psych final exam

Yarema is a cyclist. He notices that whenever he trains with someone else, his time improves markedly. This phenomenon is probably due to the process known as

Social facilitation

According to George Miller, the "magic number seven" refers to a. the number to pieces of information the average person can easily recall after a single exposure b. the amount of information that can be memorized in one setting d. the time it takes information to pass from short-term memory to long-term memory

a. the number of pieces of information the average person can easily recall after a single exposure

If you wanted to study the effects of caffeine on sleep, you could vary the consumption levels of caffeine. The administration of caffeine is a. the treatment b. the control c. unethical d. the dependent variable

a. the treatment

Neurons will not fire unless the incoming messages combine to reach a certain strength called the a. threshold b. minimum c. membrane d. potential

a. threshold

When the body habituates to a substance and higher doses are needed to get the same effects, this is called a. tolerance b. resistance c. withdrawel d. DT's

a. tolerance

After getting off a roller coaster ride you have difficulty maintaining your balance. This is due to your____. a. vestibular sense b. visual sense c. auditory sense d. cerebellum

a. vestibular sense

Psychological is defined as the scientific study of a. behavior and mental processes b. diagnosis and treatment of behavioral disorders c. conscious and unconscious mental processes d. the mind

a.behavior and mental processes

The absolute threshold is detected by exposing a participate to progressively stronger stimuli until particpiate can detect the stimuli ____ of the time a. 100% b. 50% c. 25% d. 10%

b. 50%

____ is a form of meditation that encourages clients to focus on the present moment rather than focus on problems. a. Transformational meditation d. Mindfulness meditation c. Mantra meditation d. Biofeedback

b. Mindfulness meditation

What are feature detectors? a. a mechanical process that involves the stimulation of sensory receptors b. Neurons that fire in response to specific features of sensed stimuli c. Visible light that triggers visual sensations d. The lowest intensity at which the stimulus can be detected

b. Neurons that fire in response to specific features of sensed stimuli

A problem-solving technique that involves a specific procedure for the particular type of problem is called a. a computer b. an algorithm c. a concept d. an analogy

b. an algorithm

The brain ad spinal cord make up the a. peripheral nerous system b. central nervous sytem c. autonomic nervous system d. sympathetic nervous system

b. central nervous system

The ____ is the structure that connects the hemispheres of the cerebral cortex a. cerebellum b. corpus callosum c. cerebrum d. thalamus

b. corpuse callosum

Punishment is an aversive event that ___ the frequency of the behavior it follows. a. increases b. decreases c. eliminates d. maintains

b. decreases

When a child combines words to form a sentence rather than imitate on he/she has heard before, he/she is demonstrating the ____ characteristics of language skills. a. semanticity b. displacement c. infinite creativity d. plurality

b. displacement

Jack just finished a 26-mile marathon. In spite of the physical strain he feels euphoric and elated due to the release of a. serotonin b. dopamine c. endorphins d. acetylcholine

b. dopamine

One theory of schizophrenia is that people who suffer from it may have more receptor sites for what neurotransmitter? a. norepinephrine b. dopamine c. acetylcholine d. serotonin

b. dopamine

In a ____ study, neither the experimenter nor the participants know who has obtained the real treatment. a. single blind b. double-blind c. confounded d. debriefed

b. double-blind

The senosry register that holds the mental representations of sounds is called a. iconic memory b. echoic memory c. eidetic imagery d. working memory

b. echoic memory

A significant problem with the correlational method is that it does NOT a. establish the relationship between two variables b. establish cause and effect c. determine if one variable increases or decreses d. produce a correlation coefficient

b. establish if one variable increases or decreases

The tendency to think of an object in terms of its name or its familiar function is called a. incubation b. functional fixedness c. insight d. mental set

b. functional fixedness

Cognitive psychologists are specifically interested in studying a. animal learning and motivation b. human thinking and memory c. genetic and hormonal effects on behavior d. introspection and behavioral disorders

b. human thinking and memory

In biofeedback training, the individual usually ___ when the targeted response is being performed a. hears or sees a signal b. is given an electrical shock c. reads a book d. is given a reinforcer

