Psych. Exam 2

Unlike traditional classical; conditioning, as studies with rats have shown, taste aversions can be produced when the time interval between the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus is as long as:

24 hours.

After he was spanked on several occasions for spilling his milk at a restaurant, Colin became afraid to go to the restaurant. In this case, spanking was a(n) ________ for Colin's fear.

Unconditioned Stimulus

What represents a valid criticism of the ethics of Watson and Rayner's "Little Albert" study?

Watson and Rayner intentionally induced a lasting fear in an infant, and they did not attempt to extinguish it when the experiment was over.

What is an ex. of a primary reinforcer?

a cold drink on a hot day

The phenomenon of a spontaneous recovery provides support for the idea that:

a conditioned responses that is extinguished is not learned or completely eliminated

To produce a learned fear response in classical conditioning, what two elements are paired?

a neutral stimulus and a stimulus that naturally produces fear

Psychologist formally define learning as:

a process that produces a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge as a result of past experience

After repeatedly pairing the sound of a bell with food being placed in a dog's mouth, the sound of the bell alone will make the dog salivate. At this point, the sound of the bell is a(n):

conditioned stimulus (CS)

You take two aspirin to relieve a headache. Thirty minutes later, the headache is gone. You are now more likely to take aspirin to deal with bodily aches and pain in the future. In other words, _____ has occurred.

negative reinforcement by escape

Prior to conditioning, a Little Albert did not show any fear to the "white rat". At this point, the white rat is a:

neutral stimulus

Delores could see a sock on the floor behind the clothes dryer. She straightened out a wire clothes hanger, fashioned a hook on the end, and used it to fish the sock out from behind the dryer. Using operant conditioning terminology, straightening out the wire hanger and poking it behind the dryer would be the _____ and the retrieved sock would be the _____, assuming this increased Delores' use of the clothes wire to retrieve socks in the future.

operant; reinforcing stimulus

Your dog jumps up on a visitor and you smack him with a rolled up newspaper. The next time you have a visitor, your dog doesn't jump on them. This is an example of:

positive punishment

A stimulus or event that is naturally or inherently reinforcing for a given species is called a _________, and a stimulus or event that has acquired reinforcing value by being associated with a primary reinforcer is called a ______

primary reinforcer; negative reinforcer

The fifth time that Tyler was late for school he was given a detention. However, the following day he was late for school again. In this situation it is likely that:

punishment has not occurred, because the operant response of being late for school was not suppressed.

What is not one of the three major types of learning listed is your test?

reinforcement learning

"I'll make you a deal," Cody's mother says. "If you clean up your room, then you can have a glazed donut.' Using operant conditioning terms, Cody's mother is using __________ to reward desired behavior.

A primary reinforcer

According to B.F Skinner, superstitious behaviors are the result of:

Accidental Reinforcement

Unbeknownst to the rest of the world, Roger was wearing green underwear when he aced his calculus test at the beginning of the semester. Ever since, Roger always wears green underwear on test days in his college classes. In operant conditioning terms, Roger's superstitious behavior is the result of:

Accidental Reinforcement

Habitual coffee drinkers often experience an almost immediate sense of alertness when they sip a fresh cup of coffee, even though it takes about twenty minutes for the caffeine in the coffee to reach significant levels in the bloodstream. What is the best explanation for this phenomenon?

After being repeatedly paired with the drug of caffeine, the smell and taste of coffee have become a conditioned response of alertness.

The famous Bobo doll research was conducted by _____ and showed the power of _____.

Albert Bandura; Observational Learning

What statement captures the basic idea of operant conditioning?

Behavior is shaped and maintained by its consequences

Steven Spielberg's classic movie Jaws was a thriller about a great white shark that terrorized tourists at a local beach. Just before the shark's appearance, eerie music began playing. As the unseen shark came closer, the tempo of the music picked up. After the audience had experienced this a few times, the sound of the music triggered the emotional reaction of fear in the audience even though the shark still had not appeared. At that point, THE SOUND of the eerie music was a(n):

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

Miss Cantrell began using stickers to reward her first-graders who stayed in their seats and completed their arithmetic worksheets on time. Using operant conditioning terms, Miss Cantrell is using a _____ to reward desired behavior.

