Psych Final

Which of the following types of learning is caused by the actions we perform? a) operant conditioning b) cognitive learning c) classical conditioning d) social learning

operant conditioning

The main goal of rational emotive therapy is to get emotions under control using a) unconditional positive regard b) reason c) desensitization d) transference

reason

Which of these terms most likely refers to rapid brain waves that take place when a person is awake? a) NREM sleep b) alpha waves c) delta waves d) REM sleep e) beta waves

beta waves

Which of these terms best describes the internal chemical units that control regular cycles in parts of the body? a) circadian rhythm b) circadian c) entertainment d) free-running cycles e) biological clocks

biological clocks

The therapy that relies on actual physical intervention in the brain is a) encounter therapy b) behavioral therapy c) biomedical therapy d) humanistic therapy

biomedical therapy

A person who learns slowly and usually cannot finish high school is classified with a) borderline mental retardation b) mild mental retardation c) profound mental retardation d) severe mental retardation e) moderate mental retardation

borderline mental retardation

To find out if childhood experiences cause problems in adulthood, the best approach would be a a) cross-sectional study b) case study c) naturalistic observation d) survey method

case study

Major depression is characterized by a) periods of extreme elation and energy b) changes in appetite and sleep patterns c) selective forgetting and fugue states d) all of the above

changes in appetite and sleep patterns

To determine one's IQ, Binet compared mental age with a) performance b) chronological age c) school grades d) 100 other variables

chronological age

Which of these terms means "about a day"? a) circadian rhythm b) circadian c) entertainment d) free-running cycles e) biological clocks

circadian

Schemas are useful because they a) provide a mental outline of a problem b) help us analyze problems in a matter of seconds c) help us solve problems in an organized way d) do all of the above

do all of the above

A neuron is an individual nerve cell that a) transmits electrical information b) transmits chemical information c) communicates through neurotransmitters d) does all of the above

does all of the above

In client-centered therapy, the therapist a) allows the client to decide the direction of the therapy b) will not interpret the client's responses c) rephrases but does not change the client's feelings and thoughts d) does all of the above

does all of the above

The cerebellum a) keeps us physically coordinated b) helps us catch a ball c) helps us arrive at a destination d) does all of the above

does all of the above

The frontal association area a) helps us restrain our irrational urges b) essentially makes up what we call our personality c) helps us to make complex decisions d) does all of the above

does all of the above

The most common conflict is when there will be both good and bad involved in either decision we make. This is which type of conflict? a) approach/avoidance b) double approach/avoidance c) avoidance/avoidance d) approach/approach

double approach/avoidance

Which of these terms best relates to the forces that push an organism into action to reach a goal? a) contact conform b) goal c) set point d) manipulative motive e) drives

drives

Which of Freud's three parts of personality "allows the id to express itself safely"? a) superego b) id c) ego d) none of the above

ego

Which of Freud's three parts of personality "realistically moderates between desires and morals"? a) id b) superego c) ego d) none of the above

ego

Storing material using the maximum number of associations is called a) positive transfer b) transfer of training c) elaboration d) information processing

elaboration

Which of these terms refers to a state of the body causing feelings of hope, fear, love, and so forth? a) homeostasis b) emotion c) cognition d) cognitive theory e) motivation

emotion

John Watson is best known for a) extinction b) schedules of reinforcement c) social learning d) emotional conditioning

emotional conditioning

The RAS changes in response to (Select all that apply.) a) emotional thoughts b) emergencies c) changing in rhythm in one's surroundings d) none of the above

emotional thoughts, emergencies, and changes in rhythms in one's surroundings.

Which of these terms most likely involves altering the free-running cycle to fit a different rhythm? a) biological clock b) entrainment c) circadian rhythm d) free-running cycles e) circadian

entrainment

Which of these terms best relates to the hormone that controls the female reproductive cycle? a) androgen b) ovaries c) testes d) gonads e) estrogen

estrogen

If you are sixteen years old and have a mental age of sixteen, your intelligence quotient will be a) in a mentally retarded category b) below others your same age c) on the superior level d) exactly at the average level

exactly at the average level

The group participating in the crucial part of the experiment is the a) control group b) experimental group c) survey group d) sample grouple

experimental group

The disappearance of the conditioned response is known as a) spontaneous recovery b) generalization c) extinction d) discrimination

extinction

Which of the following motivates your desire for external rewards? a) extrinsic motive b) intrinsic motive c) manipulative motive d) physical motive e) curiosity motive

extrinsic motive

A type A personality has a tendency to enjoy life and have low levels of stress. a) true b) false

false

About 80 percent of retarded people suffer from physical defects. a) true b) false

false

Creative people seldom break set. a) true b) false

false

Distress can be very positive if handled properly a) true b) false

false

If you ever get depressed, you need to see a doctor immediately, because depression is not a normal part of life. a) true b) false

false

Intellectualization is how smart one is. a) true b) false

false

Intellectualization is taking on characteristics of someone who has mistreated us in order to psychologically avoid the abuse. a) true b) fakse

false

John Watson was the founder of psychoanalysis. a) true b) false

false

Keeping frustration inside will eventually make it disappear. a) true b) false

false

Only about ten percent of all psychologists work in educational settings such as schools. a) true b) false

false

Our lower brain—much like that of other animals—is the part of our body that initially responds to stress a) true b) false

false

Psychology is considered a field that scientifically studies humans. a) true b) false

false

Schizophrenia is the least serious mental disorder. a) true b) false

false

Steroids are sedatives that dramatically depress nerve operation in the brain. a) true b) false

false

Stress is the feeling that something is wrong and disaster is imminent. a) treu b) false

false

Sublimation is the process of attributing our thoughts to someone else. a) true b) false

false

The body can tell the difference between a physiological threat and a psychological threat. a) true b) false

false

The cognitive approach says that learning is the main cause of humans behaving as they do. a) true b) false

false

The first IQ test was written in the 1800s. a) true b) false

false

The founder of the cognitive approach to human behavior was Carl Rogers. a) true b) false

false

The process of looking into yourself to explain what is there is called eclecticism. a) true b) false

false

The sociocultural approach places emphasis on the fact that each person can make life worthwhile. a) true b) false

false

The sociocultural approach stresses the importance of looking at thought processes as the cause of human behavior. a) true b) false

false

The theory which states that humans develop their personalities based on mental processes is called the behavioral approach. a) true b) false

false

William James started the first laboratory for studying humans. a) true b) false

false

Every hour you get a five-minute break. This is an example of a) variable ratio b) fixed ratio c) fixed interval d) variable interval

fixed interval

If you get a bonus at work every time you sell ten items in one night, that is what kind of a reinforcement schedule? a) fixed interval b) variable ratio c) fixed ratio d) variable interval

fixed ratio

If you get paid every other Friday, you are on what kind of a reinforcement schedule? a) fixed interval b) variable ratio c) fixed ratio d) variable interval

fixed ratio

You have to pump the handle three times to get gas. This is an example of a) fixed ratio b) variable interval c) variable ratio d) fixed interval

fixed ratio

While studying, why is it a good idea to switch subject matter every thirty minutes or so and to take breaks in between? a)The brain stores material on one subject in the same general area of the brain, and this area can become fatigued. b) The human attention span is about thirty minutes. c) The brain requires rest in order to process material properly. d) for all of the above reasons

for all of the above reasons

Why is it important to control or eliminate different variables when conducting an experiment? a) so that irrelevant variables do not affect the outcome of the experiment b) so that researches can isolate the variables in question for a particular study and reach conclusions about those variables c) so that false cause-and-effect relationships are not made d) for all of the above reasons

for all of the above reasons

According to Karen Horney, which of the following has the greatest impact on personality? a) forming solid, loving relationships b) balancing personal demands with societal demands c) being able to satisfy id impulses in a realistic fashion d) establishing self-esteem through self-talk

forming solid, loving relationships

Which of these terms best describes the cycles set up by biological clocks that are under their own control and ignore the environment? a) biological clock b) entrainment c) circadian rhythm d) free-running cycles e) circadian

free-running cycles

In examining the effect of the environment on personality, recent studies seem to indicate that in the long run a) friends have the greatest effect on personality b) the extended family has the greatest effect on personality c) teachers have the greatest effect on personality d) parents have the greatest effect on personality

friends have the greatest effect on personality

Which of the following drugs has a tendency to wipe out short-term memory for a few hours after taking it? a) nicotine b) alcohol c) steroids d) none of the above

none of the above

Which of the following supports the theory that subliminal messages may alter behavior? a)the inclusion of subliminal messages in some music b)numerous scientific studies that show the increase in popcorn sales when subliminal messages are flashed on the screen c)the use of subliminal messages by businesses who want to reduce shoplifting d)none of the above; there's no real proof that subliminal messages have any effect on behavior

none of the above; there's no real proof that subliminal messages have any effect on behavior

