psych exam #3

define spermarche

a boy's first ejaculation of sperm; erections can occur as early as infancy, but ejaculation signals sperm production; this may occur during sleep (in a "wet dream") or via direct stimulation

the most prominent change in adolescent thought is the ability to: a. process information b. perceive reality c. perceive possibility d. store memories

c. perceive possibility

puberty timing

early (age 8) and late (age 14)

inductive reasoning

specific --> general (bottoms-up, parts-whole)

how common is anorexia nervosa in adolescents?

~1%

how common is bulimia nervosa in adolescents?

~1-3%

define formal operation thought

in piaget's theory, the fourth and final stage of cognitive development, characterized by more systematic logical thinking and by the ability to understand and systematically manipulate abstract concepts

causes of anorexia nervosa (multifinality)

-death -infertility -organ failure

objective thought

-factual -direct observations -countable -reproducible -unbiased

causes of anorexia nervosa & bulimia nervosa (equifinality)

-genetics -culture -bullying -depression -anxiety -trauma

companionate love

-most common -start with all three, but passion often dissolves -life-long companion

subjective thought

-opinion -judgement -preference -belief -rumor -suspicion

cause of bulimia nervosa (multifinality)

-poor teeth -digestive problems -infertility -heart problems

how common is schizophrenia in emerging adulthood?

1%

how common are anxiety disorders in emerging adulthood?

25%

how common are mood disorders in emerging adulthood?

8%

friendships for men

>"external" talk >engage in activities >want practical advice >less touching & less demanding >more close friends

friendships for women

>"internal talk" >more self-disclosure >want sympathy >more touching & more demanding >less close friends

other examples of dialectical thought

>"opposites attract" >controversial topics >decision-making

post formal thought & letters to a "dear friend"

>consider & integrate a variety of angles in a situation >anticipate problems >tackle problems directly >emphasis on conclusions & consequences >more creative, practical, & imaginative thinking >consider opposing views & multiple methods to solve problems >use advanced logic >more cognitive flexibility & dialectical thought

why has sexual activity among adolescents lessened in past decades?

>more sex ed >technology >more knowledgeable

protective functions for health:

>organ reserve (stored energy) >homeostasis (short-term, immediate) >allostasis (long-term wear-and-tear due to homeostasis)

the opposite of identity achievement is: a. negative identity b. role confusion c. identity foreclosure d. identity moratorium

b. role confusion

define circadian rhythem

a day-night cycle of biological activity that occurs approximately every 24 hours

define allostasis

a dynamic body adjustment, related to homeostasis, that affects overall physiology over time; the main difference is that homeostasis requires an immediate response, whereas this requires longer term adjustment

define menarche

a girl's first menstrual period, signaling that she has begun ovulation; pregnancy is biologically possible, but ovulation and menstruation are often irregular for years after menarche

define pituitary

a gland in the brain that responds to a signal from the hypothalamus by producing many hormones, including those that regulate growth and sexual maturation

define social norms approach

a method of reducing risky behavior that uses emerging adults' desire to follow social norms by making them aware, through the use of surveys, of the prevalence of various behaviors within their peer group

define body image

a person's idea of how his or her body looks

define postformal thought

a proposed adult stage of cognitive development, following piaget's four stages, that goes beyond adolescent thinking by being more practical, more flexible, and more dialectical

define estradiol

a sex hormone, considered the chief estrogen; females produce much more estradiol than males do

define testosterone

a sex hormone, the best known of the androgens (male hormones); secreted in far greater amounts by males than by females

define role confusion

a situation in which an adolescent does not seem to know or care what his or her identity is

