Psych Final Study Guide

Asa is buying a gift for his mother, an overbearing woman who is difficult to please. When a clerk asks him who he is shopping for he replies, "my smother" instead of "my mother." What does this exemplify? A. archetype B. collective unconscious C. Freudian slip D. repressed memory

Freudian slip

Which field of psychology includes the following concepts: figure-ground relationship, law of continuity, and principle of closure? A. biometric B. Gestalt C. Pacinian D. somatosensory

Gestalt

Which of the following statements about Ivan Pavlov is true? A. He is considered the founder of behaviorism. B. He is famous for demonstrating the principles of operant conditioning: The motivation for a behavior happens after the behavior is demonstrated. C. He is known for establishing the principles of classical conditioning. D. He placed hungry rats in a maze with no reward for finding their way through it, and he studied a comparison group that was rewarded with food at the end of the maze.

He is known for establishing the principles of classical conditioning.

Which principle underlies cognitive therapy? A. Behavior can be conditioned. B. How you think determines how you feel. C. Thoughts cannot be changed. D. Unconscious thoughts influence behavior

How you think determines how you feel.

In the free association technique of psychoanalysis, the ________. A. client engages in self-reflection prior to the session to decide what to discuss B. client keeps a dream diary to guide therapy sessions C. client says whatever comes to mind at the moment D. therapist hypnotizes the client

client says whatever comes to mind at the moment

What is the emphasis in humanistic therapy? A. client's early infancy B. client's present and future C. client's recent past D. client's unconscious desires

client's present and future

Humanistic therapy is also called ________ therapy. A. client-centered B. cognitive-behavioral C. ECT D. personality-focused

client-centered

What is comorbidity? A. co-occurrence of two disorders B. having two causes for a single disorder C. having two causes of death D. mental disorder leading to death

co-occurrence of two disorders

________ encompasses the processes associated with perception, knowledge, problem solving, judgment, language, and memory. A. cognition B. personality C. schema D. targeting

cognition

________ development involves learning, attention, memory, language, thinking, reasoning, and creativity. A. artistic B. cognitive C. emotional D. psychosocial

cognitive

The ________ group does not get the experimental treatment. A. alternate experimental B. control C. dependent D. independent

control

Exposure therapy is a ________ technique. A. classical conditioning B. counterconditioning C. free association D. psychodynamic

counterconditioning

________intelligence is marked by inventing or imagining a solution to a problem or situation. A. analytic B. creative C. crystallized D. practical

creative

Jory, a six year old, is picking out a card for his mother's birthday. He picks the card with a picture of Lightning McQueen, reasoning that since he loves Cars his mother does to. What does this exemplify? A. conservation B. egocentrism C. pretend play D. reversibility

egocentrism

Which category of memory failure associated with the seven sins of memory is exemplified by the following? Amantha left her phone somewhere, but she can't remember where. A. distortion B. forgetting C. imposition D. intrusion

forgetting

Hertz is a measure of ________. A. frequency B. loudness C. pitch D. purity

frequency

Which concept is a type of mental set where you cannot perceive an object being used for something other than what it was designed for? A. anchoring bias B. functional fixedness C. hindsight bias D. representative bias

functional fixedness

What does nature refer to in the nature vs. nurture debate? A. cognitive capacity B. environment and culture C. genes and biology D. language acquisition

genes and biology

In the ________ stage, there is a sexual reawakening as the incestuous urges resurface. The young person redirects these urges to other, more socially acceptable partners (who often resemble the other-sex parent). A. anal B. genital C. oral D. phallic

genital

Wendy's mother has blue eyes and her father has brown eyes. The allele for brown eye color is dominant (B) to the allele for blue eye color (b), but Wendy has blue eyes. Therefore, Wendy's ________ must be ________ and her father's must be Bb. A. genotype; Bb B. genotype; bb C. phenotype; Bb D. phenotype; bb

genotype; bb

Social psychology is a field that studies both interpersonal and intrapersonal behavior. Which of the following is an example of interpersonal behavior? A. attitudes B. emotions C. group processes D. social cognition

group processes

Which treatment modality involves 5-10 people with the same issue or concern meeting together with a trained clinician? A. couple therapy B. group therapy C. strategic family therapy D. structural family therapy

group therapy

In a resting state, sodium (Na+) is at a higher concentration outside the cell and potassium (K+) is more concentrated inside the cell. During an action potential, the sodium levels ________ inside the cell. A. decrease B. increase C. increase only if potassium levels remain the same D. stay the same

increase

If a stimulus plus a response results in a satisfying outcome, the probability of that response occurring again ________. A. decreases B. depends on the CS-UCS relationship C. increases D. is not affected

increases

Which of the following best defines the Asch effect? A. influence of one person on a large group B. influence of one person on the creation of a group goal C. influence of the group majority on an individual's judgment D. influence of the group minority on individual judgment

influence of the group majority on an individual's judgment

The sleep debt is the result of ________. A. high levels of sensory awareness, thought, and behavior B. insufficient sleep on a chronic basis C. the circadian rhythm D. travel from one time zone to another

insufficient sleep on a chronic basis

In Howard Gardner's Multiple Intelligences Theory, ________ intelligence and ________ intelligence are often combined into a single type: emotional intelligence. A. interpersonal; intrapersonal B. intrapersonal; naturalist C. logical-mathematical; interpersonal D. musical; linguistic

interpersonal; intrapersonal

Ingrid is energized by being alone, speaks slowly and softly, and avoids attention. Carl Jung would call her a(an) ________. A. extrovert B. humanist C. introvert D. neo-Freudian

introvert

18-month-old Gordon learned the schema for apples. When Gordon sees tomatoes at the grocery store, he says, "Look mommy, apples!" His mother tells him that the food he sees at the store is a tomato, not an apple. He now has separate schemata for tomatoes and apples. This exemplifies ________. A. accommodation B. assimilation C. exclusion D. inclusion

accommodation

Pan finds it difficult to learn the alphabet, until he hears the alphabet song. Then he can easily remember it. This is an example of ________ encoding. A. acoustic B. semantic C. sensory D. visual