Statistically, left-handed people are likely to excel in a) verbal activities like editing movie scripts b)logically analyzing their own nonverbal skills c)nonverbal aspects of activities like art and music d) verbal activities like public speaking

nonverbal aspects of activities like art and music

After a mild head injury, Max suffers amnesia. He will most likely (Select all that apply.) a) forget how to brush his teeth and tie his shoes b) not recall material that he does not want to remember c)eventually regain most of his memory d) none of the above

not recall material that he does not want to remember and eventually regain most of his memory

Bandura stressed the importance of __________, while cognitive psychologists stress the importance of ___________. a) secondary reinforcers . . . primary reinforcers b) observation . . . thoughts c) primary reinforcers . . . secondary reinforcers d) thoughts . . . observation

observation . . . thoughts

Which of the following would be an example of situational assessment? a) observing how often people throw trash away in a crowded area b) administering an interest test c) interviewing a small groups of subjects d) asking people why they did not throw their trash away

observing how often people throw trash away in a crowded area

Beethoven was deaf during the last few years of his life but continued to compose music. Which lobe most likely allowed him to hear the music even though he was deaf? a) frontal b) temporal c) occipital d) parietal

occipital

Which lobe would most likely help you picture an art project even before it is completed? a) frontal b) parietal c) temporal d) occipital

occipital

Which part of the brain could be damaged if the patient has difficulty in creating and organizing sentences? a) frontal lobe b) temporal lobe c) parietal lobe d) occipital lobe

occipital lobe

Which part of the brain could be damaged if the patient has difficulty in the visual aspects of language, like reading? a) frontal lobe b) temporal lobe c) occipital lobe d) parietal lobe

occipital lobe

The cornea, or the outer covering of the eye, often looks shiny because a) it contains no receptors for light b) of the color of the iris c) of the reflection of the retina behind the cornea d) of the reflection of fluids behind the cornea

of the reflection of fluid behind the cornea

The Muller-Lyer illusion fools us because a)one line takes up more space than another b) one line seems farther away than another c)one line is slightly thicker than the other d)one line is actually longer than the other

one line seems farther away than another

B. F. Skinner is best known for a) cognitive b) classical c) operant d) social

operant

John is among the eight percent of males who are color-blind. Which cone systems probably do not work for John? a) red and yellow b) red and green c) blue and yellow d) none of the cone systems

red and green

Responding in a childish way is a) repression b) denial c) displacement d) regression

regression

Which of the following is not one of the stages in the general adaptation syndrome? a) alarm b) reinforcement c) resistance d) exhaustion

reinforcement

Extinction occurs when which of the following conditions are present? a) reinforcement increases and behavior stops b) reinforcement is stopped and the conditioned behavior stops c) reinforcement decreases and behavior continues d) none of the above

reinforcement is stopped and the conditioned behavior stops

The primary role of the thalamus is to a) help us distinguish emergencies from non-emergencies b) triggers the release of hormones c) relay messages from the body to the brain and vice versa d) regulate the body's internal clock

relay messages from the body to the brain and vice versa

A hypothesis is a a) description of fact b) study with only one variable c) theory based on the results of a study c) statement of expected results

statement of expected results

Which comes first, the stimulus or the response? a) stimulus b) response

stimulus

Which of the following best demonstrates the theory of operant conditioning? a) reinforcement, stimulus, response b) response, stimulus, reinforcement c) stimulus, response, reinforcement d) stimulus, reinforcement, response

stimulus, response, reinforcement

Major factors in the abuse of drugs are a) peers, parents, and siblings b) age, social status, and race c) school, work, and recreation d) stress, conflict, frustration, and anxiety

stress, conflict, frustration, and anxiety

The level of the chemical serotonin in your brain can determine a range of moods from depression to mania. a) true b) false

true

The lower brain secretes a special chemical called the stress hormone, which signals the adrenal glands to send adrenaline to the body. a) true b) false

true

The view of human behavior which says that behavior is influenced by unconscious feelings is called psychoanalysis. a) true b) false

true

Type B personalities are usually open to change and have lower levels of stress. a) true b) false

true

We use defense mechanisms to reduce threats to ourselves and to feel better about ourselves a) true b) false

true

Which of these terms best describes thoughts or desires about which we can have no direct knowledge? a) unconscious b) consciousness c) subconscious d) twilight state e) construct

unconscious

In classical conditioning, the unconditional stimulus produces a(n) a) operant response b) voluntary response c) unlearned response d) learned response

unlearned response

A sociopath, or someone who suffers from antisocial personality disorder, will a) feel guilt over acts that he did not even commit b) become so racked with guilt over his crimes that he will develop physical problems c) usually only commit crimes that do not physically hurt anyone d) usually feel no remorse or guilt for his crimes

usually feel no remorse or guilt for his crimes

Every once in a while your friend calls. This is an example of a) fixed interval b) variable ratio c) fixed ratio d) variable interval

variable interval

If you give your dog a treat every 5 to 8 times he performs a new trick of "shaking hands," what kind of reinforcement schedule is being used? a) fixed interval b) variable ratio c) variable interval d) fixed ratio

variable ratio

You ask several people out before you get a date. This is an example of a) variable ratio b) fixed ratio c) fixed interval d) variable interval

variable ratio

Rita is asked on a test if she would rather fly a kite or race a car. Most likely, Rita is taking a(n) a) aptitude test b) vocational interest test c) personality inventory d) achievement test

vocational interest test

Once we push desires into the unconscious, or repress them, these desires (Select all that apply.) a) will eventually disappear b) will most likely resurface in some form or other c) will probably cause anxiety d) none of the above

will most likely resurface in some form or other and will probably cause anxiety

Which of the following would not be found on the performance scale portion of the IQ test composed by David Wechsler? a) picture completion b) writing skills c) object assembly d) none of the above

writing skills

Vocational interest tests and the SAT are two tests that a) you should avoid taking because one is a disguised personality test, and the other might keep you out of college b) you should avoid taking because their reliability is so poor c) you should take at the same time0 d) you should take because they might help you

you should take because they might help you

Jim scores a 59 percent on his last quiz. What would it mean for Jim to awfulize? Which is the best example? a) "That teacher gives awful tests." b) "This is my parents' fault."c) "I'm never going to pass another quiz." d) "I didn't study very hard."

"I'm never going to pass another quiz"

What is the main difference between a clinical psychologist and a counseling psychologist? a) A clinical psychologist deals with patients with classified mental disorders; a counseling psychologist usually does not. b) A clinical psychologist can prescribe medicine, but a counseling psychologist cannot. c) A clinical psychologist works with a psychiatrist; a counseling psychologist does not. d) Only a counseling psychologist must have a doctorate degree in psychology.

A clinical psychologist deals with patients with classified mental disorders; a counseling psychologist usually does not.

Which of the following is an example of generalization? a) Dolphins can tell the difference in the items floating around in the water. b) A driver knows whether to stop or go at the sight of a red light. c) A person can read. d) Adults with childlike features seem more submissive and naive.

Adults with childlike features seem more submissive and naive

Paul watches a violent TV program. He later commits a crime he has seen on TV. This would illustrate the ideas of a) Albert Bandura b) B. F. Skinner c) E. C. Tolman d) John Watson

Albert Bandura

Which of the following psychologists is most likely to examine one's internalized sentences to check if these sentences are distorted? a) Carl Rogers b) Sigmund Freud c) B. F. Skinner d) Albert Ellis

Albert Ellis

How do amphetamines affect learning? a) Amphetamines overstimulate the brain and create poor conditions for learning. b) Amphetamines act as depressants that will stop the release of brain chemicals that might aid learning. c) Amphetamines have absolutely no effect on learning. d) Amphetamines stimulate brain chemicals that create optimal (the very best) conditions for learning.

Amphetamines overstimulate the brain and create poor conditions for learning.

What is the primary difference between aptitude and achievement tests? a) Aptitude tests are designed to predict performance in general; achievement tests measure what you've already learned. b) Aptitude tests have high reliability and validity; achievement tests have poor reliability and validity. c) Aptitude tests usually contain open-ended questions (fill-in-the-blank), while achievement tests are more objective. d) Aptitude tests are less expensive to administer than achievement tests.

Aptitude tests are designed to predict performance in general; achievement tests measure what you've already learned

Which of the following best describes the influence of attention on learning? a) Attention causes physical arousal, which activates brain chemicals that help us learn. b) Attention causes physical arousal but does not actually help learning. c) Attention does not produce any measurable or significant physical changes, but it does seem to help learning. d) Attention causes the nervous system to operate more slowly, which can help us learn.

Attention causes physical arousal, which activates brain chemicals that help us learn.

In what way was Albert Bandura different from earlier learning theorists? a) Bandura relied more on laboratory studies rather than field studies. b) Bandura placed more emphasis on reinforcements. c) Bandura placed more emphasis on the inner person. d) Bandura felt that operant conditioning was more important than classical conditioning.

Bandura placed more emphasis on the inner person

According to Alfred Alder, why would ten-year-old Carly always claim that she is right? a) Carly is probably just channeling her aggression. b) Being right is simply part of Carly's persona. c) Carly probably does this to make herself seem important and to hide any insecurities she has. d) Carly is probably trying to resolve an Oedipal conflict that was not resolved earlier in life.

Carly probably does this to make herself seem important and to hide any insecurities she has.

