psych exam 2 questions

Thinking outside the box is MOST closely related to:

divergent thinking

when do we forget?

forgetting can occur at any memory stage. when we process information, we filter, alter, or lose much of it.

Lance is solving the anagram MAHLTGIRO. He tries to create words using common combinations of the anagram's letters, such as TH. Lance is using a(n):

heuristic

which parts of the brain are processing sites for your explicit memories?

hippocampus and frontal lobes

your dog is barking so loudly that it's making your ears ring. You clap your hands, the dog stops barking, your ears stop ringing, and you think to yourself, "I'll have to do that when he barks again." The end of the barking was for you a.......

negative reinforcer

is negative reinforcement punishment?

no, it provides relief (ex: from a bad headache, nagging teen, or annoying alarm clock)

an african grey parrot at a pet store has been trained to count objects. for example, if he is shown a tray of balls and asked how many are red, he will answer correctly about 80 percent of the time. this parrot is displaying:

numerical skills

little teddy and his sister pam are sitting in the kitchen and teddy decides to touch the hot stove and burns his finger. pam now knows not to touch the stove or else she will burn her finger. what is this an example of?

observational learning

in _________ we learn to associate a response (our behavior) and its consequence.

operant conditioning

what happens if you have a damaged cerebellum?

people cannot develop certain conditioned reflexes such as associating a tone with an impending puff of air and thus do not blink in anticipation of the puff

To say the word bat, people utter the _____ b, a, and t.

phonemones

what are the types of reinforcers?

positive and negative

Richard learned at an early age how to sell numerous items ranging from chocolate to small electronics. Many say his best education came from the streets he grew up on. This BEST illustrates Sternberg's concept of _____ intelligence.

practical

what is operant conditioning?

a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher

If someone estimates the likelihood of events based on the ease with which they retrieve them from memory, they are demonstrating the _____ heuristic.

availability

a medieval proverb notes that "a burnt child dreads the fire." In operant conditioning, the burning would be an example of a__________

punisher

While on vacation in Mexico, James attempts to speak Spanish. However, he is finding it difficult to communicate with others. He is using Spanish terms, but he places words together according to the English language. James is having difficulty with:

syntax

_____________ is a basic form of learning by which all organisms adapt to their environment

classical conditioning

In Pavlov's experiments, the tone started as a neutral stimulus, and then became a(n) __________ stimulus.

conditioned

Pavlov noticed that dogs began salivating at the mere sight of the person who regularly brought food to them. For the dogs, the sight of this person had become a(n):

conditioned stimulus

what are the four schedules of partial reinforcement that Skinner and his collaborators compared?

1. fixed-ratio schedules 2. variable-ratio schedules 3. fixed-interval schedules 4. variavle-interval schedules

what is an example of a positive punishment?

1. spraying water on a barking dog 2. giving a traffic ticket for speeding

what is an example of negative reinforcement?

1. taking away a misbehaving teens driving privileges 2. revoking a rude person's chat room access

antisocial effects of observational learning

abusive parents may have aggressive children, watching cruelty may foster indifference, watching TV and videos may teach children: bullying is an effective tool for controlling others, free and easy sex doesn't have later consequences, men should be tough; women should be gentle

Past performance is to future performance as _____ test is to _____ test.

achievement; aptitude

Even Evan Grunts

acronym example

Please Marry Grant (phonomemes, morphemes, grammer)

acronym example

CAP (creative, analytical, and practical intelligence)

acrostics example

prosocial effects of observational learning

behavior modeling enhances learning of communication, sales, and customer service skills in new employees, modeling nonviolent, helpful behavior prompts similar behavior in others, research across seven countries showed that viewing prosocial media increased later helping behavior, models most effective with consistent actions and words

how did pavlov demonstrate generalization?

by attaching miniature vibrators to various parts of a dog's body. after conditioning salvation to stimulation of the thigh, he stimulated other areas. the closer a stimulated spot was to the dogs thigh, the stronger the conditioned response.

in one study, monkeys first learn to classify pictures of cats and dogs. then, they are shown images that are catlike or doglike. which statement suggests that monkeys are able to form concepts?

certain frontal lobe neurons fire in response to the images

marshall ate a hamburger he purchased from his favorite fast-food restaurant. an hour later, his stomach became very upset and he spent the rest of the evening vomiting. a week later, he entered the restaurant and immediately became nauseous when he saw a hamburger. marshall's nausea when he saw the hamburger is an example of what?

classical conditioning

what is a basic form of learning that applies to all species?

classical conditioning

when miguel was a child, he was attacked by a swarm of hornets in his backyard. now, every time he hears the sound of hornets, he immediately becomes frightened. this is an example of ______________.

classical conditioning

Tyler loves dogs. Anytime he sees an animal, he asks his parents whether or not that animal is a dog. Eventually, he is able to differentiate dogs from other animals, as well as recognize both large and small dogs as dogs. These experiences are helping to shape his _____ about dogs.

concept

if serena goes to a new restaurant she will probably recognize some of the objects she sees as chairs even though she may have never seen that particular style of chair before. This is because she has an existing _____ of chairs.

concept

Whenever Tarik reminded himself that his musical skills could earn him fame and fortune, he became less creative in his musical performance. This BEST illustrates that creativity may be inhibited by _____ motivation.

extrinsic

often forgetting is not memories _________ but memories _________

faded; unretrieved

a restaurant is running a special deal. After you buy four meals at full price, you will get a free appetizer. this is an example of a ______________ schedule of reinforcement.

fixed ratio

Over a long period of time, researchers may retest the same people at different points in time as they age. This BEST illustrates a(n) _____ study.

longitudinal

how are classical conditioning and operant conditioning similar and different?

similar: forms of associative learning, both involve acquisition, extinction, spontaneous recovery, generalization, and discrimination different: classical conditional involves respondent behaviors and operant conditioning involves operant behaviors

thorndike's law of effect was the basis for 's work on operant conditioning and behavior control.

skinner's

What is a difference between the multiple intelligence model developed by Robert Sternberg and the multiple model of intelligence developed by Howard Gardner?

the number or types of intelligences (three vs. eight)

after goofing off in class, carl gets a bad grade on his exam but then studies harder for his next exam. how is this an example of both positive and negative reinforcement?

this increased effort may be negatively reinforced by reduced anxiety but positively reinforced by getting a better grade.

Two forms of associative learning are classical conditioning, in which the organism associates _________, and operant conditioning, in which the organism associates____________ .

two or more stimuli; a response and consequence

in research studies in which subjects were asked to make a choice regarding a complex problem, they made the best decision when they:

were slightly distracted