acoustic

________ encoding is the encoding of sounds. A. acoustic B. effortful C. semantic D. visual

acoustic

Marlena tells her therapist that she often feels helpless and unable to accomplish her goals. Her therapist responds by acknowledging her feelings, restating what she has told him, and clarifying the feelings behind what Marlena is expressing. What aspect of client-centered therapy is this? A. active listening B. indirect empathy C. personal growth D. unconditional positive regard

active listening

Billie is a(n) ________ because he believes people over age 65 should have their driver's license suspended, the elderly use up important social resources, and they occupy jobs that should belong to younger, more capable people. A. ageist B. heterosexist C. racist D. sexist

ageist

The ________ is involved in our experience of emotion and tying emotional meaning to our memories. A. amygdala B. corpus callosum C. hypothalamus D. pons

amygdala

Which type of chemical messenger do the male gonads secrete? A. androgens B. dopamine C. endorphins D. estrogens

androgens

Paxil, Prozac, and Zoloft are examples of ________. A. anti-anxiety agents B. antidepressants C. antipsychotics D. mood stabilizers

antidepressants

The scientific process is ________, involving both inductive and deductive reasoning. A. circular B. cyclical C. perfectionistic D. unpredictable

circular

In ________ conditioning, the unconditioned stimulus unconditionally elicits a reaction. For example, a bit of black pepper blown into the eye produces a blinking response. A. classical B. operant C. response D. stimulus

classical

What is semantic memory? A. information about events we have personally experienced B. knowledge about words, concepts, and language-based knowledge and facts C. storage of facts and events we personally experienced D. type of implicit memory that stores information about how to do things

knowledge about words, concepts, and language-based knowledge and facts

What is the set of processes used to encode, store, and retrieve information over different periods of time? A. automatic processing B. effortful processing C. memory D. sensory encoding

memory

According to Sigmund Freud, an adult who smokes, drinks, overeats, or bites her nails is fixated in the ________ stage of her psychosexual development. A. anal B. genital C. oral D. phallic

oral

Which brain region is believed to play a critical role in OCD? A. anterior cortex B. cingulate cortex C. orbitofrontal cortex D. prefrontal cortex

orbitofrontal cortex

Jarl makes several minor mistakes during his conversational French class. Instead of thinking, "everyone makes mistakes sometimes," he thinks, "I am so stupid." What kind of cognitive distortion is this? A. all-or-nothing thinking B. beating a dead horse C. jumping to conclusions D. overgeneralization

overgeneralization

________ delusions involve the (false) belief that other people or agencies are plotting to harm the person. A. grandiose B. hallucination C. paranoid D. somatic

paranoid

An archetype is a ________. A. balance of opposing forces within one's personality B. collective consciousness C. feeling that one lacks worth and doesn't measure up to the standards of others or of society D. pattern that exists in our collective unconscious across cultures and societies

pattern that exists in our collective unconscious across cultures and societies

When it comes to social psychology, a script is a ________. A. person's knowledge about the sequence of events in a specific setting B. prescription for psychotropic medicine C. set of instructions to be carried out D. written record of a person's history

person's knowledge about the sequence of events in a specific setting

Carl Jung referred to the ________ as the mask we adopt. A. id B. ideal self C. persona D. superego

persona

Yuri experiences excessive, distressing, and persistent fear or anxiety about heights. Yuri suffers from a(n) ________. A. mood disorder B. obsessive-compulsive disorder C. phobia D. psychosis

phobia

A(an) ________ is a basic sound unit of a given language. A. audio B. morpheme C. phoneme D. syntax

phoneme

________ development involves growth and changes in the body and brain, the senses, motor skills, and health and wellness. A. cognitive B. learning C. physical D. psychosocial

physical

In medieval times, abnormal behaviors were viewed as a sign that a person was ________. A. a prophet B. about to die C. in need of counseling D. possessed by demons

possessed by demons

In ________ thinking, decisions are made based on situations and circumstances, and logic is integrated with emotion as adults develop principles that depend on contexts. A. concrete operational B. formal operational C. postformal D. sensorimotor

postformal

The act of getting information out of memory storage and back into conscious awareness is known as ________. A. encoding B. hyperthymesia C. retrieval D. storage

retrieval

When experiencing ________ amnesia, you experience loss of memory for events that occurred prior to the trauma. When experiencing ________ amnesia, you cannot remember new information. A. antero-retro; flashbulb B. anterograde; retrograde C. flashbulb; retro-antero D. retrograde; anterograde

retrograde; anterograde

A(an) ________ is a mental construct consisting of a cluster or collection of related concepts. A. idea B. paradigm C. prototype D. schema

schema

________ are concepts (mental models) that are used to help us categorize and interpret information. A. categories B. cognitions C. facsimiles D. schemata

schemata

Which psychological disorder is characterized by major disturbances in thought, perception, and behavior? A. anxiety B. bipolar C. personality D. schizophrenia

schizophrenia

Alexis experiences the symptoms of major depressive disorder, but only during midwinter. What kind of depression does Alexis have? A. bipolar B. peripartum/postpartum C. persistent depressive D. seasonal pattern

seasonal pattern

According to Abraham Maslow, the highest need is ________. A. good parenting B. love C. self-actualization D. self-efficacy

self-actualization

Following an outcome, ________ are those attributions that enable us to see ourselves in favorable light. A. egocentric bias B. fundamental bias C. interpersonal bias D. self-serving bias

self-serving bias

Ben is asked to memorize the words canine, feline, and avian. He remembers the words by associating them with their synonyms: dog, cat, and bird. This is an example of ________ encoding. A. acoustic B. semantic C. sensory D. visual

semantic

Which term refers to the process by which we derive meaning from morphemes and words? A. interpretation B. language C. semantics D. syntax

semantics

During Jean Piaget's ________ stage, the world is experienced through senses and actions. A. concrete operational B. formal operational C. preoperational D. sensorimotor