Which of the following is not true of synapses? a) Certain chemicals between synapses increase with learning. b) Certain chemicals between synapses are more efficient than others. c) Synapses change shape after learning. d) Certain synapses grow for useful memories.

Certain chemicals between synapses are more efficient than others

Which of the following is the best description of an archetype affecting behavior? a) Chuck tries to act tough because he doesn't want to be like his father. b) Chuck tries to act tough to express his natural aggressive drive. c) Chuck tries to act tough because his father is tough. d) Chuck tries to act tough to live up to some unconscious ideal he has of toughness.

Chuck tries to act tough to live up to some unconscious ideal he has of toughness.

The book that classifies symptoms of mental disorders into categories is a) DSM-IV b) DMS-IV c) DMD-IV d) DMV-IV

DSM-IV

Which of the following is the best definition of size constancy? a) Large objects can sometimes look smaller than tiny objects b)Objects do not become smaller as they move away from us. c)Objects look the same on the retina regardless of distance from us. d) Objects become smaller as they move away from us

Objects look the same on the retina regardless of distance from us.

How do Erikson's eight stages differ from Freud's five stages? (Select all that apply.) a) Erikson believed that failure to resolve a conflict during a particular stage might be corrected; Freud was less optimistic. b) Erikson's stages span a lifetime; Freud's stages do not. c) Erikson placed more emphasis than Freud did on social forces. d) in none of the above ways

Erikson believed that failure to resolve a conflict during a particular stage might be corrected; Freud was less optimistic, Erikson's stages span a lifetime; Freud's stages do not, and Erikson placed more emphasis than Freud did on social forces.

If your best friend calls you around 7:30 almost every evening, that is what kind of reinforcement schedule? a) fixed interval b) fixed ration c) variable ratio d) variable interval

Fixed interval

Jenny feels the touch of a feather on her left thumb. Where is this information registered in the brain? a) in the right temporal lobe b) in the right sensory strip c) in the left temporal lobe d) in the left sensory strip.

In the right sensory strip

In what way does the adrenal gland prepare us for an emergency? (Select all that apply.) a) it releases a chemical that helps the blood clot faster b) It distinguishes between a real emergency and a false alarm and only releases hormones during real emergencies c) it releases adrenaline which increases blood pressure d) none of the above

It releases a chemical that helps the blood clot faster and it releases adrenaline which increases blood pressure.

Identify the theorist below who is best known for classical conditioning a) John Watson b) Ivan Pavlov c) B. F. Skinner d) Mary Cover Jones

Ivan Pavlov

If Jane's hypothalamus were damaged, which of the following is most likely to occur? (Select all that apply.) a) Jane's sexual desire would be affected b) Jane would not feel full or hungry c) Jane would stumble more often d) none of the above

Jane's sexual desire would be affected and Jane would not feel full or hungry

If Julie forms a cognitive map to her friend's house, this means that a) Julie remembers where the house is located because of past reinforcements b) Julie has to rely on social learning strategies in order to reach the house c) Julie has a mental image of where the house is located d) Julie has a mental image of where the house is located and Julie remembers where the house is located because of past reinforcements

Julie has a mental image of were the house is located

Which of the following best describes why we perceive color? a) Light hits various objects and stimulates the sensory strip in the brain which categorizes the color. b) High intensity light produces bright colors, while low intensity light produces dark colors. c) Light hits various objects and bounces back at us at different speeds and stimulates receptors in the eyes. d) none of the above

Light hits various objects and bounces back at us at different speeds and stimulates receptors in the eyes.

Which of the following would be the most accurate conclusion about the effects of the moon on mental health? a) Admissions to mental hospitals increase during a full moon. b) Lunacy (madness) increases when the moon is full. c) Lunacy increases just after the moon is full. d) Lunacy is not influenced by phases of the moon.

Lunacy is not influenced by phases of the moon.

Millie suffers from agoraphobia. Which of the following will most likely apply? a) Millie becomes anxious in high places. b) Millie becomes anxious when she leaves her house. c) Millie becomes anxious in crowds. d) all of the above

Millie becomes anxious when she leaves her house

Which two are actually the same stimulus? a) UCS and CS b) N and UCR c) N and CS d)N and UCS

N and CS

Which of these terms refers to non-rapid eye movement sleep, involving practical thoughts, images, stories, or poor organization? a) delta waves b) NREM sleep c) alpha waves d) REM sleep e) beta waves

NREM sleep

Experimenter Jane and subject Bill are both involved in the same double-blind study. Which of the following is true? a)Jane knows if Bill will get a placebo, but Bill does not know. b) Neither Jane nor Bill knows if Bill is an experimental or control subject. c) Neither Jane nor Bill knows the purpose of the study. d) Neither Jane nor Bill knows if placebos are being used in the study.

Neither Jane nor Bill knows if Bill is an experimental or control subject.

Stanley has been taking pills for his headaches for ten years and Stanley believes the pills have helped. His wife finds out that the pills have been placebos all along. Should she tell him? a) Yes, she should tell him because the body can build up a tolerance to placebos after such a long period, which may prove dangerous. b) It does not matter whether his wife tells because neither the pills nor Stanley's belief in them can alter his body in any way. c) No, she should not tell him because Stanley's belief in the pills, not the pills, can actually alter his brain chemistry. d) It does not matter whether his wife tells because placebos have little effect after such a long period.

No, she should not tell him because Stanley's belief in the pills, not the pills, can actually alter his brain chemistry.

Sonia has to give a speech without notes at the end of the week. How will overlearning help her? a) Overlearning will create positive transfer of training. b) Overlearning usually involves a great deal of principle learning. c) Overlearning will help her chunk the material in her speech. d) Overlearning will help her overcome the forgetting curve.

Overlearning will help her overcome the forgetting curve

Why do placebos sometimes have an actual effect on the body? (Select all that apply.) a) Patients who take placebos sometimes expect to get better. b) Patients who take placebos may be influenced by suggestions. c) Placebos sometimes contain pain-control medicine. d) none of the above

Patients who take placebos sometimes expect to get better. & patients who take placebos may be influenced by suggestions.

If Phil's cerebral cortex was damaged but his lower brain was unaffected, which of the following would most likely happen? a) Phil's automatic reflex would be much slower b) Phil's intelligence would decline c) Phil's hunger would be diminished d) Phil would probably die, since both are necessary for survival

Phil's intelligence would decline

Which of these terms most likely refers to an increase in the number of dreams after being deprived of them? a) insomnia b) night terrors c) narcolepsy d) nightmares e) REM rebound

REM rebound

Which of these terms most likely refers to the state of sleep involving rapid eye movement? a) alpha waves b) NREM sleep c) delta waves d) REM sleep

REM sleep

How did neo-Freudians differ from Freud? a) They focused more on the biological sources of archetypes and personas. b) They placed more emphasis on animal instincts. c) They didn't have much belief in the unconscious since they couldn't find proof of its existence. d) They placed more emphasis on the influence of social forces.

They placed more emphasis on the influence of social forces

Why is it a good idea to look slightly away from an object that you are trying to see at night? a)Looking away eliminates the possibility of the blind spot interfering with vision. b)You will make better use of the cones that rely on peripheral light. c)You will make better use of the dense concentration of rods packed on the sides of the retina. d) none of the above

You will make better use of the dense concentration of rods packed on the sides of the retina.

Which of the following best describes the distinction between sensation and perception? a) Sensation relies on the nervous system, and perception relies on the endocrine system. b) Sensation refers to data from the environment, and perception refers to the interpretation of that data. c) Sensation refers to information sent to the sensory strip, and perception refers to information sent to the motor strip. d) Sensation refers to touch, and perception refers to all other senses.

Sensation refers to data from the environment, and perception refers to the interpretation of that data.

Ms. Y is afraid to fly, so her therapist recommends systematic desensitization. Which of the following best describes what Ms. Y will have to do? a) She will have to systematically be told that she can do it. b) She will have to talk to a number of aviation specialists. c) She will have to board a plane and fly immediately. d) She will gradually learn to fly and also learn to relax at each step.

She will gradually learn to fly and also learn to relax at each step

Marlene can't stop biting her nails, and so her therapist recommends aversive conditioning. Which of the following will Marlene do? a) She will record the number of times she bites her nails in a day. b) She will have to wear gloves. c) She will paint her nails with bitter-tasting nail polish. d) She will have to count to one hundred before she can bite her nails.

She will paint her nails with bitter-tasting nail polish

Mary Cover Jones discovered phobias can disappear by associating a) something pleasant with the feared object b) something neutral with the feared object c) a shock with the feared object d) something negative with the feared object

Something pleasant with the feared object

Roger drinks Coke with caffeine in it. Mary feels mildly anxious before a test. Which of the following is true? a) Roger will be physically stimulated to learn, but Mary will not be. b) Mary will be physically stimulated to learn, but Roger will not be. c) Both the Coke and anxiety will slow down the release of brain chemicals that might aid learning. d) The Coke and the anxiety will stimulate them similarly, causing brain chemicals to be released that will help learning.