b. is given a shock

The minimum difference between stimuli that a person can detect about 50% of the time is called the a. absolute difference b. just noticeable difference c. Weber's constant d. signal detection theory

b. just noteiceable difference

If a neurosurgeon stilumated a specific area of your ____, you might raise an arm or move a finger. a. somatonsensory cortex b. motor cortex c. visual cortex d. auditory cortex

b. motor cortex

Any stimulus that, when removed, increases the likelihood that a behavior will continue is called a(n) a. positive reinforcer b. negative reinforcer c. conditional stimulus d. unconditional stimulus

b. negative reinforcer

A dog can be trained to salivate when a bell is sounded by a. having a bell in the room where the animal is fed b. pairing the sound of the bell with the delivery of food c. praising the dog after it is fed d. not delivering food

b. pairing the sound of the bell with the delivery of food

The memory of how to perform a task is called a. episodic memory b. procedural memory c. semantic memory d. implicit memory

b. procedural memory

The photoreceptors for vision are located in the a. lens b. retina c. cornea d. pupil

b. retina

After being in a dark room for a while, you can see much better than you could when you walked in. This is known as a. desensitization b. sensitization c. virtual stabilization d. motor imaging

b. sensitization

Reinforcing successive steps towards a behavioral goal is called a. molding b. shaping c. creating d. forming

b. shaping

Peter has a phobia for dogs. The behavior therapist has him relax and just think about dogs, and occasionally shows him pictures of dogs. the next session will involve going to the pet store to observe dogs through a glass, and the next week a trip to a kennel. In ever instance Peter must maintain a relaxed response. This type of behavior therapy is known as a. aversion-hierarchy conditioning b. systematic desensitization c. higher-order conditining d. stimulus generalization conditioning

b. systematic desensitization

While on vacation, twleve years ago, Benjamin became extremely ill when he ate some shrimp. The fact that he cannot eat shrimp to this day is a classic example of a. taste conditioning b. taste aversion c. taste associations d. predicted taste conditioning

b. taste aversion

Dr. Whorf believes that language structures the way we perceive the world. therefore, people who speak various languages concpetualize the world in different ways. This is called a. infinite creativity in language b. the linguistic relativity hypothesis c. variations in rules of grammar d. the displacement hypothesis

b. the linguistic relativity hypothesis

An infant speaks her first word and says "Da Da." She is probably about a. 2 years old b. 6 months old c. 1 year old d. 18 months old

c. 1 year old

We inherit ____ chromosomes from our mother and ____ from our father. a. 26; 26 b. 46; 46 c. 23; 23 d. 43; 43

c. 23;23

A circadium rhythm is a. a cycle of lunar phases b. an old method of birth control c. a cycle connected to the 24-hour period of earth's rotation d. a cycle of wakefulness based on meteorological conditions

c. a cycle connected to the 24-hour period of earth's rotation

The best research method to investigate cause and effect relationships between variables is a. observation b. correlation c. an experiment d. a case study

c. an experiment

Psychologists believe that we process a sensory register for a. only visual information b. only auditory information c. each of our sensory systems d. non of the above

c. each of our sensory systems

That process of changing information so that we can place it in memory is called a. storing b. memorizing c. encoding d. programming

c. encoding

Some patients who undergo surgery require less anesthetic when ____ is used a. post operative medication b. apnea c. hypnosis d. narcolepsy

c. hypnosis

The babbling of infants in all cultures sounds much the same, but by 9 or 10 months of age, a. children from industrialized cultures display a greater variety of sounds b. inborn factors result in cultural differences in languages c. infants repeat only the sounds they are exposed to d. holophrases are uttered

c. infants repeat only the sounds they are exposed to

___ are small genetic variations that lead to differences among individuals in physical trais. a. Random codes b. Systematic changes c. Mutations d. Decodes

c. mutations

The professor just said that everyone in the class is to focus on their home environment. When they thin of home, that is an example of a thought being brought out of the a. unconscious b. subconscious c. preconscious d. nonconscious

c. preconscious

Freud's technique of psychotherapy is called a. reality therapy b. insight therapy c. psychoanalysis d. beahvior therapy

