psych exam 2 review

Illnesses such as diabetes and cancer kill more than twice the number of Americans than murder or car accidents. However, Zale sees car accidents as more dangerous because he often hears about car accident fatalities on the nightly news, and he doesn't know anyone with diabetes or cancer. Therefore, Zale takes more precautions against car accidents. This exemplifies ________.

availability heuristic

Which two concepts can be thought of as opposite processes within the classical conditioning model?

acquisition and extinction

Learning that occurs but is not observable in behavior until there is a reason to demonstrate

latent learning

What is the set of processes used to encode, store, and retrieve information over different periods of time?

memory

Gonzalo is attempting to open his car door using the auto lock button on his keychain. He pushes the button twice, but his car door does not open. He continues to push the button even though it is likely that the auto lock feature has stopped working, and he will need to open the door manually with his key. This illustrates a ________.

mental set

A heuristic is:

mental shortcut saving time

A ________ is the smallest unit of language that conveys some type of meaning.

morpheme

Knowing what a rainbow looks like because you have seen a rainbow is an example of a(n) ________ concept.

natural

Anita says she can't define art but she knows it when she sees it. In Anita's mind, art is a(n):

natural concept

Dave's boss told him that he doesn't have to attend the company picnic (which everybody dislikes) if Dave meets his sales quota this month. Dave's boss is using ________.

negative reinforcement

A(n) ________ is a basic sound unit of a given language.

phoneme

Anwar is hiking in the woods and he gets lost. He spends several days trying to find his way back to his basecamp, but he has the knowledge to gather wood, start a fire, and keep himself warm at night. He is also able to identify local berries and mushrooms growing that he can eat without being poisoned. Anwar is demonstrating ________ intelligence from the triarchic theory.

practical

Lily performed a dance routine at a competition three months ago. When her grandmother asks her to show her the routine, Lily finds that she makes very few mistakes. Lily is using her _____ memory to perform the dance routine.

procedural

The difference between a reinforcer and a punisher is that _____.

reinforce: strength behavior punish: weaken behavior

Which of the following is a good example of the use of a mnemonic?

remembering the names of the Great Lakes with the acronym HOMES

The practice of administering, scoring, and interpreting an assessment tool in the same manner is called ________

standardization

You begin to salivate when you smell your favorite cake in the oven, but not when you smell the gross scent of a dirty diaper. This is an example of ________.

stimulus discrimination

Which of the following is an example of a reflex?

the pupil of your eye contracting in the presence of bright light

Extinction occurs in classical conditioning by repeatedly presenting the _____.

conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus

Howard found evidence that one of Sheldon's published theories is incorrect. Even after multiple outside labs confirmed Howard's new findings, Sheldon refuses to believe his theory is wrong. Sheldon is falling victim to the:

confirmation bias

Which of the following is considered to be the conditioned response in Pavlov's experiment with dogs?

drooling in RESPONSE to bell

I am trying to learn the names of all of the countries. Because I am actively and consciously remembering and recalling this information, it is considered ________ memory.

explicit

What is the confirmation bias?

focusing on information that confirms your existing beliefs

Spearman's "g" is a measure of _____ intelligence.

general

___ is defined as the gradual weakening and eventual disappearance of a learned (i.e., conditioned) response

extinction

The type of intelligence that involves seeing complex relationships and solving problems is ________ intelligence.

fluid

What brain structure serves as a temporary storage bin for episodic and semantic memories?

hippocampus

When Alex kisses Joanna, her heart rate increases. Alex always wears the same cologne. Now, whenever Joanna smells Alex's cologne, her heart starts to race. In this example, what is the conditioned stimulus?

his cologne

Your memory of how to ride a bicycle is probably something that you don't actively think about while you're riding. You just sort of "do it" without thinking of how you do it. This is an example of a(n) ________ memory.

implicit

what is episodic memory?

information about events we have personally experienced

Birds migrating, cats chasing prey, sea turtles moving toward the ocean immediately after birth, and a joey (baby kangaroo) moving to its motherâ s pouch immediately after birth are all examples of ________.

instinct

From a cognitive psychology perspective, why is getting plenty of sleep the night before an exam important?

it allows for CONSOLIDATION of studied material in long-term memory.

Jasmine uses a ruler to measure the distance between two points. She does this five times and each time she gets the same measurement of 3.5 inches. She checks this measurement with her dad's high-tech laser ruler and discovers that her ruler is inaccurate; the correct measurement is actually 5 inches. How would you describe Jasmine's ruler?

it is reliable (same measurements), but not valid (incorrect measurement)

Which experiment involves the use of classical conditioning?

knowing that a student fears exams, the instructor wears a bright red shirt only on exam day, every exam day, to see how long it is before the red shirt becomes an object of fear to the student

Katya studies Spanish for three years, and then switches to Pashto. When asked to remember Spanish vocabulary she can't; instead she can only remember Pashto vocabulary. This is an example of ________ interference.

retroactive

Elaine wakes up in the hospital with a head injury. She gets to know her doctors and nurses over time, but it soon becomes clear that she has no memories from before she woke up in the hospital. Elaine has ________ amnesia.

retrograde

Who developed the triarchic theory of intelligence?

robert sternberg

Chuck is a spy for the C.I.A. He suffered a head injury during his last secret mission. His doctors are trying to assess whether he is experiencing memory loss. They ask him questions such as "Who is the current president of the United States?" and "What do you remember about your sister's wedding last weekend?" Remembering who is president is a(n) _____ memory and remembering the events of your sister's wedding is a(n) _____ memory.

semantic; episodic

Which term refers to the process by which we derive meaning from morphemes and words?

semantics

What kind of memory involves storage of brief events, such as sights, sounds, and tastes?

sensory

Stanley was diagnosed with lymphoma and had to undergo several months of chemotherapy. During this time he would become very nauseated as a side effect, and unintentionally came to associate that nausea with his favorite grilled cheese sandwich. Now, years later, even thinking about a grilled cheese sandwich makes him sick. In this example, Stanley's nauseous reaction to a grilled cheese sandwich is the ________.

