Psych Final

The difference between a hypothesis and a theory is

A hypothesis is a tentative explanation and a theory is a broad explanation.

Which of the following is a drug that can be used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder?

Adderall

what is the major flaw in the Asch conformity study

Asch ignored the importance of several factors including conformity- including race class and gender

Gestalt psychology has been influential in all of the following except:

Behaviorism

which of the following makes it more likely that a child will be bullied?

Children who are different from others are more likely to be bullied

What study is a functionalist most likely to conduct?

Determining the brain wave activity in video games

What study is a structuralist most likely to conduct?

Determining the reaction time in video games

Who led the reform efforts for mental health care in the United States?

Dorothea Dix

Who was the first African American to receive a PhD in psychology in the United States?

Francis Cecil Sumner

which perspective directly contradicts Wilhelm Wundt's ideas of structuralism?

Gestalt psychology

which statement about Edward C Tolman is incorrect

He found that emotions can be a conditioned response.

identify the major flaw with John B. Watson's Little Albert experiment

It is unethical for a researcher to induce fear in a child, since it is harmful to induce fear.

Who started the feminist revolution in psychology?

Naomi Weisstein

what is the main difference between Sigmund Freud and the neo Freudians?

Neo Freudians reduce the emphasis on sex

which of the following is an example of hopelessness theory?

Rochelle has an expectation that terrible things will happen and there's nothing she can do about it-this leaves her to become depressed.

Which of the following illustrates conservation?

Scott knows that one piece of pizza cut into two slices is the same amount as cutting the same piece of pizza into three slices.

Who developed the first comprehensive theory of personality?

Sigmund Freud

Studying close relatives allows behavioral geneticists to determine ________.

The relative contributions of genes and environment in a population

One hundred introductory psychology students are surveyed about their intended majors. The results indicate that more women than men intend to pursue a psychology major, where as more men than women intent to pursue a history major. What do these results indicate?

There is a relationship between gender and intended major.

The similarity between a hypothesis and a theory is

They are both explanations.

what was the major flaw in the Stanford prison experiment?

Zimbardo did not use a control groups.

In comparing reflexes and instincts, instincts are

all of the above

Tasks that require you to compare, contrast, or evaluate are using the ________ intelligence component of the triarchic theory of intelligence.

analytical

Which of the following is the best example of central route persuasion?

anti-smoking advertisements that use charts and graphs to show how many people die from smoking related causes each year

Paxil, Prozac, and Zoloft are examples of ________.

antidepressants

Many studies that cannot ethically be conducted as experiments with typical human participants ________.

are possible to test with animal studies

early maturing girls are

at a higher risk of depression, substance abuse, and eating disorders

Dr. Bronson treats anxiety disorders with Xanax, which exemplifies ________ therapy.

biomedical

Phyllis cannot be alone. Her moods and behaviors are unstable, as are her relationships with other people. She often displays inappropriate and intense anger. Recently, Phyllis wrote a suicide note and offered to show it to her husband. Which of the following diagnoses accounts for her personality?

borderline personality disorder

The __ is demonstrated by the attack on Kitty Genovese.

bystander effect

What is comorbidity?

co-occurrence of two disorders in the same individual

Tabetha has a mental picture of the layout of her house, also called a ________, so when she comes home late at night she can navigate through the rooms without turning on a light.

cognitive map

A major advantage of case studies is __.

detailed information

what study is a psychoanalyst most likely to conduct

determining video game success relative to unconscious aggression

What symptom of schizophrenia is illustrated by the following example? So bees with knees have fleas and fleas jump, I jump like a jack, Jack the Giant Killer. Giants kill and transform things and something happened, but we can't hear because our eyes are like flies that flew away.

disorganized thinking

which two neurotransmitters have roles in appetite suppression?

dopamine; norepinephrine

Jory, a six year old, is picking out a card for his mother's birthday. He picks the card with a picture of Lightning McQueen, reasoning that since he loves Cars his mother does to. What does this exemplify?

egocentrism

What did John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner demonstrate with their study of Little Albert?