The Coke and the anxiety will stimulate them similarly, causing brain chemicals to be released that will help learning.

Ray and Jay are identical twins; Sue and Lou are fraternal twins. Which of the following would be true of their IQ scores? a)The IQ scores of all these people would be about the same. b) The IQ scores of Sue and Lou are highly similar but not as similar as the scores of the identical twins. c) The IQ scores of Ray and Jay are highly similar. d) none of the above

The IQ scores of Sue and Lou are highly similar but not as similar as the scores of the identical twins.

Which of the following best describes why we perceive reversible figures? a) The brain is momentarily overloaded and breaks down. b) The brain becomes fatigued after staring and reverses its interpretation. c) The brain can't decide on a single interpretation of a picture. d) the brain is protecting itself from potentially harmful stimuli

The brain can't decide on a single interpretation of a picture.

Which of the following is the best explanation for why we see afterimages? a)The rod system must take over when the cones become fatigued, and the rods produce the after-image. b)Staring causes the cones to stop working, and so the brain processes the image only after looking away. c)When we look away, unused cones fire to balance the chemicals used up during staring. d)The brain becomes fatigued after a minute or so and creates an afterimage in an attempt to make sense of the staring.

When we look away, unused cones fire to balance the chemicals used up during staring.

Which of the following study types involves different age groups? a) a psychological test b) a longitudinal study c) a cross-sectional study d) a naturalistic observation

a cross-sectional study

What happens when we walk out of a dark movie theater into the bright sunshine? a) The iris responds by closing, gradually decreasing the amount of light that will be let in.b)Receptors in the pupil shut down because of the bright lighting conditions. c) The surplus of rods produced by the bright light momentarily blinds us. d) all of the above

The iris responds by closing, gradually decreasing the amount of light that will be let in.

Someone hits you hard on the forehead. Which of the following is the most likely reason why you suddenly see spots before your eyes? a) The nerves around the occipital lobe smash into the skull and cause the spots. b) The nerves around the frontal lobe temporarily break down or misfire and cause the spots. c) The eyes become much more sensitive to whatever light is available. d) The frontal lobe rationally decides that this is what ought to happen and then makes it happen.

The nerves around the occipital lobe smash into the skull and cause the spots.

Which of the following would most likely happen if a person's corpus callosum were cut? a)The patient would not be able to verbally communicate what the left hemisphere knows. b)The patient would not be able to verbally communicate what the right hemisphere knows. c)The patient would not be able to verbally communicate anything. d)The patient would not be able to verbally communicate anything humorous.

The patient would not be able to verbally communicate what the right hemisphere knows.

Only twenty percent of your mail surveys are returned. Why might conclusions drawn from these surveys be flawed? a) A low response rate usually means your questions are outdated. b) A low response rate usually indicates that your questions are not objective. c) The people who returned the survey probably do not represent the general population. d) all of the above

The people who returned the survey probably do not represent the general population.

Which of the following best describes a therapy session nowadays? a) The therapist administers a variety of tests, and the patient fills out those tests. b) The therapist asks a variety of questions, and the patient answers those questions. c) The therapist sits, and the patient lies on a couch and talks. d) The therapist and patient sit face to face, and they talk to each other.

The therapist and patient sit face to face, and they talk to each other

Which of the following is most likely to occur if the reticular activating system (RAS) is suddenly overloaded by a major injury to the head? a)The victim would die since the RAS would restrict the flow of oxygen. b) The victim would gradually fall asleep since the RAS would be fooled. c)The victim would become unconscious since the RAS would temporarily shut down. d) the victim would be extremely alert since the RAS would become highly efficient

The victim would become unconscious since the RAS would temporarily shut down.

How do behaviorists view the unconscious? a) They believe the unconscious provides natural rewards and punishments. b) They believe the unconscious is influenced by the environment rather than biology. c) They believe the unconscious develops through rewards and punishments. d) They don't bother to acknowledge the existence of the unconscious.

They don't bother to acknowledge the existence of the unconscious

Which of the following is a limitation of mnemonic devices? a) They only work when associated with bizarre images. b) They only work when applied at the beginning of learning. c) They work best when learned and applied later in life. d) They do not work with the mentally retarded.

They only work when applied at the beginning of learning

Which of the following is considered an ethic of testing? a) Subjects can refuse to take personality tests. b) One's score on a personality test should remain private. c) Young people must get the permission of a parent or guardian before taking a personality test. d) all of the above

all of the above

Conflicts present problems demanding decisions. Which of the following is correct? a) Someone else should make the decision. b) Once the decision is made, the conflict is solved. c) If we make no decision, the conflict will go away. d) A decision does not necessarily solve the problem

a decision does not necessarily solve the problem

Which of the following study types involves long time periods? a) a naturalistic observation b) a psychological test c) a cross-sectional study d) a longitudinal study

a longitudinal study

Which of the following study types involves fixed questions? a) a naturalistic observation b) a cross-sectional study c) a longitudinal study d) a psychological test

a psychological test

A person who has below-normal intelligence but possesses a high degree of special talent, such as the ability to play a complex musical composition after hearing it only once, is a) extremely creative b) a savant c) a genius d) showing a high degree of adaptability

a savant

Carl tells his doctor that he can't move his hand, but the doctor can find nothing wrong. Carl is probably suffering from a) a panic disorder b) schizophrenia c) a dysthymic disorder d) a somatoform disorder

a somatoform disorder

Zelda shows unconditional positive regard toward her son Zoot. Therefore, Zelda a) accepts Zoot's feelings under any circumstances b) allows Zoot to do whatever he pleases whenever he wants c) constantly tells Zoot that she loves him d) does all of the above

accepts Zoot's feelings under any circumstances

George takes a test that asks him the capitals of all the states in the United States. Most likely, George is taking a(n) a) aptitude test b) achievement test c) projective test d) vocational interest test

achievement test

The Scholastic Assessment Test (SAT) would be an example in large part of a(n) a) achievement test b) vocational test c) college interest test d) projective test

achievement test

In a naturalistic observation experiment, the subjects a) are away they are being watched b) are involved in a laboratory situation c) meet the researcher face to face d) act normally because they are not away they are being observed

act normally because they are not aware they are being observed.

A formal definition of intelligence is the ability to a) assess social situations b) score about 100 on an intelligence test c) adapt to your environment d) solve problems in an orderly fashion

adapt to your environment

Which of these terms most likely refers to the process by which some people believe their very early childhood can be relieved under hypnosis? a) sleep apnea b) meditation c) trance d) hypnosis e) age regression

age regression

The correct order for the stages of general adaptation syndrome is a) alarm reaction, stage of resistance, exhaustion b) stage of resistance, alarm reaction, exhaustion c) exhaustion, stage of resistance, alarm reaction d) alarm reaction, exhaustion, stage of resistance

alarm reaction, stage of resistance, exhaustion

Which of the following have a tendency to tell the nerve cells not to fire? a) alcohol b) LSD c) marijuana d) all of the above

alcohol

According to social learning theory, much of our behavior is learned through a) observation b) exposure to various stimuli c) imitation d) all of the above

all of the above

Adrenal glands cause a) heart rate to increase b) muscle tension c) liver to excrete sugar d) all of the above

all of the above

Cognitive maps help us to a) understand where we are located in space b) find our way from home to school c) find our way from class to class d) do all the above

all of the above

Fissure is the term that generally refers to the depression between a) the motor strip and sensory strip in the brain b) the frontal and parietal lobes in the brain c) the hemispheres of the brain d) all of the above

all of the above

Healthy personalities a) are open to new ideas b) don't take life too seriously c) enjoy privacy d) all of the above

all of the above

If Terry suffers from psychogenic fugue, which of the following will Terry most likely do? a) move b) not remember what happened during the fugue state c) forgot his name d) all of the above

all of the above

Modeling, according to behaviorist Albert Bandura, does what? a) demonstrates our ability to think and interpret, and not just respond, as other behaviorists suggest b) demonstrates that learning can occur through a process of associations c) teaches behaviors and can also help to reduce fears d) all of the above

all of the above

People who suffer from hypochondriasis probably complain about their health because a) they were shown affection in the past only when they were sick b) they received attention for being sick when they were young c) they spend more time thinking about their health than most people d) all of the above

all of the above

Psychological tests can be designed to objectively measure a) personality b) intelligence c) job skills d) all of the above

all of the above

The part(s) of our body that physically respond(s) to stress is (are) the a) adrenal gland b) lower brain c) higher brain d) all of the above

all of the above

What are the characteristics of psychosis? a) inappropriate emotions b) hallucinations/delusions c) thought disorder d) all of the above

all of the above

Which of the following acts as a depressant to block the release of brain chemicals that might aid learning? a) alcohol b) some preservative c) the consumption of six hot dogs d) all of the above

all of the above

Which of the following is an example of an unconditioned response? a) fear/anxiety b) blinking c) flinching d) all of the above

all of the above

Which of the following is an indication of alcoholism? a) morning drinking b) blackouts c) going to school or work drunk d) all of the above