Conditioned Reinforcer

The respect of your peers, the approval of your instructors or managers, a smile, a touch, or a nod of recognition can all be possible examples of:

Conditioned Reinforcers

When Rani was having problems at school, she often talked things over with her grandfather. Her grandfather, who always smoked a pipe, was warm, reassuring, and always supportive. Years later, Rani still finds the smell of pipe tobacco soothing. In classical conditioning terms, Rani's fondness for the smell of pipe tobacco may be described as a(n):

Conditioned Response

Initially, an infant who has no response to a nurse's white uniform, but after a couple of painful experiences of getting vaccination shots from a nurse in a white uniform, the infant will react with fear in response to a nurse in a white uniform who simply walks into the examining room. In this ex,. the sight of a nurse in a white uniform becomes a : _________ to the infant

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

Steven Spielberg's classic movie Jaws was a thriller about a great white shark that terrorized tourists at a local beach. Just before the shark's appearance, eerie music began playing. As the unseen shark came closer, the tempo of the music picked up. After the audience had experienced this a few times, the sound of the music triggered the emotional reaction of fear in the audience even though the shark still had not appeared. At that point, FEAR IN RESPONSE TO sound of the eerie music was a(n):

Conditioned response (CR)

Caleb had a wonderful time on his first date with Shauna. Because of this, he asked Shauna to go out on a second date. What best explains Caleb's behavior of asking Shauna for another date?

Law of effect

Jacqueline is sexually aroused by the site of her handsome boyfriend but NOT by the sight of . her . equally handsome brother. This best illustrates the value of:

Discrimination

Standing at the curb, you wait for the "Don't Walk" crossing signal to change to "Walk." Using operant conditioning terms, the "Don't Walk"/"Walk" crossing signal is a(n) _____ in this situation.

Discriminative Stimulus

Every Friday, Dr. would give a quiz in his psych. class. Students quickly learned to be nervous on Friday mornings, just before each quiz. Halfway through the semester, Dr. stopped giving quizzes on Fridays and student; anxiety began to diminish with each passing week in which there was no quiz. The DECREASE in the students anxiety may be attributed to the process of:

Extinction

In your philosophy class, you have found that your professor never calls on you when you raise your hand. As a result you no longer raise your hand to ask or answer questions. In learning theory, no longer raising your hand would be the result of:

Extinction

Negative reinforcement ________ the likelihood of a behavior being repeated, and punishment ________ the likelihood of a behavior being repeated

Increases; Decreases

Who discovered the basic process of classic conditioning?

Ivan Pavlov

Which psychologist studied the development of TASTE AVERSIONS, noting how they seemed to violate the basic principle of classical conditioning?

John Garcia

Madi became very ill a few hours after eating t he fried chicken special in the college cafeteria. Now Madi feel queasy whenever she smells fried chicken. This explains:

Madi has experienced a learned taste aversion, which can occur after only one pairing of food and illness

In one study, orangutans imitated the behavior of both humans and other orangutans, but they were more likely to imitate high-status or dominant models than low-status models. The orangutans were also more likely to imitate models with whom they had close relationships, such as biological parents, siblings, or their human caregivers. They virtually never imitated human strangers. This study illustrates that _________ factors seem to play a role in observational learning in primates, just as they do with humans.

Motivational

Mason, a stockbroker, runs two miles every day after work because it reduces his level of stress. Mason's running habit is maintained by a ________ reinforcer.

Negative

Tommy received a speeding ticket and his father . took away his car for 2-weeks and made him pay for . the ticket from the money he was saving for an iPhone. Tommy's dad was using:

Negative punishment

Whenever she sees a dog, Maria quickly runs the other way to avoid being bitten. Using operant conditioning Marias behavior is being maintained by:

Negative reinforcement by avoidance

Mindy is in nursing school and is learning how to measure a patient's blood pressure. Her instructor first shows the class a video that demonstrates the proper procedures for measuring blood pressure and then demonstrates these same procedures using Mindy as a "patient." Mindy and her class are learning how to measure blood pressure in patients through the use of:

Observational learning

Every Saturday morning, Arnold quickly washes the family's breakfast dishes so that his father will allow him to wash his car. In this instance, washing the car is a(n)

Positive Reinforcer

A supervisor reprimands an employee for wearing jeans to work. From then on, the employee wears a suit and tie to work. This is an example of:

Positive punishment

What statement about punishment if FALSE?:

Punishment is the most effective way to teach or promote new behaviors that are more desirable or appropriate.

What statement best captures the flavor of Thorndlike's law of effect?

Rewarded behaviors are more likely to be repeated, while unrewarded behaviors are less likely to be repeated.

Five-year-old Trevor is emotionally disturbed and refuses to communicate with anyone. To get him to speak, his teacher initially gives him candy for any utterance, then only for a clearly spoken word, and finally only for a complete sentence. The teacher is using the method of

Shaping

A young child has learned to associate the sight of a nurse's white uniform with the fear and pain of . getting an injection. If the young child begins reacting with fear to the . sight of any white jacket, what has occurred?