emotion can be a conditioned response

Lisa puts five quarters into the parking meter every time she goes downtown. However, when asked, Lisa cannot say if the head on a quarter is facing left or right. This may be an example of ________, because Lisa never paid attention to the picture in the first place.

encoding failure

The theory of ________ states that organisms that are better suited for their environment will survive and reproduce, while those that are poorly suited for their environment will die off.

evolution by natural selection

what type of memories do we consciously try to remember and recall?

explicit memories

A(an) ________ locus of control is the belief that our outcomes are outside of our control; an ________ locus of control is the belief that we control our own outcomes.

external; internal

Wendy's mother has Blue eyes and her father has brown eyes. The allele for brown eye color is dominant to the allele for blue eye color, but Wendy has blue eyes. Therefore, Wendy's __ must be __ and her father's must be Bb.

genotype; bb

according to the American psychological Association, three factors work together to produce successful treatment. Which of the following is not one of the three factors?

having a psychologist or therapist of the same sex

What is the goal of humanistic therapy?

helping people become more self-aware and accepting of themselves

proportion of difference among people that is attributed to genetics

heritability

Tammy had a positive view of challenges: she views them as task to be mastered. She develops a deep interest in and a strong commitment to becoming a good teacher. When she doesn't pass her first teaching praxis, she quickly recovers and works to overcome the setback. Albert Bandura would say Tammy has __.

high self-efficacy

An intelligence test yields the same results when administered on three separate occasions. However, the test results are more strongly correlated with our spent doing homework then they are with other standardized intelligence test. This test has __ reliability and __ validity

high; low

Niaz's car breaks down, and he is convinced that it was a predictable event even though there was no way of knowing it would happen. This exemplifies ________.

hindsight bias

which principle underlies cognitive therapy?

how do you think determines how you feel

adolescents experiment with and develop a sense of who they are and what roles they want to play. What is the primary developmental task of the stage?

identity v. confusion

When people say you never forget how to ride a bike, they are referring to __ memory, also called non-declarative memory

implicit

In a resting state, sodium is at a higher concentration outside the cell and potassium is more concentrated inside the cell. During an action potential, the sodium levels __ inside the cell.

increase

Spurling et al. investigated the effects of two vocabulary learning strategies on word retention two weeks later. In this example, learning strategy is the ________ variable and word retention is the ________ variable.

independent; dependent

The __ approach to the study of personality came about in reaction to the dominance of western approaches to the study of personality in non-western settings.

indigenous

after age 65, most people are attempting to assess their lives and make sense of life and the meaning of their contributions. What is the primary developmental task of this age?

integrity vs. despair

According to the biopsychosocial model, what determines health?

interaction of biological, psychological, and social factors

Jake is sympathetic and considerate of his friends' moods. He really identifies with their feelings and readily understands their point of view. He is well-known around campus, and he has great relationships with his classmates and professors. Which area of intelligence does this exemplify?

interpersonal

people in early adulthood are ready to establish emotional closeness and maintain relationships with others. What is the primary developmental task of the stage?

intimacy vs. isolation

which of the following is a benefit of group therapy?

it can decrease a client shame and isolation about a problem

The concept conservation refers to __.

knowing that even if you change the appearance of something, it is still equal in size as long as nothing has been removed or added

During which period are sexual feelings dormant as children focus on other pursuits, such as school, friendships, hobbies, and sports?

latency

Learning that occurs but is not observable in behavior until there is a reason to demonstrate it is called ___ learning

latent

Janice is in the middle of a distinct period of an abnormally and persistently elevated mood. In the last week she has cleaned her house from top to bottom, but a new car that she can't afford, and dug up most of her yard in case she might want a garden next year. Janice is experiencing __.

mania

According to the Atkinson-Shiffrin model, ________.

memories are processed the same way that a computer processes information

A developmental psychologist might use __ to observe how children behave on a playground, at a daycare center, or in the child's own home.

naturalistic observation

Patwardhan et al. report data from a study where they hired experimental confederates to attend speed dating events, posing as daters, and carefully take notes on the behaviors of the daters. What type of research design did they use?