sensorimotor

What kind of memory involves storage of brief events, such as sights, sounds, and tastes? A. effortful B. procedural C. recall D. sensory

sensory

Electroconvulsive therapy is effective in alleviating symptoms for people with ________. A. a mood disorder who do not believe in traditional biomedical approaches B. ADHD who also suffer from anxiety C. auditory hallucinations associated with schizophrenia D. severe depression who have not responded to traditional drug therapy

severe depression who have not responded to traditional drug therapy

Dale thinks that women shouldn't work outside the home and vows never to hire a woman at his bank. Dale's attitudes and planned course of action are ________. A. racist B. sexist C. typical D. xenophobic

sexist

Who was Stanley Milgram? A. social psychology professor at Yale who designed a mock prison to test the power of social roles B. social psychology professor at Yale who designed an experiment to test what would happen to the lone dissenter in a group C. social psychology professor at Yale who tested the hypothesis that brainstorming was less productive than the individual creative process D. social psychology professor at Yale who wanted to test the defense of "I was just following orders" typically used by accused Nazis

social psychology professor at Yale who wanted to test the defense of "I was just following orders" typically used by accused Nazis

What is a social role? A. group's expectations regarding what is appropriate and acceptable for the thoughts and behavior of its members B. group's knowledge about the sequence of events in a specific setting C. person's knowledge about the sequence of events in a specific setting D. socially defined pattern of behavior that is expected of a person in a given setting or group

socially defined pattern of behavior that is expected of a person in a given setting or group

Fatima generalizes that all men are irresponsible players, cheaters, and liars. When it comes to men, Fatima may be applying ________: negative beliefs about individuals based solely on their membership in a group. A. cognitive dissonance B. diffusion of responsibility C. social exchange D. stereotypes

stereotypes

Francis takes his six-month-old daughter to daycare. A substitute provider is there, and his daughter begins crying. She clings to her father and hides her face. What does this exemplify? A. conservation B. egocentrism C. pretend play D. stranger anxiety

stranger anxiety

What kind of family therapy involves the therapist guiding the therapy session and developing treatment plans for each family member's specific problem? A. comorbid B. relative C. strategic D. structural

strategic

A(n) ________ is a well-developed set of ideas that proposes an explanation for observed phenomena. A. conclusion B. hypothesis C. operational definition D. theory

theory

From a psychological perspective, the term cognition means ________. A. determining B. processing C. thinking D. understanding

thinking

In what stage of sleep do sleep spindles appear? A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4

2

Which of the following is a drug that can be used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)? A. Adderall B. Clozaril C. Lithium D. Xanax

Adderall

Who developed social-cognitive theory? A. Abraham Maslow B. Albert Bandura C. Carl Rogers D. Erik Erikson

Albert Bandura

The ________ effect focuses on the influence of the group majority on an individual's judgment. A. Asch B. conformity C. Dollard D. social psychology

Asch

What is the major flaw in the Asch conformity study? A. Asch ignored the importance of a major factor influencing conformity—the presence of another dissenter. B. Asch ignored the importance of a major factor influencing conformity—the size of the group. C. Asch ignored the importance of a major factor influencing conformity—whether the response was public or private. D. Asch ignored the importance of several factors influencing conformity—including race, class, and gender.

Asch ignored the importance of several factors influencing conformity—including race, class, and gender.

What occurs during stage 1 sleep? A. Both our respiration and heartbeat quicken. B. Both our respiration and heartbeat slow down. C. Our respiration quickens while our heartbeat slows down. D. Our respiration slows down while our heartbeat quickens.

Both our respiration and heartbeat slow down.

Who developed client-centered therapy? A. Abraham Maslow B. Carl Rogers C. Dorothea Dix D. Philippe Pinel

Carl Rogers

Which of the following makes it more likely that a child will be bullied? A. Children who are different from others are more likely to be bullied. B. Children who are not easily provoked are more likely to be bullied. C. Children who blend in to a crowd are more likely to be bullied. D. Children who tell adults about bad behavior are more likely to be bullied.

Children who are different from others are more likely to be bullied

Which classification system is used by most mental health professionals in the United States of America? A. Desperate Social and Mental Disorders B. Determinants of Social Mental Disorders C. Determining Statistical Manifestation of Disorders D. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

Who led the reform efforts for mental health care in the United States? A. Carl Rogers B. Dorothea Dix C. Philippe Pinel D. Sigmund Freud

Dorothea Dix

Who developed the psychosocial theory of development? A. Abraham Maslow B. Erik Erikson C. Jean Piaget D. Lawrence Kohlberg

Erik Erikson

Which of the following conclusions can be drawn from the case study of Phineas Gage's accident, which led to brain injury? A. Frontal lobe injury causes people to be incapable of controlling their emotional impulses. B. Injury to the brain causes changes in behavior, but specific brain areas are not linked to specific behaviors. C. Injury to the frontal lobe does not affect behavior. D. Injury to the brain causes changes in behavior, and specific brain areas are linked to particular behaviors.

Injury to the brain causes changes in behavior, and specific brain areas are linked to particular behaviors.

Which of the following is a benefit of group therapy? A. Clients in group therapy don't need additional biomedical therapy. B. In every case it is more effective than individual therapy. C. It can decrease a client's shame and isolation about a problem. D. There is less transference during group therapy.

It can decrease a client's shame and isolation about a problem.

Who suggested that men have womb envy because they cannot give birth? A. Abraham Maslow B. Carl Jung C. Karen Horney D. Sigmund Freud

Karen Horney

Who was the social psychology professor at Yale who designed an obedience study in order to test the defense of "I was just following orders" typically used by accused Nazis? A. Asch B. Milgram C. Phillips D. Zimbardo

Milgram

What is a major problem with the original Milgram study? A. Milgram falsified his results, making his study unreliable. B. Milgram lied to his respondents, making his study borderline unethical. C. Milgram never published his finding, making his reported results questionable. D. Milgram was too truthful with his subjects, making his study invalid.

Milgram lied to his respondents, making his study borderline unethical.