c. psychoanalysis

Which of the following is NOT an example of a reinforced behavior? a. praising a dog for rolling over b. patting a dog for rolling over c. ringing a bell before a dog rolls-over d. giving a dog a "biscuit" for rolling over

c. ringing a bell before a dog rolls-over

Information at the beginning and end of a list tends to be more easily recalled than information in the middle of the list. This cognitive process is called a. encoding b. chunking c. serial-position effect d. the magic number seven

c. serial-position effect

Deficiencies in ____ have been linked to depression, eating disorders, and insomnia a. noradrenaline b. acetylcholine c. serotonin d. dopamine

c. serotonin

The structure that serves as a relay station incoming sensory stimulation and directs this information to appropriate brain sites is the a. pons b. RAS c. thalamus d. septum

c. thalamus

The self-serving bias is the tendency to

credit our successes to internal, dispositional factors and our failures to situational influences

Which represents the strongest correlation? a. +.97 b. -.90 c. +.09 d. -.99

d. -.99

The school of psychology that emphasized the organization of perceptual experience into wholes and the integration of serparate stimuli into meaningful patterns is termed a. psychoanalysis b. functionalism c. structuralism d. Gestalt psychology

d. Gestalt psychology

Generally speaking, men place greater emphasis on a woman's physical appearnace, while women place greater emphasis on a man's

earning potential

According to Maslow, needs are organized in a ____ with psychiological needs and self-actualization needs at the extremes

hierarchy

The tendency toward homeostasis or a steady state would cause

a tired person to sleep

A ____ is a segment of a population that is targeted for study. a. sample b. group c. team d. all of the above

a. sample

The axon of a neuron ends in small bulb-like structures called a. terminal buttons b. myelin c. dendrites d. glial cells

a. terminal buttons

The skin senses include: a. touch and pressure b. cold and warmth c. pain d. all of the above

D. all of the above

Social psychology does not involve the study of what?

Intelligence

According to the triangular model of love, love consists of what three components?

Intimacy, passion, committment

According to the cognitive-dissonance theory

People seak consistency in their behavior and attitudes as well as when people find their attitudes and behaviors in conflict, they must reduce the discrepency

Diffusion of responsibility contributes to

Primary drive, aquired drive, and biological drive

A type of persuasive communication that attempts to influence behavior by arousing fear instead of rational analysis is

a fear appeal

In Pavlov's experiments, meat powder elicited salivation. Salivation in this case was the a. CR b. UCR. c. CS d. UCS

a. CR

____ remove dead neurons and waste products from the nervous system, nourish and insulate neurons, and direct their growth a. Schwann cells b. Neurons c. Glial cells d. Myelin

a. Glial cells

Dreams are most vivid during a. REM sleep b. NREM sleep c. the hypnagogic state d. none of the above

a. REM sleep

Paradoxical sleep is also known as a. REM sleep b. the hypnagogic state c. stage 4 d. stage 2

a. REM sleep

While visiting the jungles of South America in the early part of the 20th century, Eugene was shot witha poison dart. He immediately became paralyzed. The toxin in the dart most likely blocked the action of a. acetylcholine b. serotonin c. dopamine d. noradrenaline

a. acetlycholine

When we apply the solution of an earlier problem to a new but similar problem we are using an ____. a. anaology b. algorithm c. anaysis d. anagram

a. anaology

You walk past a Pizza Hut and salivate in response to the aroma of freshly baked pizza. This is the result of a. classical conditioning b. operant conditioning c. spontaneous recovery d. instrumental conditioning

a. classical conditioning

Light first passes through the outer surface of the eye called the ____ a. cornea b. retina c. pupil d. Iris

a. cornea

The electrical impulse that stimulates the conduction of a neural impulse along an axon is called a(n) a. electric potential b. resting potential c. action potential d. final potential

a. electric potential

Visible light is a. electromagnetic energy b. chemical energy c. biochemical energy d. pressure/ vacuum energy

a. electromagnetic energy

With regular use of opiates, the brain stops producing the natural pain relieving ___; and as a result of physiological dependence, the person experiences ____. a. endorphins; withdrawal b. morphine; withdrawal c. endorphins; tolerance d. morphine; tolerance

