Psych Exam 3

A child is running around on the playground and runs into the pole of the swing set and bumps their head. The child cries and says "that pole got in my way! it wanted to hurt me!" What concept is the child demonstrating?

Animism

As a child, Nicole always kept to herself. She didn't notice when her parents would leave the room and seemed dismissive when her parents came back in the room. She was always more focused on her environment around her and didn't really care to be held in her mothers arms. What attachment style is Nicole demonstrating?

Avoidant

When Molly's mom leaves her, she shows no obvious reaction to being left alone, yet her heart rate has increased. When her mom returns, her heart rate decreases but she does not want to be held or make eye contact. Why type of attachment does Molly have with her mom?

Avoidant

Susanna often goes over her data limit. Susanna's parents try a several different tactics to get her to stop going over her monthly limit. Susanna's parents find she is most likely to remain within their data plan's limits if they promise her a new phone every year she goes without any overages. Susanna's personality best reflects Gray's ___.

BAS

Nick is high on neuroticism and struggles with feeling like he is always worried about something. He is likely to

Be anxious and moody Have an increased level responsiveness in the sympathetic nervous system (SNS)

Ellen is extroverted and likes to go out and meet new people and do new things. Ellen is more likely than Ida, who is super introverted, to:

Be more outgoing and adventerous

Hannah is a people pleaser. She loves to make people happy, hangout with her friends, and loves when she is recognized for her hard work. Whenever she is recognized for her hard work, she actively seeks out other opportunities in which she can be recognized again. Based on the reinforcement sensitivity theory, which system does Hannah display?

Behavioral Activation System

Dr. Carson studies a girl's natural attraction to certain toys such as dolls, stuffed animals, etc. that is seen from an early age. What type of theorist do you think Dr. Carson is?

Biological

Looks at how biological sex differences lead specialized roles (division of labor)

Biological Theories

A child during the Trust vs. Mistrust stage is dependent on their caregiver for basic functions as they are not able to provide for themselves yet. If their caregiver fails to consistently provide them with needs such as food, attention, and general care, it can lead to a mistrust of that caregiver. In terms of attachment, what kind of attachment would neglect in the Trust vs. Mistrust stage lead to?

Anxious/Ambivalent

Sometimes, when you eat ice cream, you instinctively blow on the ice cream to cool it off. Once you realize what you have done, you laugh at yourself and try to think why you might have done that. Which of the following would explain why?

Assimilation

A child attempts to clothe themselves before school. The feeling of success leads to independence but failure leads to insecurity

Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt

Aidan buys a new, expensive car, which he didn't really need and costs more than he can really afford. Afterwards, he tells everyone that his old car was quite environmentally unfriendly, while this new car is much more fuel efficient and better for the environment. "After all, it's important that we all get the most fuel efficient cars we can to save the environment!" What type of defense mechanism is Aidan using?

Rationalization

Matthew gets dumped by his girlfriend and is told that his girlfriend needs some space before they can become friends again. Matthew agrees but the next day, he carries on as if there was no breakup. His (now) ex-girlfriend asks to be left alone but his actions don't change. In terms of defense mechanisms, which one is Matthew demonstrating?

Denial

Dr. Romano believes men are more physically violent because they have an innate need to compete with other men for women. What type of theorist do you think Dr. Romano is?

Evolutionary

Views gender from the perspective of adaptation and natural selection

Evolutionary Theories

Your brain is not fully developed until (about) the age of 25. This sparks debate on voting and drinking ages and can explain why teens make impulsive decisions. Thinking back to Unit 1, which part of the brain would be the last to develop and why?

Forebrain because evolutionarily, the forebrain is the last to develop because of the complex, high order functions like decision making.

During this stage, one thinks about things that are not concrete.

Formal Operational Stage

The social and physiological aspects of being male or female

Gender

Jordan says they identify as a girl and uses she/her pronouns. However she prefers to dress in what she deems as "boy clothes". The clothes represent what?

Gender Expression

Ashton expresses themselves with feminine clothing and loves to have their nails painted and wear makeup. Ashton also states that they use he/him pronouns. The pronouns represent his...?

Gender Identity

Three-year-old Cali says, "I am a girl!" This reflects Cali's ____.

Gender Identity

Three-year-old Cali says, "I am a girl!" This reflects Cali's:

Gender Identity

Doug enjoys sports and his friends say he is quite masculine, which reflects his:

Gender Role

Natalie (a woman) believes that her husband must take care of her and do all the manual labor around the house and make the money to support them.

Gender Role

Alex (a man) says he doesn't want to date anymore because women are "just too emotional" and that there is just "so much drama associated with them".