Soon after birth, a nurse almost drops Osei. He spreads his arms, pulls them back in, and then cries. This is an example of ________. A. egocentrism B. Moro reflex C. preoperational stage D. stranger anxiety

Moro reflex

Carl Jung's view of extroverted and introverted types serves as a basis of the ________. A. collective unconscious B. Myers-Briggs Type Indicator C. Rorschach Inkblot Test D. Tell-me-a-story thematic Apperception Test (TEMAS)

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator

What is the main difference between Sigmund Freud and the neo-Freudians? A. Neo-Freudians reduced the emphasis on sex. B. Neo-Freudians theorized about personality while Sigmund Freud did not. C. Sigmund Freud did not emphasize childhood sexuality while the neo-Freudians did. D. Sigmund Freud was a feminist while the neo-Freudians were not.

Neo-Freudians reduced the emphasis on sex.

What is the main idea of the behavioral perspective on personality? A. Personality is formed solely in childhood. B. Personality is significantly shaped by the biology of the organism. C. Personality is significantly shaped by the reinforcements and consequences outside of the organism. D. Personality theory should be based on social health.

Personality is significantly shaped by the reinforcements and consequences outside of the organism.

Mohammed is sleeping. His eyelids are quivering because his eyes are darting around. Mohammed is probably experiencing ________ sleep. A. night terrors B. non-REM C. NREM D. REM

REM

Who developed the triarchic theory of intelligence? A. Charles Spearman B. Howard Gardner C. Raymond Cattell D. Robert Sternberg

Robert Sternberg

The ________ Inkblot Test employs a series of symmetrical inkblot cards that are presented to a client by a psychologist in an effort to reveal the person's unconscious desires, fears, and struggles. A. Julian Rotter B. Rorschach C. TAT D. TEMAS

Rorschach

Which theorist described dreams as having manifest and latent content? A. Carl Jung B. John Hobson C. Rosalind Cartwright D. Sigmund Freud

Sigmund Freud

Who called the stages of development psychosexual stages? A. Erik Erikson B. Jean Piaget C. Lawrence Kohlberg D. Sigmund Freud

Sigmund Freud

Who developed the first comprehensive theory of personality? A. Hippocrates B. Immanuel Kant C. Sigmund Freud D. Wilhelm Wundt

Sigmund Freud

What does the normative approach ask regarding the lifespan? A. What do people think about development? B. What is biological about development? C. What is normal development? D. Who decided what constituted normal

What is normal development?

Who conducted the Stanford prison experiment? A. Asch B. Milgram C. Rosenthal D. Zimbardo

Zimbardo

From an early age, Kwaku got into trouble constantly. He continually violates the rights of others and he often lies, fights, and has problems with the law. Generally, he is impulsive and fails to think ahead. He is frequently deceitful and manipulative in order to get the things he wants, and he never regrets his misdeeds or considers the feelings of those he has harmed. Which of the following diagnoses accounts for Kwaku's personality? A. antisocial personality disorder B. dependent personality disorder C. obsessive-compulsive personality disorder D. paranoid personality disorder

antisocial personality disorder

________ disorders are characterized by excessive, persistent fear and apprehension and by related disturbances in behavior. A. anxiety B. body dysmorphic C. obsessive-compulsive D. personality

anxiety

In Albert Bandura's social-cognitive theory, behavior refers to ________. A. actions that are not internally motivated B. anything an individual does that can be punished or rewarded C. reactions that are externally motivated D. specific actions that result in reactions

anything an individual does that can be punished or rewarded

________ research uses past records or data sets to investigate research questions or to look for patterns or relationships. A. archival B. correlational C. experimental D. survey

archival

Which term refers to the adjustment of a schema by adding information similar to what is already known? A. assimilation B. conservation C. egocentrism D. reversibility

assimilation

________ were the first institutions created for the specific purpose of housing people with psychological disorders. A. asylums B. churches C. clinics D. hospitals

asylums

________ is a long-standing connection or bond with others. A. attachment B. nourishment C. regard D. security

attachment

A(n) ________ is the evaluation of or feelings toward a person, idea, or object that are typically positive or negative. A. attitude B. cognition C. feeling D. sense

attitude

________ can increase the risk of obesity and diabetes as well as elevate cholesterol levels; it can also cause constipation, dry mouth, blurred vision, drowsiness, and dizziness. A. antidepressants B. atypical antipsychotics C. mood stabilizers D. stimulants

atypical antipsychotics

Kaz wants to stop biting his nails, so he rubs a strong bitter paste under his nails to make his nails taste bad. What technique is Kaz using to stop biting his nails? A. aversion therapy B. aversive conditioning C. experience conditioning D. exposure therapy

aversive conditioning

After the first few months of life, babies enter what is known as the ________ stage, during which time they tend to produce single syllables, such as buh-buh, that are repeated over and over. A. babbling B. baby talk C. lexicon D. phoneme

babbling

Which kind of therapy involves a therapeutic orientation that employs principles of learning to help clients change undesirable behaviors? A. behavior B. biomedical C. cognitive D. exposure

behavior

Behavior is a product of both the situation and the person. Which of the following is an example of a situation that might influence behavior? A. being in a crowd of bystanders when you witness someone fainting B. being raised Jewish C. being raised to think that stealing is morally wrong D. hitting someone in the dark

being in a crowd of bystanders when you witness someone fainting

Piper is diagnosed with agoraphobia because she experiences intense fear and anxiety of ________. A. being outside the home alone B. blood C. enclosed spaces D. heights

being outside the home alone

The possible range for a correlation coefficient is ________. A. between -1 and 0 B. between -1 and +1 C. between 0 and +1 D. between 0 and +100

between -1 and +1

The brain contains ________ of interconnected neurons and glia. A. billions B. tens of thousands C. thousands D. millions

billions

The ________ perspective suggests that psychological disorders result largely from faulty physical processes, and the ________perspective emphasizes the importance of factors such as stress and thoughts as well as environmental factors in the development of psychological disorders. A. biological; psychological B. diathesis; supernatural C. medical; stress D. psychological; biological