all of the above

Which of the following most likely indicates that a person needs psychological help? a) The person is highly inefficient. b) The person suffers discomfort most of the time. c) The person acts in a bizarre manner. d) all of the above

all of the above

Which of the following occurs during the chaining process? a) separate behaviors are joined together b) shaped behaviors are reinforced c) each shaped behavior is connected to another d) all the above occur

all of the above

Which of the following occurs in both classical and operant conditioning? a) generalization b) extinction c) discrimination d) all of the above

all of the above

Which of the following personality traits seem to remain the same regardless of age? a) how often a person follows rules or rebels b) friendliness c) how comfortable a person feels d) all of the above

all of the above

Why is eyewitness testimony often so unreliable? a) The brain processes the event too frequently. b) The testimony often includes information learned after the incident c) Witnesses often fill in details that didn't really happen. d) all of the above

all of the above

Why is it beneficial for a patient to use transference? a) It helps to reduce anxiety and guilt. b) It helps the patient be more objective about his or her conflicts. c) The patient's conflicts rise to the surface where they can be analyzed. d) all of the above

all of the above

Which of these terms most likely refers to fairly relaxed brain waves occurring just before going to sleep? a) NREM sleep b) delta waves c) REM sleep d) beta waves e) alpha waves

alpha waves

Five-year-old Jake stopped growing because of a major reduction in the release of growth hormones. Which of the following most likely caused this? a) a severe runny nose b) a defective thyroid gland c) an extremely poor diet d) all of the above

an extremely poor diet

Forgetting can be best described as a) a failure to retrieve unconscious memories b) failure to store long-term memories c) not having enough time to store short-term material d) an increase in errors while trying to recall stored information

an increase in errors while trying to recall stored information

The main goal of cognitive behavioral therapy is to a) analyze how one's thoughts affect one's behavior b) unite the real self with the ideal self c) analyze the role of the unconscious in motivating behavior d) analyze which reinforcements will strengthen which behaviors

analyze how one's thoughts affect one's behavior

Which of these terms best relates to the male hormones that control sexual interest in both males and females? a) ovaries b) estrogen c) gonads d) testes e) androgens

androgens

If you were to complete the shyness scale from the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI-2), you would most likely a) define shyness in your own words b) answer a number of true-false questions on shyness c) describe times when you have been shy d) do all of the above

answer a number of true-false questions on shyness

Except for substance abuse, which of the following is (are) the most common type of mental disorder? a) dissociative disorder b) somatoform disorders c) anxiety disorders d) schizophrenia

anxiety disorder

Choosing between two things that you would like to do is which type of conflict? a) approach/avoidance b) double approach/avoidance c) avoidance/avoidance d) approach/approach

approach/approach

When you know that there will be bad to go along with the good in the situation, this is a) approach/avoidance b) approach/approach c) avoidance/avoidance d) double approach/avoidance

approach/avoidance

Ed takes a test which asks him to circle all the capital letters on the page as quickly as he can. Most likely, Ed is taking a(n) a) personality inventory b) projective test c) aptitude test d) achievement test

aptitude test

Sally takes a test that asks her to guess the position of two gears after they have rotated. Most likely Sally is taking a(n) a) aptitude test b) personality inventory c) achievement test d) vocational interest test

aptitude test

The most common explanation today for phobias is that they a) are unconscious fear b) are learned by association c) represent unconscious guilt d) are caused by strict parents

are learned by association

Electroconvulsive therapy is used on patients who a) are highly anxious b) are schizophrenic c) are severely depressed d) are all the above

are severely depressed

Subliminal perception takes place a) in the cerebral cortex b) at the level below conscious awareness c) when neurons misfire d) in the lower brain

at the level below conscious awareness

A three-year-old boy who fails to develop normal patterns of social interaction and speech is most likely a) autistic b) suffering from a phobic disorder c) manic d) agoraphobic

autistic

Picking the better of two evils is another way to phrase a) double approach/avoidance b) approach/avoidance c) avoidance/avoidance d) approach/approach

avoidance/avoidance

Why are some fire departments painting their trucks a yellowish green instead of red? a) Red can be a difficult color to see as it gets darker. b) Humans can see a range of energy wavelengths, and yellowish green falls in the middle of that range. c) This color provides the best visibility at night and day. d) because of all of the above reasons

because of all of the above reasons

If Jacob's fear of spiders is extinguished, this means that his fear a) leads to other fears b) becomes stronger c) becomes weaker d) both becomes stronger and leads to other fears

becomes weaker

Which would be most helpful if you had a problem with overeating? a) cognitive behavioral therapy b) humanistic therapy c) behavioral therapy d) psychoanalytic treatment

behavioral therapy

Which of the following approaches states that the environment is the greatest influence on what most psychologists refer to as personality? a) social psychoanalysis b) behaviorism c) psychoanalysis d) humanism

behaviorism

Which of these terms best describes the sequences of behavioral changes that occur approximately every twenty-four hours? a) circadian rhythm b) circadian c) biological clocks d) free-running cycles e) entertainment

circadian rhythm

Ivan Pavlov is associated with which type of learning? a) operant b) classical c) social d) cognitive

classical

The term __________ refers to learning by association; the term __________ refers to learning through consequences. a) cognitive learning . . . social learning b) social learning . . . cognitive learning c) classical conditioning . . . operant conditioning d) operant conditioning . . . classical conditioning

classical conditioning . . . operant conditioning

Which of the following types of drugs is a stimulant that has a tendency to produce a very strong psychological dependency? a) LSD b) cocaine c) heroin d) alcohol

cocaine

Which of these terms refers to higher order thought processes? a) motivation b) homeostasis c) emotion d) cognitive theory e) cognition

cognition

E. C. Tolman is best known for __________ learning. a) social b) classical c) cognitive d) operant

cognitive

Which of the following therapies seems to be the most effective for treating depression? a) cognitive behavioral therapy b) psychoanalysis c) humanistic therapy d) group therapy

cognitive behavioral therapy

Which of these terms relates to Stanley Schachter's belief that we label certain bodily responses as representing specific emotions? a) homeostasis b) motivation c) cognition d) emotion e) cognitive theory

cognitive theory

Cilia in the nose a) collect molecules of odor to send to the olfactory bulbs b) alter the structure of molecules of odor c) block molecules of odor from reaching the brain d) do all of the above

collect molecules of odor to send to the olfactory bulbs

A field study is always a) conducted away from a laboratory b) researched in a library c) conducted in a college classroom d) conducted in a laboratory

conducted away from a laboratory

Which of the following is not true of cone receptors? a) cones respond best to ultraviolet wavelengths of light b) cones shut off when it is dark c) cones provide sharpness of vision d) cones are used for color vision

cones respond best to ultraviolet wavelengths of light

The awareness of what is happening inside or outside ourselves is a) the subconscious b) a construct c) consciousness d) the twilight state e) the unconscious

consciousness

Which of these terms best describes a belief in something that cannot be seen or touched but that seems to exist? a) conscious b) the unconscious c) a construct d) the twilight state e) the subconscious

construct

Which of these terms best relates to the satisfaction obtained from pleasant, soft stimulation? a) contact comfort b) drives c) manipulative motive d) set point e) goal

contact comfort

Obsessive-compulsive disorder is best described as a) continued thoughts about performing a certain act over and over b) ritualized behavior that a person must keep acting out to avoid anxiety c) endless preoccupation with an urge or thought d) none of the above

continued thoughts about performing a certain act over and over

The group not participating in the crucial part of the experiment is the a) survey group b) experimental group c) control group d) sample group

control group

When a soldier sees his best friend killed in the war on terrorism, he becomes temporarily blind. A psychiatrist would say he is suffering from a) mania b) a dysthymic disorder c) bipolar disorder d) conversion disorder

conversion disorder

Which of the following is most likely not an example of chunking? a) collecting a few dimes, quarters, and nickels and calling them all coins b) organizing the material to be learned in an unusual way c) remembering a social security number as three groups rather than nine numbers d) creating a story about a list of items that need to be remembered

creating a story about a list of items that need to be remembered

Mnemonic devices aid memory by a) creating positive transfer between old and new material b) increasing the release of brain chemicals that cause us to pay attention c) blocking the elaboration process d) creating unusual associations with material to be memorized

creating unusual associations with material to be memorized

Which non-survival need motivates you to do something new? a) extrinsic motive b) intrinsic motive c) manipulative motive d) physical motive e) curiosity motive

curiosity motive

Cutaneous receptors respond to a)cuts, temperature changes, and physical pressure b)chemical imbalances, temperature changes, and bruises c)temperature changes, bruises, and stress d)cuts, physical pressure, and chemical imbalances

cuts, temperature changes, and physical pressure

Which of these terms most likely refers to slow, lazy, deep-sleep brain waves? a) delta waves b) NREM sleep c) beta waves d) alpha waves e) REM sleep

delta waves

Refusing to admit there is a problem at all is a) displacement b) denial c) repression d) regression

denial

That which changes as a result of what the experiment does is called the a) controlled variable b) experimental variable c) independent variable d) dependent variable

dependent variable

In the previous example, Jamie seems to excel in a) self-evaluation and direction b) direction and adaptability c) adaptability and comprehension d) comprehension and self-evaluation