Gender Stereotype

Sue says that "Men aren't interested in romance - they all just want sex!" This reflects a(n):

Gender Stereotype

As Jared moves on to high school, he is excited about the different extracurricular activities that will be available to him. He decides soccer was nice but wants to try something different and joins theater. His friends tease him and tell him theater is a girly thing to do and that he should just stick to sports. In terms of sex and gender, what are Jared's friends enforcing?

Gender Stereotypes

Emma often wishes she could have sex with her boyfriend, but she chooses not to because she believes it is morally wrong to have sex outside of marriage. Emma's _ causes her to constantly think about having sex with her boyfriend, but her _ keeps her from carrying out the thoughts.

Id; Superego

You are on the cheerleading squad at school and it is your whole life. Once you graduate you are not part of the team anymore and need to figure out who you really are. Once you find something that is exciting you pursue it further but your friends think you should've stuck with cheer leading through college and that you aren't acting like yourself anymore.

Identity vs. Role Confusion

Sort the structures from oldest developed to most recently developed.

Medulla Pons Reticular Formation Limbic System

Oliver is at the table and there is a plate of cookies sitting in front of him. His mom says "if you do not eat one of the cookies while I am out of the room, when I get back, you can have two cookies." Oliver sits and waits impatiently for his mother to return but even as impatient as he is, he still does not eat one of the cookies and as a reward, he gets two cookies. Which of the following regarding this situation is true?

Oliver has high self-regulation because he is demonstrating a delay of gratification. He wants two cookies more than he wants just one of them.

Anne is artistic, and likes to explore new ways to bring her ideas to leave, she is likely to score high on the ______________ factor of the Five Factor Model.

Openness

Jared enjoys trying new foods and going on hikes with his friends. He is constantly looking for new experiences and loves all things unknown. He thrives on his routine changing every few days. According to the Big Five theory of personality, which trait is Jared displaying?

Openness to Experience

During what psychosexual stage would breastfeeding vs. bottle feeding your infant be of critical importance to the subsequent personality development and adjustment of your child?

Oral

Madi smokes and goes through about a juul pod a day. She also bites her nails frequently and eats a little more than needed. At what stage is Madi likely fixated at?

Oral

Direct physical or verbal harm

Overt Aggression

You're in charge of baby sitting your younger sister. Everything is as you expect but your sister randomly brings you a flower from the garden and a little note that says "best sibling ever". You ask your sister why she did that to which she responds "when I do it for mommy, she usually lets me watch what I want on TV and gives me a big hug". What stage of morality is your sister likely in?

Pre-Conventional

Alice forgets that she has a term paper in her history class until the night before it is due. Although she forgot about it until now, the information about the term paper was stored in the ___________region of her mind.

Preconscious

During this stage, thought becomes more symbolic.

Preoperational Stage

Carlos is very attracted to his best friend's girlfriend, Marie. She is friendly to him, but does not show any signs of attraction to him. Carlos spends an evening being very flirtatious with Marie, but she does not flirt back - she is rather uncomfortable with his obvious interest in her and she is rather cool and indifferent toward him to discourage him. Afterwards, Carlos says, "Wow, Marie was really coming on to me! I had no idea she was so attracted to me." What type of defense mechanism is Carlos using?

Projection

Erin's husband had an affair that she does not know about. Since the affair started, he's been coming home after work and picking fights with Erin about her whereabouts and who she has been texting, even going through her phone and tracking her location when she's out. He is constantly accusing her of lying and betraying him, even though he is the one who is having the affair. What defense mechanism is Erin's husband exhibiting?

Projection

What are the three elements that make up one's personality, according to Freud?

the conscious, the preconscious, and the unconscious

Turning to food when mildly stressed was observed in children as young as _ after they had been treated with unhealthy foods early on.

5

About what percentage of DNA do FRATERNAL twins share?

75

Luckily for Erin, her baby (named Jared) was born healthy with no complications. Jared is a wonderful baby and turns into a happy toddler. One day, Erin's babysitter is sick and she has to get another quickly. When Erin tries to leave Jared with the stranger, he immediately stops playing with his blocks, runs to the door, and cries. When Erin returns home an hour later, Jared toddles over to her, puts his arms out, and snuggles into her. He seems much happier now that she is home. What kind of attachment style does Jared have to his mother?

A secure attachment style.

Behavior that is intended to harm another person.

Aggression

Maria is 6 weeks pregnant. What is her baby most likely called at this point?

An embryo

Otis deals with his anxiety about dating difficulties by cleaning his apartment and car over and over again. His behavior is characteristic of the fixation at the ______________ stage of psychosexual development.