biological; psychological

Dr. Bronson treats anxiety disorders with Xanax, which exemplifies ________ therapy. A. biomedical B. cognitive C. humanistic D. RET

biomedical

Mae notices that her daughter, Natalie, is extremely preoccupied with the freckles on her nose. Mae can barely see the freckles, but Natalie spends hours in front of the mirror and recently declared that her nose is deformed and she is ugly. She spent her entire weekend applying products to eliminate the freckles, and she recently announced her plans to save money for plastic surgery. Mae believes her daughter may have a ________ disorder. A. body dysmorphic B. generalized anxiety C. mood D. neurological

body dysmorphic

Etiology is another word for ________. A. causes B. conditions C. forms D. psychopathology

causes

Which part of the brain is most involved in creating implicit memories? A. amygdala B. cerebellum C. hippocampus D. primary cortex

cerebellum

Elena finds it very difficult to remember a long string of numbers, so she tries to memorize three numbers at a time. Later, she is able to repeat the numbers correctly because she grouped the numbers into more manageable groups of three. This is an example of ________. A. chunking B. elaborative rehearsal C. mnemonic device D. persistence

chunking

Rafael is in therapy, and one of his goals is to overcome his pessimistic attitude. His therapist helps him eliminate thought patterns that lead to distress. For example, he helps Rafael learn to not overgeneralize his likelihood of failing his sociology class based on doing poorly on his first exam. What kind of psychotherapeutic orientation does this exemplify? A. cognitive therapy B. non-directive therapy C. play therapy D. psychodynamic psychotherapy

cognitive therapy

In order to overcome an eating disorder, Sevilla's therapist works to change her cognitive distortions and self-defeating behaviors by helping her learn to identify such behaviors. What kind of psychotherapeutic orientation does this exemplify? A. aversion therapy B. classical conditioning C. cognitive-behavioral therapy D. free association

cognitive-behavioral therapy

________ are categories or groupings of linguistic information, images, ideas, or memories, such as life experiences. A. beliefs B. concepts C. emotions D. values

concepts

During the ________ stage, children understand events and analogies logically, and they can perform simple mathematical operations. A. concrete operational B. formal operational C. preoperational D. sensorimotor

concrete operational

A psychological disorder is a ________. A. condition characterized by abnormal thoughts, feelings, and behaviors B. condition characterized by normal thoughts, feelings, and behaviors C. manifestation of a psychopathology D. situational, idiosyncratic, or unconventional inner feelings

condition characterized by abnormal thoughts, feelings, and behaviors

Mabel clicks her tongue while tickling Francis. Eventually, Francis starts to squirm and giggle every time Mabel clicks her tongue, even when he is not being tickled. In this example, tongue clicking is a(n) ________. A. conditioned response B. conditioned stimulus C. unconditioned response D. unconditioned stimulus

conditioned stimulus

The Milgram experiment required the participation of a(n) ________ to play the part of the person being shocked because the experiment would be invalidated if the participant realized the electric shock treatment was faked. A. ally B. associate C. confederate D. union

confederate

Which term refers to the fact that the therapist cannot disclose private communications to any third party unless mandated or permitted by law to do so? A. confidentiality B. disclosure C. discretion D. privilege

confidentiality

Ina can no longer read the street signs, but she refuses to admit she needs glasses to drive. Which defense mechanism does this exemplify? A. denial B. displacement C. rationalization D. rejection

denial

The ________ variable measures effects of the independent variable. A. confounding B. dependent C. experimental D. independent

dependent

Crawling, walking, writing, dressing, naming colors, speaking in sentences, and starting puberty are all examples of ________. A. cognitive developments B. developmental milestones C. naturalistic observations D. psychosexual stages

developmental milestones

Suppose you are walking down a street. A woman has fallen down, but because there are so many people around it does not occur to you that you should help. You just assume someone else is about to help her and keep walking. This is an example of ________. A. aggression B. cognitive dissonance C. diffusion of responsibility D. prosocial behavior

diffusion of responsibility

Theorists who view development as ________ believe that development takes place in unique stages. A. continuous B. discontinuous C. progressive D. regressive

discontinuous

Mona works at a bank. When Luis, a Colombian man, arrives to drop off his paycheck she pretends to be busy and directs him to another teller. She does this whenever a non-White person wants assistance. This is an example of ________. A. aggression B. discrimination C. prejudice D. stereotype

discrimination

Donna exhibits two separate personalities, each well-defined and distinct from one another, so Dr. Paulson diagnosed Donna with ________ disorder. A. anxiety B. dissociative identity C. personality D. schizophrenia

dissociative identity

The field of social psychology studies topics at the intrapersonal level. These topics include ________. A. emotions and attitudes, the self, and social cognition B. ethnographies, case studies, archives, and statistics C. prejudice and discrimination, helping behavior, aggression, and group processes D. society and social interaction, families, ecology, and religion

emotions and attitudes, the self, and social cognition

Mark and Rosa commit to support each other, but they have no real physical passion and do not share their thoughts and feelings. Their love is called ________. A. companionate B. consummate C. empty D. romantic

empty

The only way to establish a cause-and-effect relationship between two variables is to conduct a(n) ________. A. detailed literature search B. experiment C. study D. survey

experiment

What type of memories do we consciously try to remember and recall? A. explicit memories B. implicit memories C. sensory memories D. short-term memories

explicit memories

I am trying to learn the names of all 50 states. While I am actively remembering and recalling this information, it is considered ________. A. explicit memory B. implicit memory C. procedural memory D. sensory memory

explicit memory

Grasping a toy, writing with a pencil, and using a spoon are all examples of ________ motor skills. A. fine B. gross C. hand D. manipulative

fine

Frances receives one dollar for every pound of worms she gives her grandfather. Which reinforcement schedule is this? A. fixed interval B. fixed ratio C. variable interval D. variable ratio

fixed ratio

For many in the baby-boom generation, the Kennedy assassination represents a ________, an exceptionally clear recollection of an important event. A. flashbulb memory B. flashpoint C. hyperthymesia D. sensory memory

