Psych final

Which of the following is not true of psychological theories?

Theories are always discarded as new observations are made

which person is most likely to resist the social pressure encountered from sales people

alphas (high self esteem) and bets (low social anxiety)

the best research method to investigate cause and effect relationships between variable is

an experiment

variable ratio schedule is best described as providing reinforcement after

any number of correct responses has been made

aaron has just been given the umber of a woman with whom he wants to schedule a date but he doesnt have anything to write the number down on. if he does not rehearse the telephone number how long does he have to find paper and pencil before he forgets it

around 10 seconds

Ivan Pavlov is best known for his research in

classical conditioning

Diagnosing the severity of mental illness and behavior problems is usually the jon of a _____ psychologist

clinical

In reviewing the contents of several psychology journals, a graduate student noted a mark increased interest in the number of articles on memory and thinking over the past dozen years. He concluded that there was increased interest in the ______ perspective

cognitive

from the _____ perspective the dog in Pavlov's experiments salivated in response to the bell because the bell became mentally connected to the meat powder

cognitive

As much as she tried to lose weight, Pauline could not achieve her goal of 15% weight loss. Accordingly, she made an appointment to consult with Dr. Richman, a ____ psychologist.

health

after the bell became an effective CS pavlov then pairs it with a light. eventually the light was able to elicit the response of salivation. this is an example of

higher order conditioning

as a young child the white coat of your pediatrician elicited a fear response in you. eventually your pediatricians waiting room and her receptionist came to elicit fear. this occured because of

higher order conditioning

the term reinforcement was preferred over the term reward because SKiner believed that the latter suggested

mental processes were involves in learning

according to bandora a person who engages in a response to be imitated is a

model

operant conditioning can be effective in which of the following circumstances

modifying own behavior, lowering blood pressure, disciplining children at school

in ebbinghaus's classic curve of forgetting the greatest memory loss occurs

most rapidly just after the material is initially learned

in Pavlovs original experiments the bell was at first a ____ stimulus

neutral

comforting to the outright commands of another is called

obedience

individuals who buy lottery tickets on a regular basis are usually on a ____ schedule of reinforcement

variable-ratio

people tend to attribute other behaviors primarily to internal factors such as free will in cultures that

view the self as indecent

the reason we are more likely to stop at a red light than at a green light is because

we learn that stopping at red lights is associated with avoiding accidents and tickets

women are generally more than likely than men to help people in need the major reason for this is that

women are more likely than men to be empathic

which of the following illustrates continuous reinforcement

you become less thirsty every time you drink water

you just received an outstanding grade on your research paper. you are likely to attribute your success to

your excellent academic abilities

which of the following is not a type of prospective memory task

knowledge based task

in most of milligrams research nearly or ore than 50 percent of the subjects delivered what they believed to be ____ volt shocks

450

your dogs starts to salivate when you use the electric can opener to open his can of dog food. after learning the principles of classical condition it becomes obvious to you that the can opener has become an effective ______

CS

A functionalist would disagree with which of the following statements?

Consciousness can be broken down into elemental parts

As a science, psychology has four goals. Which of the following is not one of those goals?

Eliminate behavior

The school of psychology that emphasized the organization of perceptual experience into wholes and the integration of separate stimuli into meaningful patterns is termed

Gestalts psychology

The first person to show how scientific methods could be used to investigate psychological phenomena was

Gustav Fechner

Jean Blake, a psychiatrist who is strongly influenced by the social cognitive perspective, is most likely to take which approach in treating a male client who is extremely shy of females

Observe and imitate models engaged in social interactions with women

Each of these ancient Greek philosophers contributed to the field of psychology except

Pythagoras

one of the symptoms of anterograde amnesia is

a failure to establish memories after the injury but the preservation of memories prior to the injury

what is a conditioned response

a learned response to a previously neutral stimulus

you met your supervisor for the first time yesterday. you were glad that you remembered to smile as you answered her question. you wanted your supervisor to like you and form

a positive first impression

which of the following best describes giving a dog food after rollowing over

a positive primary immediate reinforce was given

bob smith was running for office. he often tries to get people worked up over the issues. if he were a social psychologist he would explain that he does this because attitudes with a strong emotional impact are more

accessible

The statement that the mental state associated with being in love can be reduced to chemical changes in the brain is most likely to be made by a psychologist take the _____ perspective.

biological

generalization is to discrimination as

broader is to narrower

after a single presentation megan can recall her fiends long distance telephone number and five digit extension even though the sequence contains 15 digits. one reason for her ease of recall is that she combined the digits into smaller groups. the process is called

chunking

a hypotheses is an assumption or best guess that

can be tested by gathering evidence

a sales person for vitamins fives out a medical journal that discusses the research on a pariticular vitamens benefits. the sales person is using the ___ route to persuade customers to buy his product

central

Which of the following is not likely the concern of sociocultural psychologist

color perception

psychologist and other researchers must protect and respect the privacy of research participants. this concern recognizes the requirement for

confidentiality

when you are beginning to train your dog to sit it is most effective to put him on

continuous reinforcement

a car dealer summer and fall incentive programs are an example of what

fixed interval schedule

when milligram replicated his original study in 1974 but did so in a dingy store front the percentage of people who complided with the experimenter

decreased from 65% to 48%

where do the storage bins for long term memories appear to be located

different brain areas

your friend clara got lost on her way to your house. you figure she has no sense of direction and that is why she is lost. you are making a ____ attribution