Anal

In an episode of "Grey's Anatomy", George O'Malley was given a patient who preferred to go by the name of "Bex". Bex liked to dress in "male" clothing and preferred activities typically associated with boys as well. Bex also stated that they had feelings of depression and that they didn't feel like a girl. Their parents told O'Malley that Bex was in fact, a girl and was born with typical female characteristics as well. Upon further investigation, O'Malley found that Bex was actually born intersex (with both male and female sex characteristics) but their parents chose to raise them as a girl because they really wanted a daughter. Once O'Malley talked to the parents, they agreed to begin raising Bex as a boy which led to increased feelings of happiness in Bex.In terms of gender development, what does this situation describe?

Children are not born gender neutral. Gender is just as much (if not more) biologically influenced as it is socially.

During this stage, inutitive reasoning is replaced by logical reasoning in concrete situations.

Concrete Operational Stage

The principle of conservation states that an individual is aware that if nothing is added to or taken away from an object, the object is the same regardless of its external arrangement. According to Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development, which stage includes the development of the principle of conservation?

Concrete Optional

Taylor keeps a planner and always know what has to get done on a certain day. She is never late for any meeting, always uses her time wisely, and always turns her application assignments in on time. According to the Big Five trait approach, what does Taylor score high on?

Conscientiousness

Bill is aware that he is upset about an upcoming test in his personality psychology class. Bill's feelings are operating in the ______________ level of the mind.

Conscious

As Jared grows older and begins to make friends at school, Erin worries about peer pressure. One day, the principal calls and says that Jared was caught stealing. When Erin arrives at the school, Jared explains that his friends encouraged him to steal a bag of chips from the lunch line for one of his friends that didn't have the money for it. Jared told his mom that he was worried his friends would think he was lame if he didn't steal. What stage of moral development is Jared likely in?

Conventional

At school, Dylan's friends all want to skip the last class of the day and go hangout at one of their friend's house. Dylan knows he shouldn't because it isn't the right thing to do but does it anyway so his friends will like him. In terms of Kohlberg's theory of moral development, what stage is Dylan likely in?

Conventional

Thomas is asked if it is ever okay to lie. He replies, "No, people will not ever trust you." What stage of moral development is Thomas in?

Conventional

You are talking to one of your friends about politics (be careful). You ask your friend for some opinions on certain topics and they say "Well, I try to follow the rules as set forth by my religion. I believe that is what guides my decisions and voting choices". What stage of morality is your friend likely in?

Conventional

Wilhelm has been in a relationship with Paul for years, but he hasn't come out to his family about being gay. He brings Paul to every family event and the two of them bought a house together and are raising a child together. However, when asked, his mother and father insist that Wilhelm is not gay. They are glad he has such a good friend in Paul and that they are comfortable being so openly affectionate with each other, but they absolutely refuse to consider the idea that he might be gay. What type of defense mechanism is Wilhelm's parents using?

Denial

Arlene has fallen in love with a married man. She doesn't express loving feelings to him, but she showers affection on his children. She hugs and kisses them and brings them gifts and treats constantly. What type of defense mechanism is Arlene using?

Displacement

Matthew hates waiting in the lunch line and secretly wants to walk right to the front, snatch some food, and walk away. Unfortunately, he knows he'll get yelled at if he cuts everyone, so he waits in line. In this case, Matthew's ____ is keeping him in place.

Ego

Little Suzy's father tells her that he and her mother are getting a divorce. Little Suzy begins to scream and cry and says that it is all her fault that her parents are getting a divorce; she is placing the blame all on herself. According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, what concept is Little Suzy displaying?

Egocentrism

Nathan and Ellie are both 20-year-old college students. Ellie is very adventurous; she loves to try new and exciting things. She rides on rollercoasters, has gone bungee jumping and skydiving, and hopes to do even more thrilling things in the future. Nathan, on the other hand, is more entertained by calm activities. He enjoys playing board games and reading books, and the idea of going skydiving is not appealing to him at all. Both students are currently taking a class on personality in school, and they are interested to know more about why they are the way they are.

Ellie has low internal arousal and Nathan has high internal arousal.

Congratulations, you're pregnant! You go in to the doctor and get a sonogram done to get a better look. The doctor tells you that you're still early on in your pregnancy but that organs are starting to form and you can hear a faint heartbeat. At what stage of prenatal development are you likely in?

Embryonic

You are talking to your younger siblings about school and they say that a certain teacher is "mean" and that she doesn't allow snack time during the day. You recall a certain time when you were younger when you got in trouble with the same teacher for eating a snack during class. What portion of the memory is responsible for this recollection?

Episodic

An ______________ is a bodily region at the center of each psychosexual stage of development serving as a source of pleasure and enjoyment.