Which of the following individuals is most likely to pass through Erikson's sixth stage of development successfully? a. 25-year-old Maria, who is engaged to be married b. 53-year-old Butch, who was recently divorced c. 32-year-old Kevin, who recently dropped out of college d. 16-year-old Darius, who was recently arrested for indecent exposure

a. 25-year-old Maria, who is engaged to be married

adults often have a negative attitude toward, and sometimes a fear of, their child's peers because of the negative social pressure from peers. parents who have this attitude may overlook that: a. all of these b. peers generally encourage socially desirable behavior c. peer pressure is short-lived (declining around mid-adolescence) d. adolescents select their peers, which them facilitates their behavior

a. all of these

most teenagers do not consume the recommended daily dose of iron. as a result of this they are more likely to suffer from: a. anemia b. tooth loss c. hair loss d. osteoporosis

a. anemia

bulimia nervosa (BN)

a. binge eating with voluntary compensatory behaviors b. focus on consumption & compensation for emotion regulation c. self-concept based on weight & shape d. more impulsivity & risk for substance use

Though Vince was raised in a home where prejudice was taught, he has managed to shed those biases in adulthood. Looking beyond stereotypes and to question attitudes and behaviors requires: a. cognitive flexibility b. cognitive moratorium c. cognitive rigidity d. cognitive counterbalancing

a. cognitive flexibility

Michael has inherited genetic material to increase his likelihood of developing schizophrenia. If he experiences high stress during college he is more likely to develop the diagnosis. This perspective is based on the: a. diathesis-stress model b. social norms approach c. allostatic load d. set point

a. diathesis-stress model

biosocial development in emerging adulthood

a. fully mature PFC! b. peak for muscle strength & coordination c. optimal heart, lung, & IS functioning d. protective functions for health e. senescence approaching = more allostatic load, less homeostasis, less organ reserve, & more physiological burden

After receiving a low score on her History exam, Bailey's mother called the professor to complain on her child's behalf. This mother is displaying: a. helicopter parenting b. faith c. authoritarianism d. heterogamy

a. helicopter parenting

hormones during puberty activate the _____ to facilitate mood changes, such as excitability. a. limbic system b. temporal lobe c. brainstem d. prefrontal cortex

a. limbic system

sternberg forms of love

a. passion (attraction) b. commitment (together) c. intimacy (know-well)

anorexia nervosa (AN)

a. refusal to maintain body weight b. fear of weight gain c. high control & focus on perfection

The local university starts an initiative to counter the belief that minority students are less academically gifted. If this helps prevent the minorities from themselves falling prey to this belief, then the program has helped to reduce: a. stereotype threat b. postformal invalidity c. prejudicial grading practices d. operational declines

a. stereotype threat

the need for teenagers to fit into their peer group is best related to: a. the imaginary audience b. metagroup dynamics c. the personal fable d. the invincibility fable

a. the imaginary audience

define moratorium

an adolescent's choice of a socially acceptable way to postpone making identity-achievement decisions

define invincibility fable

an adolescent's egocentric conviction that he or she cannot be overcome or even harmed by anything that might defeat a normal mortal, such as unprotected sex, drug abuse, or high-speed driving

define entity theory of intelligence

an approach to understanding intelligence that sees ability as innate, a fixed quantity present at birth; those who hold this view do not believe that effort enhances achievement

define incremental theory of intelligence

an approach to understanding intelligence which holds that intelligence can be directly . increased by effort; those who subscribe to this view believe they can master whatever they seek to learn if they pay attention, participate in class, study, complete their homework, and so on

define personal fable

an aspect of adolescent egocentrism characterized by an adolescent's belief that his or her thoughts, feelings, and experiences are unique, more wonderful, or more awful than anyone else's

recognizing opposing views

antithesis --> black thinking --> dialectical thinking <-- white thinking <-- thesis

which of the following are leading causes of death among emerging adults? a. homicides b. all of these c. accidents d. suicides

b. all of these

which of the following is true about difficulties during adolescence? a. males are more likely to be arrested than females b. all of these c. alcohol is the most often abused drug in the U.S. d. females are more likely to be depressed than males

b. all of these

which of the following is not a factor of family closeness? a. control b. expression of love c. communication d. support

b. expression of love

another name for the sex glands that help to trigger puberty is the... a. pituitary glands b. gonads c. hypothalamus d. adrenal glands

b. gonads

when a teenager speeds down the freeway under the influence of alcohol, how is he or she demonstrating egocentrism? a. imaginary audience b. invincibility fable c. personal fable d. stupidity fable