flashbulb memory

Which type of persuasion involves encouraging a person to agree to a small favor or to buy a small item, only to later request a larger favor or purchase of a larger item? A. central cognitive B. foot-in-the-door C. head-in-the-sand D. peripheral route

foot-in-the-door

Based on the discussion in your text, which of the following strategies would effectively reduce prejudice between groups? A. assigning one group to supervise the other group in completing an assigned task B. having groups meet under equal terms and cooperate on a task C. having highly educated members of one group teach the children of the other group D. keeping intergroup contact to a minimum

having groups meet under equal terms and cooperate on a task

Peer reviewers ________. A. are similar to magazine editors B. help ensure quality control in reporting scientific findings C. work for the authors of scientific articles D. work for the journals that publish scientific research findings

help ensure quality control in reporting scientific findings

What is the goal of humanistic therapy? A. helping clients change undesirable behaviors B. helping people become more self-aware and accepting of themselves C. learning a new response to a stimulus D. treating a client's fear or anxiety

helping people become more self-aware and accepting of themselves

________ describes a proportion of difference among people that is attributed to genetics. A. heritability B. personality C. temperament D. trait

heritability

Niaz's car breaks down, and he is convinced that it was a predictable event even though there was no way of knowing it would happen. This exemplifies ________. A. anchoring bias B. availability heuristic C. hindsight bias D. representational bias

hindsight bias

As the "third force" in psychology, ________ is touted as a reaction both to the pessimistic determinism of psychoanalysis and to the behaviorists' view of humans passively reacting to the environment. A. biological determinism B. feminism C. humanism D. social cognition theory

humanism

Sigmund Freud suggested that people who are dominated by their ________ might be narcissistic and impulsive. A. ego B. id C. superego D. unconscious

id

Adolescents (ages 12-18) experiment with and develop a sense of who they are and what roles they want to play. What is the primary developmental task of this stage? A. generativity vs. stagnation B. identity vs. confusion C. isolation vs. intimacy D. trust vs. mistrust

identity vs. confusion

When people say you never forget how to ride a bike, they are referring to ________ memory, also called non-declarative memory. A. explicit B. implicit C. semantic D. sensory

implicit

The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) is a projective test ________. A. in which people are presented with ambiguous images B. that employs a series of symmetrical inkblot cards C. that is designed to be culturally relevant to minority groups D. that is similar to a word association test

in which people are presented with ambiguous images

Jasmin belongs to the chess club on her campus. She prefers to associate with other members of the chess club while avoiding people that do not belong to this group. Jasmin has a(n) ________ bias. A. confirmation B. in-group C. out-group D. scapegoating

in-group

Which of the following defines antisocial personality disorder? A. instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, and mood B. lack of regard for others' rights, impulsivity, deceitfulness, irresponsibility, and lack of remorse over misdeeds C. overinflated and unjustified sense of self-importance D. pervasive need for perfectionism that interferes with the ability to complete tasks

lack of regard for others' rights, impulsivity, deceitfulness, irresponsibility, and lack of remorse over misdeeds

Which term describes a communication system that uses systematic rules to organize words to transmit information from one individual to another? A. concept B. language C. prototype D. schemata

language

Nima excels at working with numbers in subjects such as calculus and algebra. This exemplifies ________ intelligence. A. bodily kinesthetic B. interpersonal C. logical-mathematical D. spatial

logical-mathematical

In order for a memory to go into storage (i.e., long-term memory), it has to pass through three distinct stages: sensory memory, short-term memory, and ________ memory. A. encoded B. long-term C. sensory D. visual

long-term

Janice is in the middle of a distinct period of an abnormally and persistently elevated mood. In the last week she has cleaned her house from top to bottom (breaking windows and dishes in the process), bought a new car that she can't afford, and dug up most of her yard in case she might want a garden next year. Janice is experiencing ________. A. body dysmorphia B. flight of ideas C. mania D. rapid cycling

mania

According to the Atkinson-Shiffrin model, ________. A. colors are more easily named when they appear printed in that color B. happy memories are processed better than sad memories C. memories are processed the same way that a computer processes information D. short-term memory itself has different forms

memories are processed the same way that a computer processes information

What is groupthink? A. arguments between group members that result in the dissolution of the group B. modification of the opinions of leadership to agree with the numerical minority C. modification of the opinions of members of a group to align with what they believe is the group consensus D. pressure from above on group members designed to eliminate leadership

modification of the opinions of members of a group to align with what they believe is the group consensus

________ skills refer to our ability to move our bodies and manipulate objects. A. biological B. cognitive C. manipulative D. motor

motor

Nathan has an overinflated and unjustified sense of self-importance. He is preoccupied with fantasies of success and believes that he is entitled to special treatment from others. Which of the following diagnoses accounts for Nathan's personality? A. borderline personality disorder B. histrionic personality disorder C. narcissistic personality disorder D. schizotypal personality disorder

narcissistic personality disorder

What kind of symptoms involves reflecting noticeable decreases and absences in certain behaviors, emotions, or drives? A. absentee B. invisible C. negative D. positive

negative

People with ________ disorders experience thoughts and urges that are intrusive and unwanted and/or the need to engage in repetitive behaviors or mental acts. A. anxiety B. obsessive-compulsive C. personality D. phobia

obsessive-compulsive

If Laura has bipolar disorder, then she ________. A. experiences flashbacks interspersed with depression B. never thinks about the risk that a major depressive episode will follow a manic episode C. often experiences mood states that vacillate between depression and mania D. once started a day euphoric and ended the day tired

often experiences mood states that vacillate between depression and mania

Hideki tells a lie and is grounded. He does this several times, finally learning that his behavior (lying) is associated with a consequence (being grounded). Which kind of learning is this? A. classical conditioning B. imitation C. modeling D. operant conditioning