Erogenous Zone

Mary's brother says girls are gross. Mary says he shouldn't say that that because he was once a girl. If Mary's brother was born with the appropriate male genitalia, feels like a male, behaves like a male, and is attracted to the opposite sex... what could Mary possibly be referring to?

Everyone starts out as female

Ashley, a woman, has just started a new job at Tesla working with engineers to design and build new electric cars. She is very excited for this opportunity and has worked really hard to get where she is. Her co-worker, however, is a bit passive aggressive and he says that she would probably be more happy staying at home with her kids as this job requires a lot of manual and emotional labor. Ashley states that she doesn't have kids nor does she want them to which her co-worker replies, "well all women want kids! what else are you going to do with your day then?" The co-worker's statement regarding women wanting children describes...

Gender Stereotypes

Doug enjoys sports and his friends say he is quite masculine, reflecting his _. Doug is predominantly interested in intimate relationships with men, reflecting his ___.

Gender role; sexuality

Now that she is in middle-to-late adulthood, Erin starts to think about her legacy. She wants to leave something important behind when she's no longer alive, and she thinks about what a kind and intelligent person her son has become. She is also now a supervisor at her job, and she gets to train many of the new employees who will likely take over the company when she retires. Erin's focus on contributing to the next generation is exemplified in which of Erikson's stages?

Generativity vs. stagnation

You end up finding the right person and you start a family. Your whole life is your family but once the kids leave for college you feel empty. You quickly find something to keep yourself occupied and contribute to society.

Generavity vs. Stagnation

Martha is 49 and is noticing all but one of the following things declining with age. Which is not declining, as Martha gets older?

Her vocabulary

You move into high school and are met with new academic demands. If you achieve the grades you want with these demands you feel smart but if your grades drop you feel unworthy and incompetent.

Industry vs. Inferiority

Someone at school is being bullied so they attempt to stand up for themselves. Doing it correctly leads to feelings of importance and confidence but bullying them back leads to feelings of remorse.

Initiative vs. Guilt

As your kids have kids they ask you to tell them stories about your crazy college days. You often look back on your life and the decision that you made and encourage the grandkids to learn from your mistakes.

Integrity vs. Despair

As a result of androgen insensitivity syndrome, Paula was born with internal testes (male gonads) and female external genitalia. Paula is:

Intersex

In college you actively try to start dating. You struggle with finding the right person and end up single throughout most of your college career.

Intimacy vs. Isolation

In class, Nathan and Ellie are both given a neutral image to look at. Their professor instructs them to make up a story about the picture. Based on the BIS/BAS model of personality, Ellie's story is likely to be ____ than Nathan's story.

More Positive

Mildred is playing with her little sister. She puts her sister's toy behind her back and watches as her sister simply looks away. It is clear that she believes that the toy no longer exists. According to Piaget what does Mildred's sister lack an understanding of? What stage of development is she in?

Object permanence; sensorimotor

Susan absolutely detests her grandfather - she hates him with a passion. When she is with her grandfather though, she does not express any hatred. In fact, she is excessively affectionate, almost smothering him with loving attention. She hugs her grandfather so hard that he cries out in pain, and she is so insistent in keeping her grandfather company every minute of the day that he finds her really annoying. What type of defense mechanism is Susan using?

Reaction Formation

Cindy loves to gossip about Katherine. She takes pleasure in ruining Katherine's perfect image. Cindy is exemplifying what type of aggression?

Relational Aggression

Mean Girls is a popular movie and musical about the way a new girl finds her way through a new high school situation. She finds herself in the middle of rumors, reputation destruction, and the victim of frequent passive-aggressive comments. In the context of aggression, what does this movie demonstrate?

Relational Aggression

Behavior meant to harm the social standing of another person.

Relational Aggressions

Jared joins theater anyway because it's what he really wanted to do. In theater, he meets a lot of new people and is around girls a lot more often than before. He notices that when the girls are angry with each other, they never talk about it with each other directly (or even get into fights like some of Jared's friends do). Instead, they tend to talk about each other to other people. Now, rather than thinking that girls aren't aggressive, Jared learns that they are just aggressive in a different way. We call this type of aggression:

Relational Agression

Ashlyn's friends describe her as the "life of the party". She is always seen out with her friends and is happiest when she gets to spend time with them. They also say that even though she is always out and about, she doesn't really explore new things; she likes her normal places and restaurants. Referencing what you know about trait theory, what does Ashlyn score high in? What does she score low in?