b. invincibility fable

If your friend considered his/her financial resources to decide that college wasn't affordable, your friend was using: a. Dialectical thought b. Objective thinking c. Subjective thinking d. Stereotype threat

b. objective thinking

Compared to earlier cognitive skills, _____ during emerging adulthood is more logical, adaptive, and comprehensive. a. operational stability b. postformal thought c. fluid operations d. massification

b. postformal thought

If your friend made a decision for the future in line with the goals and expectations within his/her cohort, your friend's experience is likely influenced by: a. Massification b. Social norms c. Heterogamy d. Diathesis-stress

b. social norms

which of the following is true about puberty? a. it occurs at a specific moment in time, as menarche or spermarche b. the process of pubertal changes results over a period of years, not at one specific moment c. malnourished girls usually start puberty before heavier weight girls d. boys usually mature before girls

b. the process of pubertal changes results over a period of years, not at one specific moment

puberty in boys

boys later than girls >early: more aggression, criminal behavior, & substance use >late: more anxiety & depression

How might your friend's decision to not go to college influence the social clock? a. Your friend's decision might lead them to focus on strengthening a romantic relationship in order to plan for an upcoming marriage. b. Your friend's decision might reflect them having a good job and financial stability already, so now is the time to focus on making that job a career. c. All of these are correct d. Your friend's decision could lead to the pursuit of a college education later in life, as a non-traditional student.

c. All of these are correct

Which of the following is true about cohort shifts during emerging adulthood? a. Marriage is taking place later in the lifespan. b. Parenthood is taking place later in the lifespan. c. all of these d. Cohabitation is more common now than in past decades.

c. all of these

zohra and her mother constantly have small arguments about relatively unimportant matters. this normal interaction between parents and children is called: a. a generational stake b. the generation gap c. bickering d. bicultural conflict

c. bickering

regular exercise can help reduce the incidence of all of the following illnesses, EXCEPT: a. osteoporosis b. depression c. cataracts d. heart disease

c. cataracts

If your friend's decision was based on the perception of linked lives, which of the following is a statement that likely reflects your friend's thoughts about responsibility? a. "I don't know what I want to do with my life, so why bother with college". b. "Now is the time for me to travel the world; college can wait". c. "Things are good at my current job, so I'll stick with that for now". d. "My father's health is failing and my mother is retired, so it's best if I stay close by to help around the house and contribute to my parents' finances as best I can".

d. "My father's health is failing and my mother is retired, so it's best if I stay close by to help around the house and contribute to my parents' finances as best I can".

When Lucius is too warm, his body perspires to vent heat. When he is cold, he shivers to generate heat. These processes are an attempt to maintain: a. consciousness b. disequilibrium c. ambridexterity d. homeostasis

d. homeostasis

Which of the following would be an example of homogamy? a. Betty, who is white, and Lewis, who is Asian, have just started to date. b. Anna, who was born in El Salvador, is dating Ricardo, who was raised in Los Angeles. c. Lisa and Richard are having an interfaith ceremony at their wedding because she is Catholic and he is Jewish. d. Janice and Maxwell, who are both African American, political science students.

d. Janice and Maxwell, who are both African American, political science students.

Which couple is experiencing a passionate relationship? a. Matt and Melinda, who recently opened a joint checking account. b. Jack and Kate, who had their first conversation about politics after 6 months of dating. c. none of these. d. Kyle and Sam, who recently started dating, and their hearts race whenever they are together.

d. Kyle and Sam, who recently started dating, and their hearts race whenever they are together.

If your friend's decision to not go to college was based on dialectical thinking, which example might reflect his/her experience to come to this decision? a. While talking with family members, everyone agreed that he/she should go to college, so your friend purposely made the opposite decision, just out of spite. b. Your friend never thought about going to college, so it was never an option to consider. c. While talking with peers, your friend got many opinions against going to college, and thus he/she agreed. d. While speaking with a guidance counselor, your friend considered both the benefits and disadvantages of going to college or not, to then come to his/her decision.

d. While speaking with a guidance counselor, your friend considered both the benefits and disadvantages of going to college or not, to then come to his/her decision.