direction and adaptability

Two-year-old Joey calls all females "Mama." Joey is demonstrating a lack of a) extinction b) discrimination c) generalization d) shaping

discrimination

Venting our feelings about one incident towards an innocent target is a) regression b) displacement c) repression d) denial

displacement

Fear of learning is a) decidophobia b) technophobia c) sophophobia d) numerophobia

sophophobia

Which part of the brain could be damaged if the patient has difficulty with speaking, pronunciation, and other motor aspects of speech? a) occipital lobe b) temporal lobe c) parietal lobe d) frontal lobe

frontal lobe

A possible link which causes a person to become an alcoholic is a) genetics b) peer pressure c) gender d) none of the above

genetics

Which of these terms best relates to the target of a specific set of behaviors? a) goals b) set point c) manipulative motive d) contact comfort e) drives

goal

Which of these terms best relates to the sex glands? a) testes b) ovaries c) estrogen d) androgens e) gonads

gonads

Characteristics of children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder include all but' a) constant movement and restlessness b) having difficulty making friends c) not paying attention d) being easily distracted

having difficulty making friends

Vocational interest tests are most useful for a) assessing one's aptitude for various occupations b) Matching applicants with one particular occupation c) helping eliminate certain occupational possibilities d) all of the above

helping eliminate certain occupational possibilities

The main goal of humanistic therapy is to a) help patients free themselves from distorted thoughts b) correct communication styles c) help bring out the potential in people d) release unconscious energy

helps bring out the potential in people

The following question relates to s study on gender bias. In a study on gender bias that is discussed in the textbook, male subjects who had personally worked for a female manager rated female candidates in the experiment. a) about the same as male candidates b) slightly below male candidates c) higher than male candidates d) far below male candidates

higher than male candidates

Which of these terms refers to the bodily process of maintaining a balanced internal state? a) emotion b) homeostasis c) motivation d) cognition e) cognitive theory

homeostasis

During the Oedipal complex, we feel __________ toward the same sex parent and __________ toward the opposite sex parent. a) love . . . hostility b) indifferent . . . anger c) hostility . . . love d) anger . . . anger

hostility . . . love

Repeating what the client says in different words is a main tactic in which approach? a) cognitive behavioral therapy b) behavioral therapy c) psychoanalytic treatment d) humanistic therapy

humanistic therapy

Which of these terms most likely refers to a state of relaxation in which attention is focused on certain objects, acts, or feelings? a) sleep apnea b) hypnosis c) trance d) meditation e) age regression

hypnosis

To study the unconscious, Freud first tried __________, and when he became dissatisfied with this, he used __________. a) hypnosis . . . free association b) free association . . . hypnosis c) group therapy . . . talking therapy d) talking therapy . . . group therapy

hypnosis. . . free association

Which of Freud's three parts of personality is "concerned only with its own primitive desire"? a) ego b) id c) superego d) none of the above

id

Norms can best be established by a) including a few key test items and giving the test to as many people as possible b) including many test items and giving this test to a large number of people c) including just a few test items and giving this test to the same people over and over again d) including many test items and giving the test to the same people over and over again

including many test items and giving this test to a large number of people

That which the experimenter changes to see how it affects other factors is called the a) experimental variable b) controlled variable c) dependent variable d) independent variable

independent variable

The biggest problem with the interview method is that a) body language is subjective b)information may be presented in a favorable light c) the interview is expensive and time consuming d) not much information can be obtained

information may be presented in a favorable light

When we take in, analyze, store, and retrieve material, this is called a) conventional learning b) schematic strategies c) information processing d) transfer of training

information processing

Which of these terms most likely refers to the inability to get enough sleep? a) insomnia b) REM rebound c) narcolepsy d) night terror e) nightmare

insomnia

The two most common methods used in research to discover how people approach problems are a) naturalistic observation and interview b) psychological test and survey c) interview and case study d) longitudinal and case study

interview and case study

Which of the following motivates your inner satisfaction? a) physical motive b) manipulative motive c) intrinsic motive d) curiosity motive e) extrinsic motive

intrinsic motive

Classical conditioning is to operant conditioning as a) voluntary is to involuntary b) involuntary is to voluntary c) discrimination is to generalization d) generalization is to discrimination

involuntary is to voluntary

Albert Ellis asserts that the main reason people get upset is because of their a) repressed wishes b) negative environment c) irrational ideas d) lack of faith in their potential

irrational ideas

Bob has a mental age of ten. Therefore, according to Binet, he a) has an IQ of 100 b) is about as bright as the average ten-year-old c) is profoundly retarded d) is mildly retarded

is about as bright as the average ten-year-old

True photographic memory a) is extremely rare, almost nonexistent b) can be learned during childhood c) seems to peak in early childhood d) is more common among males

is extremely rare, almost nonexistent

When conducting a survey, the most important issue is the a) number of questionnaires given out b) method used to conduct the survey c) kind of people chosen to participate d) money the survey cost

kind of people chosen to participate

When comparing treatment time for behavioral therapy and psychoanalysis, we find that behavioral therapy a) lasts about the same length of time b) lasts much longer c) lasts much shorter d) lasts slightly longer

last much shorter

Many retarded students who are included in regular classes a) are an extra problem for the teacher b) do not do well in those classes c) exhibit extreme behavior problems d) learn more than anyone thought possible

learn more than anyone thought possible

Though all parts of the brain contribute to language, which of the following plays the greatest role in language (for the majority of people)? a) left temporal and left frontal lobes b) right parietal and right occipital lobes c) right temporal and right frontal lobes d) left parietal and left occipital lobes

left temporal and left frontal lobes

A self-actualized person, according to Abraham Maslow, is one who strives to a) become great and famous b) reach perfect mental and physical health c) live up to his or her potentials d) do all of the above

live up to his or her potentials

In one experiment, when unusual objects were placed in a room (a couch in the kitchen, for example), recall of that room was a) slightly higher than usual b) much higher than usual c) the same as usual d) lower than usual

lower than usual

While completing the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT), the test taker must a) report what he or she sees in an ink blot b) assemble an incomplete picture c) make up stories after viewing pictures d) do all of the above

make up stories after viewing a picture

Which non-survival need provides a desire to use objects? a) intrinsic motive b) manipulative motive c) curiosity motive d) extrinsic motive d) physical motive

manipulative motive

Which of these terms best relates to the drive that moves a person to handle and use objects in the environment? a) goal b) drives c) set point d) manipulative motive e) contact comfort

manipulative motive

If a test is valid, it will a) measure what it is supposed to measure b) accurately measure both personality and intelligence c) not have to be standardized d) be all of the above

measures what it is supposed to measure

A placebo is a a) medicine which is in the testing process b) medically-tested pill which eases pain c) medicine given to hyperactive children d) medicine with no active ingredient

medicine with no active ingredient

Which of these terms most likely refers to a form of self-control in which the outside world is cut off from consciousness? a) hypnosis b) age regression c) meditation d) sleep apnea e) trance

meditation

An example of eustress, or "good" stress, is a) taking a test for which you are unprepared b) being called to the principal's office c) giving a wrong answer in class discussion d) meeting someone new whom you immediately like

meeting someone new whom you immediately like

The pituitary signals the thyroid, whose job is to control a) metabolism b) estrogen/androgen c) kidney function d) adrenaline

metabolism

A person who often functions well, but who attends special schools, is classified with a) borderline mental retardation b) mild mental retardation c) moderate mental retardation d) severe mental retardation e) profound mental retardation

mild mental retardation

People who have physical problems, usually from a disease, but can take care of themselves are classified with a) borderline mental retardation b) mild mental retardation c) moderate mental retardation d) severe mental retardation e) profound mental retardation

moderate mental retardation

Which of the following is not a characteristic of a group IQ test? a) efficient to give b) more expensive to administer c) reasonably accurate d) no performance scales are used

more expensive to administer

Psychoanalysis is the personality theory that states a) present behavior can be changed by changing the environment b) the past should be forgotten and buried c) most of who we are is influenced by hidden forces d) all of the above

most of who we are is influenced by hidden forces

Which of these terms relates to the drive to seek a goal, such as food, water, friend, and so forth? a) cognitive theory b) motivation c) emotion d) homeostasis e) cognition

motivation

Personality inventories that measure beliefs and desires are most likely a) short answer tests b) essay tests c) fill-in-the-blank tests d) multiple-choice tests

multiple-choice tests

Which of these causes a person to fall instantly asleep no matter what is going on in the environment? a) REM rebound b) insomnia c)night terrors d) narcolepsy e) nightmares

narcolepsy

Jan decides to study harder in school to stop her parents from grounding her for poor grades. This is an example of a) extinction b) negative punishment c) generalization d) positive reinforcement

negative punishment

Taking away something bad is an example of a) negative reinforcement b) punishment c) positive reinforcement d) all of the above

negative reinforcement

If Rosa learns one language which later interferes with the learning of another language, this is called a) negative transfer b) negative interference c) positive interference d) positive transfer