Scores high in extroversion but low in openness

You leave your child for the day at daycare. You know your child is safe and in good hands. Once you leave the room, you hear your child begin to cry and become really upset. It pulls at your heartstrings and you turn around to give them one last kiss. When you enter the room again, your child stops crying, greets you, and smiles as you hug them. What type of attachment style does your child have and why?

Secure because even though my child is crying while I'm gone, they are comforted by my return.

During this stage, understanding of the world is constructed coordinating sensory and motor experiences.

Sensorimotor Stage

The properties of a person that determine one's classification as male or female; determined by the 23rd chromosomal pair.

Sex

Allie is predominantly interested in intimate relationships with other females. This is called her:

Sexual Orientation

Linda has two X's on her 23rd chromosome, but prefers her sexual encounters to be with women. With only the information given we can describe Linda's behavior as a reflection of her __.

Sexual Orientation

Believes children learn gender through reward and punishments as well as observation and modeling

Social Learning Theory

Includes the use of gender schemas which are mental images of what is appropriate for males and females in their culture

Social Role Theory

Taylor Swift almost exclusively writes songs about her breakups with boys or her friends; the production of the music and writing of the lyrics helps her cope with the heartbreak. Which defense mechanism is she demonstrating?

Sublimination

The Id, Ego, and Superego are parts of Freud's theory of personality. Referencing what you know about the Id, Ego, and Superego, which of the following would fall under Kohlberg's "Post-conventional" stage of morality?

Superego

Which is not a secondary-sex characteristic?

Testes

You have a teacher for a math class and you don't like him at all. He doesn't explain the material well and doesn't speak nicely when you ave questions. Whenever you go to class, though, he always wears a certain cologne. At first, it didn't bother you and it just became a regular component to class, but now when you smell it, you start to feel those feelings of anger and frustration like you felt while you were in his class. In this example, what is the conditioned stimulus (CS)?

The Cologne

Which is a potential cause of a baby being born that has not developed properly?

The baby's mom not being able to afford food with proper nutrients. The baby's mom ingesting alcohol The baby's mom being in a bad emotional condition.

Claire suffered through breast cancer before having her first child. She is in remission (yay!) but had to have a double mastectomy (the removal of both breasts). When she found out she was pregnant she was very happy but nervous because she wasn't going to be able to breast feed her baby and was worried about not being able to form that bond with her child. Why shouldn't Claire be worried?

The bonding doesn't come from the food, it comes from the closeness. If the mother wants to create a strong bond, she should focus on holding her baby close and holding her baby often; babies want security.

If a child is in the "Industry vs. Inferiority" stage of development, what will the child experience?

The child will attempt to cope with the new demands of their new school but feel sad and anxious if they cannot academically perform the way that they want

When creating your own examples for the upcoming psych exam, you try to relate concepts to other chapters in the course. You're trying to think of another example for the Id, Ego, and Superego. You would be correct to relate the Superego to ___ because...

The forebrain because the forebrain is where our higher order functions such as complex thought and our personality are. The superego utilizes complex thought such as morality .

Although Xe was assigned female at birth, Xe lives as a male, using a male name and dressing in men's clothes. Xe is:

Transgender

Although Xe was born a biological female, Xe lives as a male, using a male name and dressing in men's clothes. It is likely that Xe is _.

Transgender

A child is fully dependent on their caregiver for life. The absence of care or the inconsistency may lead to feelings of insecurity and anxiety

Trust vs. Mistrust

Organize Erikson's stages in order from birth to old age.

Trust vs. Mistrust Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt Initiative vs. Guilt Industry vs. Inferiority Identity vs. Confusion Intimacy vs. Isolation Generativity vs. Stagnation Integrity vs. Despair

When you were younger and learning to read, your parents rewarded you with a piece of candy whenever you correctly read an average of 5 pages out loud. What reinforcement schedule is this?

Variable Ratio

Which of the following situations examples describes Kohlberg's "Pre-conventional" stage of moral development?

You accidentally walk out of the grocery store without having paid for an item that was forgotten. You go back inside to pay for it because, even though accidental, taking something without paying for it is wrong.

Erin is 26 years old and she just recently found out that she is 7 weeks pregnant. Although she is very excited, she is also very nervous because before she knew she was pregnant, she had been going out with her friends and had been drinking. Should Erin be concerned?

Yes, because she is in the stage where all the baby's organs are forming.

Jared is older now and is better behaved in school. In fact, he is consistently praised for his hard work He also plays on the soccer team and his soccer coach often praises him for his continuous improvement in the sport. Sometimes, though, classmates will call him a teacher's pet and tease him about not being better at soccer. Eventually, Jared begins to doubt himself. What stage of Erickson's psychosocial development is Jared likely in?

industry vs. Inferiority