operant conditioning

Cordelia, an active duty marine, served in Afghanistan. While she was on patrol with her friend, an IED went off, killing her friend and injuring her. In the two months since her friend died, Cordelia has been jumpy, irritable, avoids talking about her friend, and once every few days experiences a flashback to the explosion. Cordelia is experiencing a ________ disorder. A. antisocial personality B. mood C. posttraumatic stress D. schizotypal personality

posttraumatic stress

Deinstitutionalization refers to the ________. A. decriminalization of patients B. medicalization of patients C. process of closing large asylums D. treatment of those on parole and probation

process of closing large asylums

A(an) ________ is the best example, or representation, of a concept. A. amalgamation B. archetype C. prototype D. unification

prototype

Elena is attending mandatory therapy sessions. Her doctor just wants her to talk about her childhood. What kind of psychotherapeutic orientation does this exemplify? A. behavior therapy B. cognitive therapy C. humanistic therapy D. psychodynamic psychotherapy

psychodynamic psychotherapy

In operant conditioning, what describes adding something to decrease the likelihood of behavior? A. acquisition B. extinction C. punishment D. recovery

punishment

Cultural competence is a therapist's understanding of, and attention to, ________. A. issues related to being a female therapist treating a male client B. issues related to whether the client is considered normal or deviant C. race, culture, and ethnicity in providing treatment D. treating everyone the same regardless of cultural background

race, culture, and ethnicity in providing treatment

When it comes to relationships, we expect to share thoughts, feelings, and ideas in a mutual exchange called ________. A. altruism B. balance C. intimacy D. reciprocity

reciprocity

After Mike does not get the job he interviewed for, he moves back in with his parents and spends his days playing video games. Which defense mechanism does this exemplify? A. reaction formation B. regression C. repression D. sublimation

regression

Repeated drug use and/or alcohol use after a period of improvement from substance abuse is called ________. A. addiction B. comorbidity C. relapse D. reversion

relapse

Which concept describes the effects of misinformation from external sources that leads to the creation of false memories? A. anterograde amnesia B. misinformation effect paradigm C. reconstruction D. suggestibility

suggestibility

________ involves thoughts of death by suicide, thinking about or planning suicide, or making a suicide attempt. A. flight of ideas B. rumination C. suicidal ideation D. suicide

suicidal ideation

________ is/are often conducted with large numbers of participants and can even be conducted by phone, email, or mail. A. archival research B. case studies C. surveys D. university experiments

surveys

A ________ is any environmental agent—biological, chemical, or physical—that causes damage. A. contaminant B. mutagen C. teratogen D. zygote

teratogen

Self-efficacy is ________. A. a state of being in which our thoughts about our real and ideal selves are very similar B. our level of confidence in our own abilities C. the belief that one's environment can determine behavior D. the belief that we have power over our lives

the belief that one's environment can determine behavior

Elaborative rehearsal involves ________. A. immediately applying new information to a practical problem B. organizing information into manageable bits or chunks C. sleeping immediately after learning new information to allow your mind to process it D. thinking about the meaning of the new information and its relation to knowledge already stored in your memory

thinking about the meaning of the new information and its relation to knowledge already stored in your memory

Patients at Manderly Psychiatric Center are rewarded with chips when they engage in positive behaviors such as socializing with other patients. They can later exchange the chips for privileges, like extra TV time. This is an example of ________. A. classical conditioning B. humanism C. RET D. token economy

token economy

What kind of processing is exemplified by the following scenario? Shimon offers Mouin some salmon. Mouin thinks, "How nice. My friend is offering me fish. I wonder where he got it." This thought leads Mouin to feel happy, appreciative, and curious; he responds with a smile and an extended hand. A. bottom-down B. bottom-up C. top-down D. top-first

top-down

________ theorists attempt to explain our personality by identifying our stable characteristics and ways of behaving. A. character B. Jungian C. Rorschach D. trait

trait

Between birth and one year, infants are dependent on their caregivers; therefore, caregivers who are responsive and sensitive to their infant's needs help their baby to develop a sense of the world as a safe, predictable place. What is the primary developmental task of this stage? A. autonomy vs. shame/doubt B. identity vs. confusion C. industry vs. inferiority D. trust vs. mistrust

trust vs. mistrust

Gambling at a slot machine is an example of which reinforcement schedule? A. fixed interval B. fixed ratio C. variable interval D. variable ratio

variable ratio

Felipe looks over his presentation, and he notices that some of the words are written in bold and some are written in italic. His ability to remember these differences is an example of ________ encoding. A. acoustic B. semantic C. sensory D. visual

visual

Antipsychotic drugs, such as Haldol, are used to treat all of the following except ________. A. auditory hallucinations B. manic episodes C. paranoia D. visual hallucinations

visual hallucinations

Lexi cannot control her impulses to pull out her hair. Her friend Paul suggests that she see a therapist and Lexi agrees. She gets a referral from her primary care physician for a therapist and begins seeing Dr. Clark four times a month. What kind of treatment does this describe? A. classical conditioning B. electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) C. involuntary D. voluntary

voluntary

In Hippocrates theory of personality, what bodily humor was associated with choleric temperament? A. black bile from the kidneys B. red blood from the heart C. white mucous from the lungs D. yellow bile from the liver

yellow bile from the liver

A(an) ________ begins as a one-cell structure that is created when a sperm and egg merge. A. embryo B. placenta C. protean D. zygote

zygote

Dr. Mattar is interested in knowing more about brain injury to the occipital cortex, and he studies patients individually in order to gain in-depth knowledge about their behaviors. These studies would best be described as ________. A. case studies B. correlational C. cross-sectional D. surveys

case studies

The two major divisions of the nervous system are the ________ and ________. A. autonomic; somatic nervous systems B. autonomic; sympathetic nervous systems C. central; peripheral nervous systems D. parasympathetic; sympathetic nervous systems

central; peripheral nervous systems

The ________ receives messages from muscles, tendons, joints, and structures in our ear to control balance, coordination, movement, and motor skills. A. cerebellum B. sensory cortex C. substantia nigra D. ventral tegmental area