CR

How is an explicit memory different from an implicit memory?

Explicit memories are memories we consciously try to remember and recall implicit memories are those that are not part of our consciousness.

_ was the first to describe classical conditioning.

Pavlov

In the operant conditioning techniques reinforcement and punishment, what do the terms positive and negative refer to?

Positive refers to a stimulus that is added and negative refers to a stimulus that is removed.

Mrs. Collora teaches social studies to junior high school students. Two boys in her class often loudly make jokes about the material being discussed. She has tried several techniques without success: Next, she plans to give students a star for positive classroom participation. Students can exchange five stars to eliminate one question from their homework assignment. This is an example of:

a token economy program

Which individual was asked by the French government to create an assessment tool - an intelligence test, of sorts - that would be used to identify schoolchildren who would be more likely to have difficulty in school?

alfred binet

Traditional intelligence tests, such as the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, measure _____ intelligence.

analytic

The famous case of H.M. demonstrated ________ amnesia, a condition in which a person can remember previously encoded memories but cannot encode new ones.

anterograde

Ella has suffered a head injury. She is no longer able to form new long-term memories. She is suffering from:

anterograde amnesia

_______ concepts are ones that we know by a specific set of characteristics.

artificial

Elena finds it very difficult to remember a long string of numbers, so she tries to memorize three numbers at a time. Later, she is able to repeat the numbers correctly because she grouped the numbers into more manageable groups of three. This is an example of ________.

chunking

__ encompasses the processes associated with perception, knowledge, problem solving, judgment, language, and memory.

cognition

_______ are categories or groupings of linguistic information, images, ideas, or memories, such as life experiences.

concepts

Carmela believes her assistant, Lian, is incompetent. She notices only what Lian does wrong while ignoring the above average quality of most of her work. This exemplifies ________ bias.

confirmation

After spending two hours studying, Daryl goes to bed early to get plenty of sleep. This is because he knows it will help him convert the information he just learned from short-term to long-term memory. This process is known as:

consolidation

Amarah has an exam in a week, so she schedules 30 to 60 minutes each night to review her course material. She does this rather than waiting until the night before the exam so that she can avoid a "cram session." Amarah's approach to studying is called ________ practice.

distributed

What is the correct order of the three basic processes of memory?

encoding, storage, retrieval

As the Dawson family sits down to Thanksgiving dinner, grandpa begins to tell the story of how he met grandma. She invited him to Thanksgiving dinner at her house after learning he was away from home. What type of memory is grandpa using?

episodic memory

What type of memories do we consciously try to remember, recall, and report?

explicit

Vince is failing Chemistry. Halfway through the year, his teacher, Mr. Nye, pairs him up with Lisa. Vince has had a crush on Lisa since the seventh grade and he really wants to impress her. Mr. Nye is shocked; since getting paired up with Lisa, Vince has gotten every question right! Vince is demonstrating _____.

latent learning

What do psychologists call a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience?

learning

The tendency to rely on strategies that worked in similar situations in the past but that may not be appropriate to the present situation refers to a(n

mental set

Gabrielle watches her father put batteries into her toy phone, and she is then able to put the batteries into the toy phone herself without further instruction from her father. In this example, Gabrielle's father is a ________.

model

In classical conditioning, the association that is learned is between a ________.

neutral and unconditioned

What was the overall result of Lashley's research that sought out the engram of human memory?

no evidence the engram exists

Byron watches as his dad hammers a nail into a piece of wood. Byron picks up his toy hammer and imitates his dad by hammering a plastic nail. Bryon is demonstrating _____.

observational learning

Hideki tells a lie and is grounded. He does this several times, finally learning that his behavior (lying) is associated with a consequence (being grounded). Which kind of learning is this?

operant conditioning

____ reinforcers have innate reinforcing qualities.

primary

While Althea was filling out a job application, memory of her previous address prevented her from accurately remembering her current address. This is an example of:

proactive interference

The _____ can contribute to the creation of stereotypes. For example, Denise went to the lake with her friends last week and she noticed that everyone was waving and acting very friendly. Denise now believes that everyone who owns a boat is extremely friendly.

representative heuristic

Liza uses _____ to help her recall information. For example, she remembers that the temporal lobe is responsible for processing auditory information because temporal contains the word "tempo," which reminds her of music.

retrival cues

Sydney is learning how to play pool. At first, her uncle reinforces her for hitting any of the pool balls. Next, he only reinforces her for hitting the pool balls into a pocket. Finally, he only reinforcers her for hitting her own pool balls into a pocket. What operant conditioning technique is Sydney's uncle using to teach her how to play pool?

shaping

Which term best describes rewarding successive approximations of a target behavior?

shaping

. This return of a previously extinguished response is called ________.

spontaneous recovery

You are a big fan of your grandmother's chocolate chip cookies. Just the smell of them causes you to feel hungry. One night she is making chocolate chip oatmeal almond cookies, a variation of her usual recipe. You smell the baking cookies and even though it is different than her usual cookie scent, you still suddenly feel hungry for a treat. This demonstrates the classical conditioning principle of ________.

stimulus generalization

Divergent thinking is defined as:

the ability to think "outside the box" to arrive at novel solutions to a problem