dispotional

which favors would reduce the likelihood of aggressive behavior

empathy belief in non violence inoffensive interpretation of anothers motives

the stages of information processing in memory are

encoding storage and retrieval

what do persuasive communicators have a good deal of

expertise attractiveness and trustworthiness

placing a disruptive child in time out where the child is in a restrictive enviromnet and completely isolated from either teacher or peer aproval illustrates the use of

extinction

positive reinforcement is to increasing behavior as _____ is to decreasing behavior

extinction

your child fears going to the doctor because on her last visit she recieved a painful treatment. now every time your child visits the doctor the nurse is whith him. you notice the child seems afraid of the nurse even thoug she has never administered a painful treatement. what is this due to

higher-order conditioning

joe is a long term alcohol who has great difficulty story new information in memory.w what brain structure has likely sustained damage

hippocampus

the structural changes in the brain that take place with the formation of new episodic memories most likely begin in the

hippocampus

visual images are to ___ memory as auditory imagine are to -__ memory

iconic, echoic

in-line skating and tap dancing skills would be stored in ____ memory

implicit

an advertiser wants to increase the likelihood of persuasion in their commercials. based on research they could

include music that could put you in a good mood and saturate the airtime with their commericial

in an experiment the presence of a(n) _______ is manipulated by the researchers so that it effects may be determined

independent variable

In his research on problem solving in chimpanzees, Kohler concluded that the chimp suddenly solves a problem and reach the banana because of

insight

forgetting that occurs because new information inhibits the retrieval of previously learned information or because previously learned information inhibits the retrieval of new information is explained by

interference theory

contributions to psychology by women researchers included research on all of the following topics except

introspection in research

the sociocultural perspective is concerned with the

issues of gender, ethnicity and socioeconomic status

Behaviorism is to learning theory as Gestalt psychology is to

perception

examples of a _______ would e the use of a "sugar pill" instead of real medication or tonic water instead of an alcoholic beverage. However the individual must believe that he or she is experiencing the real thing

placebo

an attitude toward a group that leads people to evaluate members of that group negatively is known as

prejudice

case study methods are often used to study ____ cases

rare

the paired associates task is uses to measure the ____ memory task

recall

research has shown that mere ____ to any stimulus increases the likelihood that people will like it and react favorable to it

repeated exposure

the surviving bodyguard in princess dianas car was unable to recall events immediatley prior to the car crash. what did he appear to suffer from

retrograde amnesia

who proposed the contingency theory for classical conditioning

robert rescorla

intimacy and passion are to ___ as intimacy pass and commitment are to ____

romantic love, consummate love

Kenneth and Mamie Clark conducted research on the negative effects of ____ on african american children

school segregation

if participants are able to choose treatment in a scientific study, this is called a _____ that is a source of bias that could influence the results

selection factor

The humanistic-existential perspective unites ____ and ____ as central principles to its approach

self-fulfillment , free choice

danielle is trying to remember the names of the classmates that attended her high school graduation part but cant. it is most likely that

she has not yet found the cues that will hep her retrieve the information from long term memory

what is the memory that enables one to hold information for a limited time ones mine called

short term and working memory

everyone at a party is dancing and having a good time except one person. you likely attribute this behavior to

shyness

when you see a classmate in class he is always friendly. when you see him at a party he acts like he doesnt know you. since you know he is friendly what behavior is he attributing

situational

who devolped programmed learning

skinner

the process by which the presence of others improves our performance is known as

social facilitation

yarema is a cyclist. he notices that whenever he trains with someone else his time is better. this phenomenon is probably due to the process known as

social facilitation

which factor increases the tendency to conform

social shyness

The issues of ethnicity, gender and socioeconomic status are the concerns of the _____ perspective

sociocultural

_____ conducted a series of experiments to find out how any people would resist immoral request made by authority figures

stanley milgram

a person who feels very strongly about the sanctity of human life is likely to support pro life legislation whereas someone who merley agrees that people have a right to live is likely to be concerned over the legislation. this demonstrates the effects the the ___ of attitudes has on behavior

strength

which factor influences the probability that we can predict people's behavior from attitudes

strength of attitude

professor fournier gives a quiz every monday. his student would then tend to ___ because they are on a ____ schedule of reinforcement

study on sunday nights, fixed interval

greg is fairly unattractive and he is dating an unattractive woman psychologist would point to ___ to explain this

the attraction - similarity hypothesis

the member son a jury are split 50/50 on a conviction decision. after much discussion one member decides to change their vote and suddenly several others follow. what is this indicative of

the first shift rule

behavior therapists prefer systematic desensitization over lfooding as a behavior therapy to reduce fears because

the process of relaxation and gradual exposure to varied forms of the feared stimuli is more plesant

social facilitation operates when

the task being performed is simple with a group of others

in a debate when a politician first presents his opponents ideas of the argument in an effort to refute their position he is using the technique known as

the two sided argument

the area of social psychology called "social influence" studies

the ways people influence the thoughts feelings and behaviors of others

evan met lesley at a party last week he sees her again a few week after. he knows that he knows her name but cant remember. what is this experience referred to as

tip of the tongue phenomenton

in an experiment a group of participants that receives a dose of caffeine or a change in room temperature as recieved a

treatment

which of the followings not sure regarding media violence in america

tv programs generally show the harmful long-term consequences of aggressive behavior