Psych. Final

the fundamental attribution error.

Natasha thinks her professor's strict class attendance policy is an indication of her overly controlling personality, not a necessity given that the class meets only once a week. Her judgment best illustrates:

perceived control

Optimists are more likely than pessimists to experience:

aptitude tests

The SAT and the GRE are both examples of:

the foot-in-the-door phenomenon.

The gradually escalating levels of destructive obedience in the Milgram experiments best illustrate one of the potential dangers of:

algorithms

The hospital where Josh works has specific step-by-step procedures, or _________________, for treating people having heart attacks.

Survive longer

A local religious organization has taken an interest in reaching out to community members with AIDS. They were prompted to do this when they learned that religiously active AIDS patients _____________ than do their nonreligious counterparts.

"Patricia's recklessness has finally gotten her into trouble."

Allison has just learned that her neighbor Patricia was involved in an automobile accident at a nearby intersection. The tendency to make the fundamental attribution error may lead Allison to conclude:

stress appraisal

Although Juanita's legs became paralyzed following a car accident, she is now able to minimize the stress she initially felt about her inability to walk by viewing it as a challenge rather than a threat. This illustrates the importance of:

Fear of punishment can cause us to harm another person.

Although fear can have negative consequences, it can also be adaptive. Which of the following is NOT an example of an adaptive fear response?

behaving unselfishly to enhance the welfare of others.

Altruism is best described as:

wide cultural variations in aggressiveness.

An explanation of aggression in terms of instinct would have the most difficulty accounting for:

2

Ape communication appears to be less complex than human adult language. When taught, ape vocabularies and sentences are simpler, much like those of a ____-year-old child.

problem-focused coping

Attempting to alleviate stress by changing the stressor or the way we interact with that stressor is known as:

mindfulness meditation.

Attending to current experiences in a nonjudgmental and accepting manner is most likely to be associated with:

a growth mindset

Carol Dweck's research supports the idea of teaching young teens that the brain is like a muscle; it grows stronger with use as neuron connections grow. Praising children's effort rather than their ability encourages _____, which causes them to attribute success to hard work.

can form concepts.

Dr. Bryson has been studying monkeys' ability to classify photographs of cats and dogs. After the monkeys became competent at this classifying task, Dr. Bryson found that certain areas of their frontal lobe neurons fired in response to new "catlike" or "doglike" images. This suggests that the monkeys:

Health psychologists

Dr. Smithson is studying the effects of HIV awareness campaigns and the reduction of new HIV cases within the Latino population of a major city. He is examining what is working and what is not working to stem the tide of new cases in this high-risk area of the city. He is also looking at medication compliance and wellness examinations. He is a:

outgroup homogeneity effect

During lunch a group of computer science majors were discussing their choice of field. One student admitted that he had once considered becoming an accountant but decided against it because "accountants are all boring number crunchers without an ounce of creativity." This statement best reflects:

Type A personality.

Eric eats lunch at his desk, goes to the bathroom only when he can no longer hold it, has to have his cell phone with him at all times (checking it the moment he wakes up), and puts in 14 hours a day at the office. Eric is a:

Daily hassle

Feeling as though you have too much to do is which kind of stressor?

an increased view of having free will.

Having a view of increased personal control is related to:

125

If 8-year-old George had responded to the original Stanford-Binet with the proficiency of an average 10-year-old child, he would be said to have an IQ of:

personal control.

In a famous study, a notable improvement in activity, health, and happiness was observed among nursing home patients who experienced:

2

In the destitute Iranian orphanage that researcher J. McVicker Hunt studied, the typical child could not sit up unassisted at age ___ .

Savant syndrome

In the movie Rainman, Dustin Hoffman's character performs mind-boggling mathematical calculations, yet he cannot perform a simple task such as determining how much change he would receive when buying a candy bar. This character is demonstrating:

Tension headaches

It would be most helpful to use biofeedback to help clients reduce:

high on a test of practical intelligence.