negative transfer

The more serious effects of this drug often can't be seen until the person has used the substance for several years a) LSD b) nicotine c) heroin d) alcohol

nicotine

Which of these terms most likely refers to a horrible dream occurring during NREM when the body is not prepared for it? a) insomnia b) night terrors c) narcolepsy d) nightmares e) REM rebound

night terrors

Which of these terms most likely refers to a frightening dream during REM? a) night terror b) REM rebound c) insomnia d) nightmare d) narcolepsy

nightmare

Another name for Rogerian therapy is a) behavioral therapy b) nondirective therapy c) free association therapy d) rational emotive therapy

nondirective therapy

Twenty-year-old Tony completes the Strong-Campbell Interest Inventory. His answers are compared with a) others his age who have similar backgrounds b) others his age who answer the questions similarly c) others in various occupations d) all of the above

others his age in various occupations

Which of these terms best relates to the female sex glands that produce eggs? a) ovaries b) androgens c) estrogen d) gonads e) testes

ovaries

Which of the following is not a factor affecting retardation? a) alcohol used by the expectant mother b) exposure to toxic chemicals c) inadequate food during infancy and childhood d) parents' IQ scores

parents' IQ scores

Which part of the brain could be damaged if the patient has difficulty in reading braille because the brain cannot distinguish the touch of one letter with another? a) frontal lobe b) temporal lobe c) parietal lobe d) occipital lobe

parietal lobe

The sensory strip is located in the a) parietal lobe and registers emotional messages b)frontal lobe and registers sounds c)parietal lobe and registers sensations d)frontal lobe and registers sensations

parietal lobe and registers sensations

Which of the following is a stronger reinforcer? a) partial b) continuous c) both the same

partial

Binocular disparity and visual texture help us a) maintain object-motion b) maintain space constancy c) perceive depth d) understand size constancy

perceive depth

Terri takes a multiple choice test that asks her to assess how well she gets along with others. Most likely, Terri is taking a(n) a) personality inventory b) Thematic Apperception Test c) projective test d) aptitude test

personality inventory

Which of the following motivates your need for food? a) physical motive b) manipulative motive c) intrinsic motive d) extrinsic motive e) curiosity motive

physical motive

Which of these terms best relates to the base of the hierarchy of needs (hunger and thirst)? a) self-actualization b) physiological needs c) reticular formation d) hypothalamus e) safety needs

physiological needs

The high or low of a sound is referred to as ______, and the complexity of a sound is known as _______. a) pitch, audition b) pitch, timbre c) decibels, pitch d) timbre, pitch

pitch, timbre

The Rorschach test has a)poor validity and poor reliability b) fairly high validity but poor reliability c) poor validity but high reliability d) high validity and high reliability

poor validity and poor reliability

Giving something good is an example of a) punishment b) negative reinforcement c) positive reinforcement d) all of the above

positive reinforcement

if Rosa had an easier time learning the second language as a result of learning the first? This is called a) negative transfer b) negative interference c) positive interference d) positive transfer

positive transfer

People who are inflexible and who nearly always see the world as a threatening place a) probably need psychological help b) probably need to be in a mental health institution c) will probably get better on their own d) will probably never change

probably need psychological help

If surveys are conducted correctly, they a) produce inconclusive results b) are time confusing and expensive c) involve everyone d) produce accurate results

produce accurate results

People who are unable to care for themselves and have the mental maturity at a two-year-old level are classified with a) profound mental retardation b) borderline mental retardation c) moderate mental retardation d) mild mental retardation e) severe mental retardation

profound mental retardation

Which classifications of retardation indicates that a person cannot benefit from education? a) profoundly retarded b) borderline retarded c) mildly retarded d) all of the above

profoundly retarded

If we act as if our emotions belong to someone else, we are experiencing a) sublimation b) projection c) rationalization d) reaction formation

projection

The term libido refers to a) projective tests and interviews . . . personality inventories and aptitude tests. b) vocational interest tests and aptitude tests . . . projective tests and personality inventories c) projective tests and personality inventories . . . vocational interest tests and aptitude tests d) interview and vocational interest tests . . . personality inventories & achievement tests

projective tests and interviews . . . personality inventories and aptitude tests.

Which type of mental health worker can prescribe medications? a) psychiatrist b) psychiatric social worker c) psychologist d) psychiatric nurse

psychiatrist

Retrieving the patient's past to uncover answers is the approach taken by a) behavioral therapy b) humanistic therapy c) psychoanalytic therapy d) cognitive behavioral therapy

psychoanalytic treatment

One way to overcome bias in an interview is to use a) closed-ended questions b) a psychological test c) a representative sample d) all of the above

psychological test

Giving something bad is an example of a) punishment b) positive reinforcement c) negative reinforcement d) all of the above

punishment

Taking away something good is an example of a) punishment b) negative reinforcement b) positive reinforcement d) all of the above

punishment

Paul has a personality in which the superego dominates; therefore, Paul would most likely be a) quiet and fearful b) very outgoing and friendly c) impulsive d) aggressive

quite and fearful

If we make a problem seem like it's not our fault, it is a) projection b) sublimation c) rationalization d) reaction formation

rationalization

Expressing feelings that are opposite from what we feel is a) sublimation b) rationalization c) reaction formation d) projection

reaction formation

Personality can be best defined as behavior that a) remains consistent in a variety of situations b) attracts the attention of others c) is socially acceptable d) does all of the above

remains consistent in a variety of situations

Pushing painful events out of consciousness is a) displacement b) denial c) regression d) repression

repression

Which of these terms best relates to the unit in the inner brain that registers and controls activity level, increases excitement, and helps generate sleep? a) safety needs b) self-actualization c) hypothalamus d) reticular formation e) psychological needs

reticular formation

If someone's left hemisphere is dominant, the person will probably be a) better in art b) left-handed c) right-handed d) better in music

right-handed

Which of these terms best relates to part of the hierarchy of needs that includes shelter and a nest egg of money? a) reticular formation b) hypothalamus c) self-actualization d) psychological needs e) safety needs

safety needs

A high level of the chemical dopamine causes which of the following disorders? a) multiple personalities b) mania c) sociopath d) schizophrenia

schizophrenia

the law of thirds (1/3 have one episode and get better, 1/3 are in and out of institutions continually, and 1/3 never get better) applies to which disorder? a) schizophrenia b) mania c) sociopath d) multiple personalities

schizophrenia

Getting a pat on the back, a smile, or a good grade are all forms of a) primary reinforcement b) punishment c) secondary reinforcement d) strategies

secondary reinforcement

The California Psychological Inventory, most often used in schools, measures a) test anxiety and phobias b) interests and academic ability c) self-acceptance and the desire to achieve d) depression and other moods

self-acceptance and the desire to achieve

Which of these terms best relates to the top of the hierarchy of needs (establishing meaningful goals and a purpose in life)? a) psychological needs b) self-actualization c) hypothalamus d) reticular formation e) safety needs

self-actualization

In math, Jamie is able to translate word problems into the correct equations quickly, but when she's finished, she's never quite sure if she has the right answer. According to Binet, Jamie needs help with a) comprehension b) direction c) adaptability d) self-evaluation

self-evaluation

Which of these terms best relates to the body-regulating mechanism that determines a person's typical weight? a) drives b)set point c) manipulative motive d) goal e) contact conform

set point

A person who requires constant supervision and has an IQ between 20-35 is classified with a) moderate mental retardation b) severe mental retardation c) borderline mental retardation d) profound mental retardation e) mild mental retardation

severe mental retardation

Dave is learning to drive a car. This skill is best learned by which process? a) shaping and chaining b) generalization c) operant conditioning d) classical conditioning

shaping and chaining

Animals are often used for experimentation because they a) are not needed by society b) have no feelings c) share many human behaviors d) need to be destroyed to control the pet population

share many human behaviors

Louise suffers from a specific phobia. Therefore, a) her phobia will be easily cured b) she does not know the origin of her fear c) she has a fear of a specific object or situation d) her fear can be cured with antipsychotic drugs

she has a fear of a specific object or situation

If Maxine is fully functioning, according to Carl Rogers, then a) she no longer has any ideals to strive for and become unhappy b) she unites what others want her to be with her ideals c) she unites her real self with her ideal self d) she must slow down so that she can appreciate life

she unites her real self with her ideal self

Which of these terms most likely refers to when breathing stops while someone is asleep, waking the person? a) hypnosis b) sleep apnea c) meditation d) trance e) age regression

sleep apnea

Complete the analogy: infrared is to ultraviolet as a) slow is to fast b) white is to red c) fast is to slow d) red is to white

slow is to fast

Albert Bandura is known for __________ learning. a) cognitive b) social c) operant d) classical

social

Three-year-old Jamie is pretending to read the newspaper like her father. This best illustrates the principle of a) operant conditioning b) social learning c) cognitive learning d) classical learning

social learning

Because of the Barnum effect, Jeri believes that she will lose her job. This means that a) someone has fooled Jeri into believing this b)someone has presented solid evidence to Jeri about a possible firing c) Jeri's boss only sees Jeri's negative characteristics d) Jeri will soon be fired

someone has fooled Jeri into believing this

There is a small island off the coast of Zymopia where the villagers eat raw insects. Who is most likely to form a stereotype about one of these villagers? a) someone who has read about the Zymopian culture b) someone who has worked with Zymopians for years c) someone who has visited Zymopia several times d) someone who has very little knowledge about Zymopians

someone who has very little knowledge about Zymopians

Someone with bipolar disorder will (Select all that apply.) a) sometimes have hallucinations b) have extreme mood swings c) often have several fugue episodes d) none of the above

sometimes have hallucinations and have extreme mood swings

According to B. F. Skinner, why do students go to school every day? a) Going to school probably satisfies some sort of archetypal urge. b) Students don't know any better; they just go because they're following others' examples. c) Students choose to go to school out of free will. d) Students probably get some sort of benefit for going to school.

students probably get some sort of benefit for going to school

Which of these terms best describes the thoughts, desires, etc, that are just below our present awareness? a) construct b) unconscious c) subconscious d) consciousness e) twilight state

subconscious

Which of the following is an advantage of using naturalistic observation over other methods of research? a) Subjects will behave as they normally do. b) Subjects will respond more honestly to the researchers' questions. c) Subjects, through their natural behavior, will make it easier for researchers to interpret their behavior. d) all of the above

subjects will behave as they normally do.

