psych final

Ego

- A personality component that represents reason, good sense, and rational self-control - Referee between Id and Superego

anti-anxiety drugs

- Also called tranquilizers - Reduce anxiety - Elevate the activity of GABA

Which of the following is a cause of major depression?

Genetic predisposition Loss of important relationship Cognitive habit

(Personality) trait

Habitual way of behaving, thinking, and feeling

temperament

Innate dispositions to respond to the environment in certain ways

borderline personality disorder

Intense but unstable relationships, impulsiveness, self-harming behavior, feelings of emptiness, and a fear of abandonment by others

Which of the following individuals would benefit most from taking an antipsychotic drug?

Jerry, who suffers from schizophrenia

antisocial personality disorder

Lifelong pattern of irresponsible, antisocial behavior such as lawbreaking, violence, and other impulsive acts

Which of the following is the criterion for abnormality?

Personal suffering Statistical infrequency Norm violation

psychiatrist

Prescribe drugs

personal suffering

Suffer from something (experience distress)

transference

The client transfers emotional feelings, such as conflicts with parents, onto the therapist

Which of the following is NOT an accurate statement regarding the DSM?

The diagnosis is always objective

Psychoanalysis

A method of psychotherapy that emphasizes unconscious motives and conflicts

bipolar disorder

A mood disorder in which episodes of depression and mania (excessive euphoria) occur

Id

A personality component containing inherited psychic energy (sexual and aggressive instincts)

Superego

A personality component that represents morality, conscience, and social standards

Psychodynamic theories

Theories that explain behavior and personality in terms of unconscious energy dynamics within the individual

Psychotherapy

Treatment of psychological disorder through psychological method (no medication)

reciprocal determinism

Two-way interaction between aspects of the environment and aspects of the individual in the shaping of personality traits

Yusuke sometimes feels absolutely on top of the world. He feels everything around him seems to be wonderful and beautiful. However, after a few weeks of feeling great, he becomes horribly upset and finds himself constantly crying. Which disorder do you think Yusuke has?

bipolar disorder

Yusuke is depressed and constantly thinks things like "I'll never be good enough" and "I'll never be happy". His therapist tells him to try to change the way he thinks about himself and the world. Yusuke's therapist is most likely a ______ psychologist.

cognitive behavioral

gneralized anxiety disorder (GAD)

continuous, uncontrollable anxiety or worry

_______________ is a fundamental personality dimension that describes the extent to which people are outgoing or social.

extroversion

-Schizophrenic people suffer from split personalities. -Most Schizophrenic people experience delusion and hallucination -The incidence of violence is higher among Schizophrenic people -Most Schizophrenic people cannot live independently

false

delusions

false beliefs

hallucinations

false perceptual experience

agoraphobia

fear of being away from a safe place or person

social phobia

fear of being judged by other and of being embarrassed

- Yusuke sees gigantic spiders crawling on his neck - Yusuke gets good grades on exams because voices whisper the answers in his ear

hallucinations

If Yusuke has the persistent thought that his hands are dirty, then he has a(n) _____. If he cannot stop washing his hands throughout a day, then he has a(n) _____.

obsession; compulsion

When Yusuke takes a test, his heart begins pounding, his palms begin to sweat, and he has a difficult time breathing. He worries that he is about to have a heart attack. Which type of disorder might Yusuke have?

panic disorder

Schizophrenia

positive symptoms - hallucinations - delusions negative symptoms - Flat or inappropriate affect - Loss of contact with reality - Social withdrawal

Jin's therapist is currently helping her to recognize that she is unknowingly controlled by a need to dominate people. According to Jin's therapist, Jin plays practical jokes, arrives late to appointments, and behaves in an aggressive manner because she is defending against her unconscious feelings of inadequacy. Jin's therapist most likely believes in the __________ approach.

psychoanalytic

Freud's theory is called ? because it emphasizes unconscious energy dynamics within the individual.

psychodynamic

projective tests

rely on the projection of unconscious conflicts and motivations onto ambiguous stimulus materials Ex: Rorschach Inkblot Test

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is used sparingly and only under certain conditions, primarily in the treatment of:

severe depression

specific phobia

snakes, heights

objective tests

standardized questionnaires- typically multiple choice or true/ false ex: Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

Statistical infrequency

statistically deviates from what most people do

You were watching a cartoon. When a character faced a difficult situation, an angel appeared over one shoulder and a devil appeared over the other shoulder, and both gave advice. You thought that the angel was _____ and the devil was _____.

superego; id

major depression

symptoms last for more than two weeks

Bill has always had a terrible fear of dogs, and it causes problems in his life. He tells you that his therapist is having him look at pictures of dogs while trying to remain relaxed. His next step will be to begin interacting with actual dogs and learning to remain relaxed. You might want to reassure him that __________ is often quite successful.

systemic desensitization

Although genetic predisposition for depression plays a significant role in whether someone develops it, stressors in the environment, such as divorce, also can have a major effect on the onset of depression.

true

antipsychotic drugs

- Many block or reduce sensitivity of dopamine receptors - Used primarily for schizophrenia

Defense mechanism

- Mechanism to prevent unconscious anxiety or threatening thoughts from entering consciousness - Used by the ego

antidepressant drugs

- Relieves symptoms of depression -Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor (SSRI) - Elevates serotonin's activities

Genetic predisposition

- Schizophrenia tends to run in families - Dysregulation of dopamine is strongly implicated

Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)

- Used mainly for severe depression - Usually effects are short-lived

panic disorder

- anxiety in the form of severe panic attacks that come without warning - related to agoraphobia

issues od dsm-v

- danger of over diagnosis - confusion of serious mental disorders with normal problems - the illusion of objectivity

all false

-Abnormal behaviors are always bizarre -A clear distinction can be drawn between "normal" and "abnormal" behaviors. -As a group, former mental patients are unpredictable and dangerous. -Geniuses are particularly prone to emotional disorders. -Most mental disorders are incurable.

cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)

-Change irrational, unproductive ways of thinking and behaving to reduce negative emotions -Used to treat anxiety disorder & depression

humanistic psychotherapy

-Clients will improve on their own -Therapists are responsible for assisting them

client-centered therapy

-Devised by Carl Rogers -Emphasizes the therapist's empathy with the client and the use of unconditional positive regard (love or support given with no conditions attached) -Repeat or rephrase what the client said

causes of depression

-Genetic predispositions -Violence, childhood physical abuse, and parental neglect -Losses of important relationships -Cognitive habits

when psychotherapy works best

-Major depression ◦ Cognitive-behavioral therapy -Specific phobia ◦ Systematic desensitization ◦ Exposure therapy -Generalized Anxiety disorder ◦ Cognitive-behavioral therapy -OCD ◦ Exposure therapy ◦ Cognitive-behavioral therapy

psychologists

-Not authorized to prescribe drugs -Training in clinical/counseling psychology

exposure therapy

-OCD and other anxiety disorders -Exposure to the feared situation while the avoidance behavior being prevented -Based on classical extinction

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

-Obsessions: Repetitive, persistent thoughts -Compulsions: Repetitive, ritualized behaviors

systemic desensitization

-Step-by-step process of desensitizing a client to a feared object or experience -Used for phobia -Based on counterconditioning

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

-Symptoms: psychic numbing, reliving the trauma, and increased physiological arousal -Persist for one month or longer -May immediately follow event or occur later

Personality

A distinctive pattern of behavior, thoughts, motives, and emotions that characterizes an individual

behavioral therapy

Applies principles of classical and operant conditioning to help people change their (problem) behaviors

norm violation

Breaks current social rules

__________ refers to the extent to which people are outgoing and social, whereas __________ refers to the extent to which people are anxious and tense.

Extroversion; neuroticism

Kellie is fearful in situations where she must eat in public or write in the presence of others. She is worried that she might say or do something embarrassing. Kellie is exhibiting the symptoms of

a social phobia

Which of the following would likely be the most useful in reducing a patient's agitation, delusions, and hallucinations?

antipsychotic drug

-Yusuke knows that he can fit into his pen cap if he concentrates hard enough - Yusuke believes that he is the best psychologist in the world

delusions

Personality traits ? a person's behavior (how), but do not ? a person's behavior (why).

describes; explain

Alice feels as though she is a failure. Although her college GPA is a respectable 3.7 she feels as though she should be doing much better. She is concerned about her parents' views of her. Even though they call, visit, and send care packages often, Alice is sure they do so because they know she is incapable of caring for herself. When a recent short-term relationship fizzled out, Alice blamed her own inability to maintain a witty conversation as the cause of the break-up. Although several other people have since asked her out, she is nervous about accepting them because she knows if things don't go well she won't ever get a second chance.

disorder: depression treatment: cognitive behavioral therapy

Sarah has had an intense fear of dogs since she was a child. When she was 4 years old her older brother forced her to approach a large sleeping dog that was chained in a yard. Although she escaped being bitten, the dog's loud angry barking and frantic movements, coupled with her crying and agitation, left their mark on her. Now, as an adult, she is still wary of dogs and feels apprehensive and anxious whenever she sees a dog on the street. Visits to friends who keep pets have been severely cut off; Sarah never drops by unannounced for fear that the dog might be free in the house. On the rare occasions when she does visit, the animals must be kept chained out of sight in the backyard.

disorder: phobia treatment: systematic desensitization, exposure therapy

Madge was found wandering the streets of New Jersey. She was brought to the attention of a social worker because she would routinely stand in automobile traffic and scream obscenities at the top of her lungs to no one in particular. During one of Madge's rare lucid moments, she told the social worker that she lived in a garbage dumpster and that she obeyed voices who commanded her to do the things she did. A search by police and news agencies for friends or relatives proved futile; no one seemed to know who Madge was, she seemed to have nowhere to go, and her disordered thinking was becoming more and more bizarre.

disorder: schizophrenia treatment: antipsychotic drug

A team of researchers are working to understand the biological factors of schizophrenia. This team is most likely focusing their research on the role of which neurotransmitter?

dopamine

- Yusuke is a psychologist who believes that clients improve on their own. Yusuke also believes that therapists are responsible for creating an environment where client becomes aware of their feelings. Yusuke is most likely a ________ psychotherapist. - Dr. Geiser treats her clients as equals. She feels that this is the first step toward helping the client improve. She claims that by making the client feel accepted and encouraged, the foundation has been laid for the client to improve on their own. Dr. Geiser is most likely a __________ psychologist.

humanistic

phobia

intense or irrational fear of a specific situation, activity, or object

Yusuke is constantly anxious about things, even though he really doesn't have anything to be anxious about. He constantly complains about his coursework and gives up on difficult projects easily. Yusuke is best described as highly

neurotic