alter her behavior?

positive reinforcement.

47. If old experiences disrupt recall of new experiences, this is referred to as:

proactive interference.

21. Effects that increase behaviors are __________; effects that decrease them are ____________.

reinforcers; punishers

45. If new experiences disrupt recall of old experiences, this is referred to as:

retroactive interference

37. Bryan is chatting with a friend and tells the friend that the capital of China is Beijing, but in the past had been called Peking. His friend remarks that this is fascinating, and asks when Bryan learned that. Bryan thinks for a moment and then says, "I don't really know." The information about Beijing/Peking was likely retrieved from Bryan's:

semantic memory

36. Memory that is not embedded in a context is called:

semantic memory.

84. Gossip travels fast but emotive gossip travels even faster through social networks. In fact, researchers have estimated that everyone in society is connected with one another by ____ degrees of separation.

six

15. Ronaldo's dog, Mickey, used to be classically conditioned to bark every time he heard the doorbell because he knew people would be arriving and he wanted to say hello. While Mickey's owner did a good job of extinguishing Mickey's association of these stimuli, a doorbell can still sometimes evoke some responding again of Mickey barking. It is likely that Mikey is showing what aspect of conditioning?

spontaneous recovery

62. A possible problem in the use of psychological tests (e.g., IQ tests) is that many different psychologists from different backgrounds and with different theoretical orientations and backgrounds may give the test. Every psychologist then might deliver the test differently. In order to overcome this problem, it is ideal if psychological tests are:

standerized

86. The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis is the notion that the language a person speaks or the linguistic practice can:

strongly influence the thoughts they can have

46. Rick has been working hard to make the Dean's list this semester. At midterms he finds he has two exams on the same day. He studies for both exams the night before. If Rick wants to minimize the amount of retroactive interference he should:

study for the afternoon exam first, then the morning exam

81. Kai has now learned that the past participle of "run" is "ran", and no longer incorrectly says "runned". In which area of language development is he progressing here? 82. Gossip, making up 60-70% of conversations, is argued to be an important part of defining _____________ and _____________ in regulating the social world.

syntactic

77. The grammatical rules that dictate the proper method for combining words and expressions together for the purpose of communication is called ________.

syntax or grammar.

12. When Carla was a child, she ate too much cotton candy at the fair and got very sick. For many years she avoided cotton candy and even the smell of it made her feel sick. This example demonstrates:

taste aversion conditioning

65. Howard Gardner proposed that:

that people are not born with all of the intelligence they will ever have

14. If a tone is sometimes preceded by a light, and always followed by a shock, an animal will likely learn to fear:

the tone, but not the light

28. Which is an important difference between classical and operant conditioning?

the way the behavior is conditioned

80. a linguistic description.

the work of objectively analyzing and describing how language is actually used

69. Understand Gender Differences in IQ

there are no overall score differences between males and females.

18. In the "Skinner box" experiment the rats can learn:

to press a lever when reinforced with a food pellet

16. Identify when extinction occurs.

when reinforcement is withheld