The only healthy defense mechanism is a) rationalization b) reaction formation c) projection d) sublimation

sublimation

Which of the following is an IQ test most likely to predict? a) relationships with others b) social skills c) success in life d) success in school

success in school

Which of Freud's three parts of personality "attempts to block all natural drives and instincts"? a) id b) ego c) superego d) none of the above

superego

Which of Freud's three parts of personality "causes guilt for doing bad and pride for doing good"? a) ego b) superego c) id d) none of the above

superego

Which of the following methods of psychological research involves asking questions about feelings and behaviors to a select group? a) survey b) naturalistic observation c) longitudinal method d) case study

survey

If you think that your score on an intelligence test is wrong, you should a) take the test again b) ignore it because no one will ever look at the score without your permission c) ignore it because taking the test over is costly d) ignore it because an error is most likely just your perception

take the test again

Which two senses are most likely to determine whether we like a certain food? a) smell and sight b) taste and cutaneous receptors c) taste and smell d) taste and sight

taste and smell

Which part of the brain could be damaged if the patient has difficulty with grammar and other rules of language? a) temporal lobe b) occipital lobe c) frontal lobe d) parietal lobe

temporal lobe

Which of these terms best relates to the male sex glands that produce sperm? a) gonads b) testes c) estrogen d) androgen e) ovaries

testes

Studies of identical twins indicate a) that IQ scores of identical twins are similar only when they are raised together b) that IQs are in part inherited c) that IQs are most likely not inherited d) all of the above

that IQs are in part inherited

There seems to be convincing evidence to suggest a)that left-handedness is the result of a genetic defect that often affects intelligence as well as handedness b)that left-handedness is inherited in the same way that hair or eye color is inherited c)that left-handedness is genetically programmed during development d) all of the above

that left-handedness is genetically programmed during development

One of the great benefits of group therapy is a) that a trained therapist need not be present b) that patients learn that other people are experiencing similar problems c) that patients get a chance to become leaders for a while d) all of the above

that patients learn that other people are experiencing similar problems

Jake the dog does not step past an invisible boundary because he gets shocked each time. Which of the following is the conditioned response? a) the shook b) the fear from the boundary c) the boundary d) the fear from the shock

the boundary

A learning curve represents a) the gradual and increased retention of material as a result of learning b) how a very small percentage of the population learns c) the gradual retention of material learned through mnemonic devices d) the optimistic notion that states "All of us can learn

the gradual and increased retention of material as a result of learning

A study that traces an individual's development from birth to twenty-five years of age makes use of a) the cross-sectional method b) the longitudinal method c) the interview method d) psychological tests

the longitudinal method

When using principle learning, we focus on a) the moral principles behind what is to be learned b) how the material to be learned relates to us personally c) organizing the material to be learned in an unusual way d) the main idea behind what is to be learned

the main idea behind what is to be learned

According to interference theory, why would we have difficulty remembering the names of ten people we just met? a) Short-term memory is limited to about ten items. b) The names are competing for space in the memory storage system. c) One's attention span becomes shorter as the list of names grow longer. d) all of the above

the names are competing for space in the memory storage system

You are a surgeon operating on the brain. You apply electrical stimulation to different areas of the motor strip. Which of the following is most likely to happen? a) the patient will sense a burning feeling b) the patient will recall something long forgotten c) the patient's arm will twitch d) all of the above

the patient's arm will twitch

The following question relates to s study on gender bias. What would be the dependent variable in the previous question? a) the male subjects b) the female candidates c) the rankings d) the previous personal experience

the rankings

In Watson's experiment with Little Albert, the conditioned stimulus was a) a loud sound b) extreme fear c) the rat d) unknown

the rat

Ivan Pavlov's dog learned to respond to the "conditioned stimulus," which was a) food b) water c) the sight of the experimenter d) salivation

the sight of the experimenter

According to state-dependent learning, learning is dependent on a)the state of attention at the time of learning b) the state of one's attitude at the time of learning c) the state of motivation at the time of learning d) the state of the body at the time of learning

the state of the body at the time of learning

While it is true that aptitude tests have good reliability and validity, __________. a) the tests often identify people who do not have problems b) the tests cannot predict success within a particular field c) standardization is almost impossible to achieve d) the tests are usually not interpreted properly

the tests cannot predict success within a particular field

During transference, the patient transfers his or her emotional conflicts onto a) the actual source of the conflict b) the therapist c) one of the parents d) a sibling or close friend

the therapist

The relaxed state just before we fall into deep sleep is a) conscious b) the unconscious c) a construct d) the twilight state e) the subconscious

the twilight state

The man called "S" (in the case study) who could not forget anything showed us a) the value of being able to block out incoming material b) that all memories can be retrieved with training c) how to retrieve memory more efficiently d) how to store memory more efficiently

the value of being able to block out incoming material

Researchers who deliberately frustrated people in a study found that those who were allowed to "get back" at the experimenters verbally, not physically, showed more release of stress than those who were denied this opportunity. This could mean a) we should never strive to get back at anyone b) some people have less stress than others c) there are constructive ways to release emotional tensions d) we should all fight back violently

there are constructive ways to release emotional tensions

What is the main goal of encounter therapy? a) to treat depression, anxiety, and other common problems more quickly than in individual therapy b) to teach participants how to become therapists themselves c) to help participants become more aware of their inner selves d) all of the above

to help participants become more aware of their inner selves

Why might a psychologist administer a personality inventory to a group of people? a) to establish the reliability of the test b) to attain a variety of fill-in-the-blank answers c) to identify people who might need help d) to do all of the above

to identify people who might need help

While it is true that emotional involvement—particularly through humor—can aid learning, a) emotional involvement only helps short-term memory b) the material learned in this way does not transfer well to other subjects c) too much humor will interfere with learning d) emotional involvement will not affect the normal learning curve

too much humor will interfere with learning

Which of these terms most likely refers to another word for the state of being that can occur during hypnosis? a) tance b) meditation c) age regression d) hypnosis e) sleep apnea

trance

A concern with alcoholism is the synergistic effect, because the liver isn't capable of ridding the body of two foreign substances at the same time. a) true b) false

true

A theory provides a framework for studying a subject. a) true b) false

true

According to the behavioral approach, previous learning determines behavior in present situations. a) true b) false

true

According to the biopsychological approach, the physical system is considered to be the main cause of behavior. a) true b) false

true

According to the cognitive approach, our personality is made up of different kinds of thoughts. a) true b) false

true

According to the psychoanalytic approach, our behavior is controlled by unconscious forces. a) true b) false

true

B. F. Skinner was a famous behaviorist who focused on observable behavior. a) true b) false

true

Displacement means we have vented our feelings on someone or somewhere else. a) true b) false

true

Eustress is good stress. a) true b) false

true

Frustration occurs when we are blocked or hindered from reaching goals we are seeking a) true b) false

true

In a state of mania, you could get a lot of things accomplished that you have been putting off. a) true b) false

true

In regression, we revert to earlier forms of behavior as a method of defense a) true b) false

true

It is important to take credit for your successes and take blame for your failures. a) true b) false

true

Marijuana is a psychedelic drug, which means it distorts or confuses the user's perception of the world. a) true b) false

true

Of the two basic kinds of psychologists, those that treat patients and clients are applied psychologists. a) treu b) false

true

Peer difficulties and getting married are about equally stressing. a) true b) false

true

Providing children with a stimulating environment can increase their IQ scores. a) true b) false

true

Repression is a method of defending ourselves against painful material. a) true b) false

true

Self-esteem refers to how worthwhile we think we are a) true b) false

true

Sigmund Freud was the founder of psychoanalysis. a) true b) false

true

Some people feel IQ tests are culturally biased in favor of white, middle-class people. a) true b) false

true

The humanistic approach believes that all people are good and can help themselves be even better. a) true b) false

true