Jeffrey is doing quite well as the manager of a large electronics store. He writes clear memos to the staff, he is good at delegating tasks, and he knows how to "read" other employees. Sternberg would predict that Jeffrey would score:

Chinese people as looking pretty much alike.

Kaden, age 19, is a Black, female university sophomore. Research on how we categorize social information suggests that Kaden is most likely to perceive most:

cortisol and epinephrine

Leslie has just finished a brutal military tour against opposing forces. He lost a number of his friends but was able to fight on despite the death around him. Two of the stress hormones at play in his system are:

Neural networks

People can simultaneously process many aspects of sensory information, such as color, depth, movement, and form in terms of vision. This best illustrates the functioning of multiple:

cognitive dissonance theory

Professor Thomas wrote a very positive letter of recommendation for a student, despite his doubts about her competence. After writing the letter, he began to develop a more favorable attitude toward the student's abilities. Which theory best explains why?

Are recently widowed

Research indicates that people who _______________ are more vulnerable to disease.

A longer life span

Research indicates that those who attend religious services regularly are more likely than nonattenders to experience:

on average, Black Americans perform less well than White Americans on intelligence tests.

Research on racial and ethnic differences in intelligence indicates that:

negative emotions

Researchers have reported a relationship between _____________ and the progression of HIV infection to AIDS.

the mental age of 9.

Seven-year-old Abran is in the second grade. He is quite bright and can do the work of a 9-year-old child in the fourth grade. If Abran were to take Binet's original intelligence test, he would likely have:

some patients will blame themselves for their illness.

Some researchers suggest that there is a link between stress and cancer. However, one danger of focusing on this relationship is that:

frontal lobes

Studies have revealed diminished activity in the ________ of violent criminals.

shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation.

Superordinate goals refer to:

have helped them.

The reciprocity norm refers to the expectation that people should help those who:

5

The word readers contains ________ phoneme(s).

ingroup bias.

Theresa is a fifth grader at Carson Elementary School. Like most students in her school, she believes that Carson Elementary School is the best school in the town. This example best illustrates:

peripheral route persuasion

This occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speaker's attractiveness.

Irritable

Type A personality is to Type B personality as ____________ is to calm.

the social trap

What situation occurs when we each rationally pursue our own self-interests but become caught in mutually destructive behavior?

the mere exposure effect.

When buying groceries, many shoppers prefer certain products simply because the products have a familiar brand name. This preference best illustrates the importance of:

a fixation

When people try to solve problems, they tend to think of objects or things only in terms of their usual functions. This impediment to problem solving is known as:

being female

Which of the following characteristics is NOT associated with anti-gay attitudes?

We are in a hurry.

Which of the following does NOT increase the odds of our helping someone?

having a Type A personality

Which of the following is NOT associated with experiencing less stress and health improvements?

the presence of other bystanders in the situation

Which of the following is NOT one of the factors that increases the likelihood of bystanders helping?

Those who score high in one area of intelligence typically score higher than average in other areas.

Which of the following statements is TRUE of intelligence, according to Charles Spearman?

factor analysis

Which procedure is used to identify clusters of related items that define g, or general intelligence?

getting a foot in the door.

You are trying to convince your parents to finance your planned trip to Europe. First, you ask them for a small favor (a bus ticket to a local city), hoping that later they will be more willing to send you on the longer trip. This technique is known as:

the fundamental attribution error.

You've stopped at a diner for a cup of coffee, and the waitress yells at you when you sit at a table that has not been cleared. Affronted, you are convinced that she should find another line of work—one in which her angry personality will not interfere with her job. However, you disregard the possibility that the restaurant is short of help that day. You have just fallen prey to:

Coping

_____ is alleviating stress using emotional, cognitive, or behavioral methods.

Creative

_______________intelligence is demonstrated when a person reacts adaptively to new situations and generates novel ideas.

Stereotype threat

is a self-confirming concern that you will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype.

cognitive

psychologists study an individual's mental activities, examining the logical and illogical manner in which we create concepts, solve problems, and make decisions.

Grammar

refers to the set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences in a given language.