Stimulus Generalization

What happened after "Little Albert" was classically conditioned to fear a tame white rat?

Stimulus Generalization occurred; Albert responded with fear to other white furry animals and fuzzy objects.

Micah is two years old and he has a friendly family dog that is quite large. Recently, he was frightened by his Aunt's little dog, which nipped him on the leg. Because of this incident, Micah has developed a strong fear of small dogs but not large dogs. This best illustrates:

Stimulus discrimination

Skinner coined the term operant to describe:

active behaviors that operate on the environment to generate consequences

Positive reinforcement is the _______ while negative reinforcement is the:

addition of a reinforcing stimulus; removal of a aversive stimulus

According to Bandura, what four cognitive processes are necessary for imitation of behavior that has been only observed?

attention, memory, ability to perform the behavior, motivation

Researchers found that people easily acquire a conditioned fear response to pictures of snakes and spiders . when . the slides were paired with a mild electric shock. According to the text discussions, this is an example of:

biological preparedness

After carrying a step stool to the kitchen, five-year-old Laura is able to reach the Scotch tape dispenser on the kitchen counter. What is the operant in this example?

carrying the step stool to the kitchen

The famous Bobo doll study demonstrated that:

children are less likely to imitate the actions of someone who has been punished for his or her actions than the actions of someone who has been rewarded

Spontaneous recovery refers to the:

the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response

In operant conditioning, reinforcement is:

defined by the effect that it produces—increasing or strengthening behavior.

What was the unconditioned response (UCR) in Watson and Rayners famous "little Albert" study?

fear in response to the loud clanging sound

What was the conditioned response (CR) in Watson and Rayner's famous "Little Albert" study?

fear in response to the sight of the rat

Six-year old Tommy is . classically conditioned to fear a dog that bit him. If the sight of the dog (CS) is paired with a stranger that walks the dog, Tommy then learns to fear the stranger as well. What principle of classical conditioning explains this new learned fear?

higher order conditioning (second-order conditioning)

Positive reinforcement ________ the likelihood of a behavior being repeated. Negative reinforcement _______ the likelihood of a behavior being repeated

increases; increases

Punishment is most effective if:

it is immediate and consistently follows the operant

Classical conditioning is the process of:

learning an association between two stimuli

What would be considered a conditioned reinforcer?

money

Martina is an animal trainer at Sea World. To teach a new dolphin to jump through a hoop high above the water, Martina first reinforces the dolphin for approaching the hoop while it is under the water. Then, she reinforces the dolphin for swimming through the hoop under water. Gradually raising the hoop, Martina progressively reinforces each small step toward the goal behavior. Martina is using the process of _____ to train the dolphin.

shaping

Wolves have been fed sheep carcasses laced with a nausea-inducing poison are less likely to prey on sheep in the wild. This phenomenon is best explained by which classical conditioning phenomenon?

taste aversion learning

The famous "Little Albert" study conducted by John Watson and Rosalie Rayner demonstrated:

that is was possible to condition an emotional reaction to a previous neutral stimulus.

Pavlov found that a conditioned response would be stronger if:

the interval between the CS and the UCS was no more than a few seconds.

In Watson and Rayner "Little Albert" study, what was the unconditioned stimulus (UCS)?

the loud clanging sound

A number of factors will increase the probability that a behavior will be imitated. What is NOT a factor?

the people to be imitated are indifferent or uncaring and seldom get rewarded

Ever since she foolishly drank too much beer . at a rock concert and vomited all over her boyfriend, Sharon becomes nauseous at the smell of taste of beer. In this ex., the conditioned stimulus is ______ and the conditioned response is _____:

the smell of taste of beer; nausea

Which of the following has the greatest impact on the strength of the conditioned response in Watson and Rayner's study?

the timing of the rat and the loud noise presentations

Pavlov found that a conditioned response would be stronger if:

there were many pairings of the CS and USC.

In response to a cold temperature, your body will shiver reflexively. This relax would be an:

unconditioned reflex

In his original studies of digestion, Pavlov placed food on a dog's tongue to make the dog salivate. In this situation, food would be labeled the _________ while the dog's salivating would be labeled the ____________

unconditioned stimulus (UCS) unconditioned response (UCR

Phobias of heights, storms, snakes, and spiders are much more common than phobias of cars, stairs, stoves, or sharp objects. According to psychologist Martin Seligman, the reason is that:

we are more likely to develop phobias for objects or situations that posed a threat to our evolutionary survival

Studies have found that adolescents who watched a great number of television programs with a high level of sexual content:

were twice as likely to become sexually active in the next year vs. adolescents who watched the least amount of sexually oriented television programming