naturalistic observation

Dave's boss told him that he doesn't have to attend the company picnic if Dave meets his sales quota this month Dave's boss is using __.

negative reinforcement

People with __ disorders experience thoughts and urges that are intrusive and unwanted and or the need to engage in repetitive behaviors or mental acts.

obsessive-compulsive

A negative correlation means __.

one variable decreases as the other increases

Jarl makes several minor mistakes during his conversational French class. Instead of thinking, "everyone makes mistakes sometimes," he thinks, "I am so stupid." What kind of cognitive distortion is this?

over generalization

The __ nervous system is responsible for stimulating digestion and causing the bladder to contract.

parasympathetic

What contrasts differentiate psychoanalysis and humanism?

pessimism and optimism, respectively

Elroy decided not to cheat on the exam because he would fail the class if he was caught. What stage of moral development does this exemplify?

pre-conventional

Dr. Grimes conducts a ________ by requesting that his patient respond to ambiguous stimuli, thus revealing hidden feelings, impulses, and desires.

projective test

Elena is attending mandatory therapy sessions. Her doctor just wants her to talk about her childhood. What kind of psychotherapeutic orientation does this exemplify?

psychodynamic psychotherapy

The Humanist approach is most likely to participate in __ research.

qualitative

What do obsessive-compulsive disorder, body dysmorphic disorder, and hoarding disorder have in common?

repetitive thoughts and urges, as well as an uncontrollable need to engage in repetitive behavior and mental acts

research describing a link between childhood vaccines and autism has been __

retracted due to a financial conflict of interest by the author

Which of the following experiments involves the use of operant conditioning?

rewarding a child for finishing his oatmeal mush and counting how many times the child needs to be rewarded before he finishes his oatmeal voluntarily

Which of the following strategies with effectively prevent groupthink from occurring?

seeking outside opinions on group decisions

The concept of __ suggest that people choose to move to places that are compatible with their personalities and needs.

selective migration

According to Abraham Maslow, the highest need is

self-actualization

In comparing reflexes in instincts, reflexes are

simpler

Michelle attempts to minimize the cost of her relationship with Rachel while maximizing benefits. she enjoys Rachel's company but she tries to avoid helping her move. This is an example of the __ theory.

social exchange

Renee is part of A group playing tug-of-war. She knows that her team is stronger, so she doesn't try as hard as she could. Renee is engaged in __.

social loafing

what is the main point of the Stanford prison experiment?

social roles are powerful determinant of human behavior

What is one task that a peer reviewer is not likely to participate in?

suggesting magazines that may be interested in publishing the research

A ___ is any environmental agent - biological, chemical, or physical - that causes damage

teratogen

A recent study compared the vaccination histories of 256 children with autism spectrum disorder with that of 752 control children across three time periods during the first two years of life. Researchers found that __.

the quantity of immunizations from vaccines received during the first two years of life were not at all related to the development of autism spectrum disorder

individuals with dissociative identity disorder are most likely treated with __ while those with schizophrenia are treated with __.

therapy, medication

what is the advantage of applying learning approaches to the study of personality?

they can be scientifically tested

Magali and Jean-Gabriel have been asked to design a study investigating happiness across the lifespan. They decide their study will involve going to the mall and asking people of a variety of ages if they are happy or unhappy. What is the most serious flaw of this design?

they have not defined happiness or how it will be measured

what does structuralism, Freud and the Gestalt psychologist have in common?

they were concerned about understanding in her experiences

Which of the following is a good example of visual encoding?

thinking about a dog you want to adopt and having the image of the dog appear in your mind

Patients at Manderly Psychiatric Center are rewarded with chips when they engage in positive behaviors such as socializing with other patients. They can later exchange the chips for privileges, like extra TV time. This is an example of ________.

token economy

a particular electrical signal being transmitted to a neuron is sufficient to generate an action potential will __.

undergo no changes in strength, speed, or duration

which of the following is an example of a mnemonic device

using the acronym HOMES to remember the names of the five Great Lakes

Harold catches fish throughout the day at unpredictable intervals. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

variable interval

the D.A.R.E program is an example of

why empirical research is needed