a. enorphins; withdrawal

Tim can remember what he had for lunch yesterday. This is an example of a/an a. episodic memory b. nondeclarative memory c. semantic memory d. implicit memory

a. episodic memory

The vivid, detailed recollection of what you were doing when you learned about an emotionally arousing event, like the attacks of September 11, 2001, is called a. flashbulb memory b. semantic memory c. flashback memory d. hot flashes

a. flashbulb memory

The positron emission tomography, or PET scan method of brain study involves a computer-generated image of brain activity by tracing the amount of a. glucose metabolized in areas of the brain b. radiation passing through areas of the brain c. shifts in blood flow in the brain d. electrical activity on the surface of the brain

a. glcose metabolized in areas of the brain

Endocrine glands secret ____ that regulates various bodily functions. a. hormones b. endorphins c. neurotransmitters d. saliva

a. hormones

The ____ regulates the pituitary gland a. hypothalamus b. hippocampus c. hormone canter d. none of the above

a. hypothalamus

The ____ is the muscle that makes up the colored part of the eye a. iris b. cornea c. pupil d. lens

a. iris

The structure in the hindbrain that regulates heart rate, blood pressure and breathing is the a. medulla b. pons c. thalamus d. limbic system

a. medulla

Cognitive psychologists define learning as a ___ change that may or may not be associated with a ___ change. a. mental; behavioral b. behavioral; mental c. positive; behavioral d. behavioral; negative

a. mental; behavioral

Uncle Fred has a disorder that causes him to fall asleep in the middle of a conversation. This is known as a. narcolepsy b. sleep apnea c. sleep terror d. sleep paralysis

a. narcolepsy

Sensation is to mechanical stimuation as ____ is to mental representation a. perception b. unconscious c. motivation d. adaptation

a. perception

In a ____, each memberof a population has an equal of being selected to participate a. random sample b. selection sample c.stratified sample d. free sample

a. random sample

Thinking involves which of the following processes? a. attending to information b. representing information mentally c. attempting to understand information d. all of these

d. all of these

The two main divisions of the peripheral nervous system are the a. sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system b. somantic nervous system and the motor nervous system c. autonomic nervous system and the central nervous system d. autonomic nervous system and the somantic nervous system

d. autonomic nervous system and the somantic nervous system

One's ability to share our past and talk about our future goals involves the ____ capacity of language. a. infinite generativity b. semanticity c. plurality d. displacement

d. displacement

altogether, there are ____ stages of sleep a. two b. three c. four d. five

d. five

Another term for the "Aha!" experiences is a. mental set b. serial processing c. parallel d. insight

d. insight

Communication of thoughts and feelings through symbols that are arranged according to the rules of grammar defines a. syntax b. concepts c. exemplars d. language

d. language

In correlational research, when one variable increases as the other variable decreases, it is a ____ correlation. a. positive b. dubios c. invalid d. negative

d. negative

When research cannot be carried out with human subjects, researchers a. must abandon those issues b. often rely on volunteers c. rely on theoretical models d. often use animals

d. often use animals

General knowledge of history, algebra, and literature refers to ____ memory. a. procedural b. episodic c. general d. semantic

d. semantic

Atkinsons and Shiffrin proposed the three stages of memory reffered to as a. episodic, semantic, and implicit b. sensory, semantic, and implicit c. short-term, near-term, and long-term d. sensory, short-term, and long-term

d. sensory, short-term, and long-term

How the group and the individual affect each other are the concerns of ____ psychologists. a. clinical b. sociology c. community d. social

d. social

The ____ method uses interviews and questionnaires to collect information from large numbers of people. a. case study b. scientific c. experimental d. survey

d. survey

Applied research is research undertaken a. with humans b. with lower animals c. for its own sake d. to find solutions to specific problems

d. to find solutions to specific problems

Your friend Claire got lost on her way to your house. You figure she must have no snse of direction and that is why she was lost. You are making a ____ attribution

dispositional

Research has shown that mere ____ to any stimulation increases the likelihood that people will like it and react favorably to it

repeated exposure