Which of the following is a benefit of a college education? a. deeper and more flexible thinkers b. greater annual income c. better health d. all of these

d. all of these

which of the following is a potential consequence of early puberty for girls? a. low self-esteem b. older boyfriends c. substance use d. all of these

d. all of these

jera's friends want her to skip school to go to the beach. she thinks about the benefits and risks of her options, and she decides not to skip classes, jera has demonstrated: a. intuitive thought b. infallible thought c. deductive thought d. analytical thought

d. analytical thought

Joanna believes a college education is worthwhile, but her friend, Sarah, thinks it is a waste of money. If Joanne considers the points for both perspectives, to then make her own decision for her future, she has used: a. none of these b. subjective thought c. stereotype threat d. dialectical thought

d. dialectical thought

mario thinks to himself, "I have gotten 100% on my last five spelling tests, so I must be a good speller." a. the imaginary audience b. personal fable c. deductive reasoning d. inductive reasoning

d. inductive reasoning

Lindsey suffers from an infection that affects her liver, but she recovers with relatively little difficulty. The ability of her body to fight this specific illness is due to: a. her positive attitude b. support of friends c. exercise d. organ reserve

d. organ reserve

heterogamy

degree of difference

homogamy

degree of similarity

define forclosure/dissusion

erikson's term for premature identity formation, which occurs when an adolescent adopts his or her parents' or society's roles and values wholesale, without questioning or analysis

define identity achievement

erikson's term for the attainment of identity, or the point at which a person understands who he or she is as a unique individual, in accord with past experiences and future plans

deductive reasoning

general --> specifics (top-down, whole-parts)

puberty in girls

girls earlier than boys >excess body weight, stress >lower self-esteem & body satisfaction >more depression & abusive relationships

define secondary sex characteristics

physical traits that are not directly involved in reproduction but that indicate sexual maturity, such as a man's beard and a woman's breasts

define hypothetical thought

reasoning that includes propositions and possibilities that may not reflect reality

define homeostasis

the adjustment of all of the body's systems to keep physiological functions in a state of equilibrium; as the body ages, it takes longer for these adjustments to occur

define familism

the belief that family members should support one another, sacrificing individual freedom and success, if necessary, in order to preserve family unity and protect the family from outside forces

define organ reserve

the capacity of organs to allow the body to cope with stress, via extra, unused functioning ability

define massification

the idea that establishing institutions of higher learning and encouraging college enrollment can benefit everyone (the masses)

define dialectical thought

the most advanced cognitive process, characterized by the ability to consider a thesis and its antithesis simultaneously and thus to arrive at a synthesis; makes possible an ongoing awareness of pros and cons, advantages and disadvantages, possibilities and limitations

define dual processing

the notion that two networks exist within the human brain, one for emotional processing of stimuli and one for analytical reasoning

define imaginary audience

the other people who, in an adolescent's egocentric belief, are watching and taking note of his or her appearance, ideas, and behavior; this belief makes many teenagers very self-conscious

define gonads

the paired sex glands (ovaries in females, testicles in males); this produces hormones and mature gametes

define primary sex characteristics

the parts of the body that are directly involved in reproduction, including the vagina, uterus, ovaries, testicles, and penis

define growth spurt

the relatively sudden and rapid physical growth that occurs during puberty; each body part increases in size on a schedule: weight usually precedes height, and growth of the limbs precedes growth of the torso

define allostatic load

the stresses of basic body systems that burden overall functioning, eventually causing hypertension, obesity, and diabetes

define stereotype threat

the thought in a person's mind that their appearance or behavior will be misread to confirm another person's oversimplified prejudiced attitudes

define diathesis-stress model

the view that psychological disorders, such as schizophrenia, are produced by the interaction of a genetic vulnerability and stressful environmental factors and life events

define intuitive thought

thought that arises from an emotion or a hunch, beyond rational explanation, and is influenced by past experiences and cultural assumptions

define analytic thought

thought that results from analysis, such as a systematic ranking of pros and cons, risks and consequences, possibilities and facts; this depends on logic and rationality

define adrenal glands

two glands, located above the kidneys, that respond to the pituitary, producing hormones

consummate love

when we have all three forms of love; western ideal