Psych Exam 3

Martha is studying the chapter on personality for her psychology exam. In order to make it easier to remember the Big Five traits (openness, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism) she uses the first letter of each trait to spell OCEAN. Martha is using:

a mnemonic device.

If you ask your classmates to draw either side of a U.S. penny from memory, the majority will not be very accurate. This MOST likely reflects a failure in the memory process of _____.

encoding

While a computer's hard drive may be said to enable the memory process of storage, using its keyboard is analogous to the process of:

encoding

Because she drank too much alcohol, Deanna barely remembers her twenty-first birthday. That is, her _____ memory of that evening is sketchy.

episodic

Mabel has Alzheimer's disease and her _____ memories of people and events are lost, but she is able to display an ability to form new _____ memories by being shown words repeatedly.

explicit; implicit

Kirsten is trying to remember events from her life as an 18-month-old. However, as hard as she might try, she has no conscious memory of anything that occurred before her third birthday. This is likely due to the fact that her _____, which is involved in storing explicit memories, was not fully developed at that age.

hippocampus

Tameka is reading a novel. When the phone rings, she looks up to see if her husband is going to answer it, which he does. She returns her attention to the book, going back to the exact spot on the page where she left off. Tameka is able to effortlessly return to her reading because:

of the automatic processing of space.

_____ interference occurs when something you learned before interferes with your recall of something you learn later.

proactive

Every time we replay a memory, we replace the original memory with a slightly modified version. Researchers call this _____.

reconsolidation

Some therapists suggest that clients have pushed memories of childhood victimization into the unconscious mind. In other words, therapists attribute clients' inability to a mechanism called _____.

repression

Carmen is trying to remember the name of a woman sitting next to her on the bus. She knows she met her at a party, and she is trying to remember which one. Carmen is able to imagine where the woman was seated at the party, as well as what she was eating. Carmen is using _____ cues to remember the woman's name.

retrieval

Gina adequately studied for her short-answer psychology exam. However, while taking the final she could not remember the material she previously retained. According to the computer information-processing model of memory, Gina is having difficulty with _____.

retrieval

In a study of several hundred convicts later exonerated by DNA evidence, just over _____ percent were convicted by faulty eyewitness accounts.

70

_____ was to the study of memory as _____ was to the study of conditioning.

Hermann Ebbinghaus; Ivan Pavlov

Regarding long-term memory, which statement is accurate?

The capacity of long-term memory is essentially limitless.

We _____ information about space. For example, while reading a textbook we encode the place on a page where certain material appears.

automatically process

When one is picturing a chart in a textbook and thinking about what a professor discussed about the topic in class, one is utilizing the ______ aspect of working memory.

central executive

Combining individual letters into familiar words enables one to remember more of the letters in this sentence. This BEST illustrates the value of:

chunking

When asked to memorize the 15 letters, C I A C B S A B C F B I I R S, Mary reorganized them into CIA, CBS, ABC, FBI, and IRS. Mary used a tactic called:

chunking

Damage to the _____ would MOST likely interfere with a person's ability to form new memories of a family vacation trip.

hippocampus

Having read a story once, certain amnesia victims will read it faster the second time, even though they can't recall having read the story before. They have MOST likely suffered damage to the:

hippocampus

Maximizing _____ cues is a good way to improve your memory of something.

retrieval

Ivan recently suffered a severe stroke and is no longer able to remember events from his childhood. His memory problems are related to:

retrieval failure.

Dana is suffering from _____ when she fails to remember events preceding traumatic brain injury.

retrograde amnesia

People's ability to recall an item from a list depends on where on the list the item occurs. This is known as the _____ effect.

serial position

After Maya gave her friend the password to a protected website, the friend was able to remember it only long enough to type it into the password box. In this instance, the password was clearly stored in her friend's _____ memory.

short-term

George Miller's research on short-term memory capacity indicated that we can only store about seven bits of information in _____ memory.

short-term

_____ memory holds a few items, such as a phone number, briefly before the information is stored or forgotten.

short-term

Joe is happy to hear that the test will be all multiple-choice questions as he feels he has a good chance to pass by using:

recognition

On a business trip last year, Susan and Pam flew from Los Angeles to Boston. Susan really hates to fly. In the middle of the flight, Susan and Pam experienced 20 minutes of very severe turbulence. Susan remembers this incident as if it were yesterday, but Pam cannot recall it. Why?

Susan experienced emotion-triggered hormonal changes.

Jamal's brother often pretends to listen to what Jamal is saying, but really he is focused elsewhere. When Jamal asks him, "What did I just say?" his brother can sometimes repeat Jamal's last few words. This is likely caused by his _____ memory.

echoic

Studying for a psychology test requires _____ processing. It takes attention and conscious work, but pays off with lasting and accessible memories.

effortful

Some patients suffering from amnesia are incapable of recalling events. Yet they can be conditioned to blink their eyes in response to a specific sound. They have MOST likely suffered damage to the brain's _____.

hippocampus

Katrina studied the Russian language in high school. Although not fluent, she did accumulate a large vocabulary. Years later she decided to go to Russia, so she wanted to brush up on her vocabulary. She picked up the vocabulary much more quickly because it is easier to _____; that is, to learn the material for a second time.

relearn

Recalling something that you had once merely imagined happening as something you had directly experienced BEST illustrates _____ amnesia.

source

In the process of retrieving a specific memory from a web of associations a person needs to activate one of the strands that lead to it. This is known as _____.

priming

Two-year-old Jackson's older brother popped a balloon in Jackson's face. This caused Jackson to become afraid when he next saw his brother with a balloon. This classically conditioned fear of the balloon is an example of a(n) _____ memory

implicit