cerebellum

Human eggs and sperm each contain 23 ________, which are composed of long strands of ________. A. chromosomes; DNA B. chromosomes; genes C. DNA; genes D. genes; DNA

chromosomes; DNA

Most people are awake during the day and asleep at night because their ________ cycles are aligned with the outside world. A. circadian B. external C. melatonin D. rhythm

circadian

Which of the following is a process by which we learn to associate stimuli and, consequently, to anticipate events? A. classical conditioning B. controlled conditioning C. physiological conditioning D. psychic conditioning

classical conditioning

A ________ scan involves taking a number of x-rays of a particular section of a person's body or brain. A. computerized tomography (CT) scan B. functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) C. magnet resonance imaging (MRI) D. positron emission tomography (PET)

computerized tomography (CT) scan

Petra walks into a brightly lit Psychology lab to participate in an experiment involving the ability to perceive the colors of the rainbow. Which photoreceptors will be most useful during this experiment? A. cones B. fovea C. lens D. rods

cones

A difference in ________ can explain why one person dies from a disease and another person survives. A. behavior B. evolution C. genetics D. nurture

genetics

The myelin sheath consists of a(n) ________. A. axon B. glial cell C. soma D. terminal button

glial cell

________ is a state of equilibrium, in which biological conditions (such as body temperature) are maintained at optimal levels. A. homeostasis B. resting potential C. reuptake D. synergy

homeostasis

The endocrine system consists of a series of glands that produce chemical substances known as ________. A. factors B. hormones C. neurotransmitters D. proteins

hormones

What is described by the concept of perception? A. how interpretation of sensations is influenced by available knowledge, experiences, and thoughts B. how sensory information is interpreted and consciously experienced C. the change in stimulus detection as a function of current mental state D. what happens when sensory information is detected by a sensory receptor

how sensory information is interpreted and consciously experienced

Which of the following describes the difference in stimuli required to detect a difference between the stimuli? A. just noticeable B. signal detection C. subliminal D. top down

just noticeable

Which term describes the perception of the body's movement through space? A. dimensionality B. kinesthesia C. neurasthenia D. nociception

kinesthesia

The hidden meaning of a dream is called the ________ content. A. alpha B. Freudian C. latent D. manifest

latent

________ is the differences between hemispheres in the areas underlying language function. A. brain organization B. lateralization C. synaptogenesis D. Wernicke's area

lateralization

Julian watches his grandfather repair watches. As Julian matures he imitates what his grandfather does, and then his grandfather shows him more complicated techniques. Eventually, Julian is as proficient at repairing watches as his grandfather. This exemplifies ________. A. instinct B. learning C. reflex D. stimulus

learning

What do psychologists call a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience? A. conditioning B. instincts C. learning D. reflexes

learning

In a normal-sighted individual, the ________ will focus images perfectly on a small indentation in the back of the eye known as the ________. A. cornea; iris B. fovea; lens C. iris; retina D. lens; fovea

lens; fovea

________ research studies the same groups of participants over time. A. archival B. correlational C. cross-sectional D. longitudinal

longitudinal

The ________ is the deep groove that separates the brain into two halves. A. central gyrus B. central sulci C. hemisphere D. longitudinal fissure

longitudinal fissure

Isla is describing her dream to a friend. She explains that in her dream she being chased by zombies and she escaped them by hiding in a refrigerator. Her description of her dream is focused on ________ content. A. Freudian B. Jungian C. latent D. manifest

manifest

A state of ________, as shown by EEG recordings of new practitioners, is not an altered state of consciousness; however, patterns of brain waves exhibited by expert practitioners may represent a unique state of consciousness. A. cognizance B. insomnia C. meditation D. narcolepsy

meditation

What hormone does the pineal gland release? A. insulin B. melatonin C. estrogen D. testosterone

melatonin

Dave's boss told him that he doesn't have to attend the company picnic (which everybody dislikes) if Dave meets his sales quota this month. Dave's boss is using ________. A. negative punishment B. negative reinforcement C. positive punishment D. positive reinforcement

negative reinforcement

In operant conditioning, ________ is when something is removed to increase the likelihood of a behavior. A. negative reinforcement B. positive reinforcement C. punishment D. punishment reinforcement

negative reinforcement

Psychotropic medications are drugs that treat psychiatric symptoms by restoring ________ balance. A. emotional B. GABA C. neurotransmitter D. serotonin

neurotransmitter

In classical conditioning, the association that is learned is between a ________. A. conditioned stimulus and an unconditioned response B. neutral response and a conditioned response C. neutral stimulus and a neutral response D. neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus

neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus

After Omar falls asleep he feels a sense of panic, screams, and attempts to escape from his room. Which parasomnia does Omar have? A. night terrors B.REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD) C. restless leg syndrome D. sleep apnea

night terrors

Learning that occurs while watching others and then imitating, or modeling, what they do or say is called ________ learning. A. latent B. observational C. Pavlovian D. vicarious

observational

Gyri and sulci are the ________ and ________, respectively, which characterize the surface of the human brain. A. cortex; forebrain B. fissures; folds C. folds; grooves D. grooves; folds

olds; grooves

People who have their corpus callosum severed for medical reasons would be able to tell you about which images shown to ________. A. both visual fields B. neither visual field C. only the left visual field D. only the right visual field

only the right visual field

A(n) ________ is a description of how the researchers will measure the variables of interest. A. experimental plan B. hypothesis C. operational definition D. theory

operational definition

Morphine is considered a(n) ________ drug because it decreases pain. A. antipsychotic B. hallucinogen C. opioid D. stimulant

opioid

What is the X-shaped structure that sits just below the brain's ventral surface and represents the merging of the optic nerves from the two eyes? A. fovea B. iris C. lens D. optic chiasm

optic chiasm

The ________ nervous system is responsible for stimulating digestion and causing the bladder to contract. A. autonomic B. parasympathetic C. somatic D. sympathetic

parasympathetic

________ is a chemical message sent by another individual. A. phenome B. pheromone C. proprioception D. thermoception

pheromone

In order to maximize the chances that experimental groups represent the population of interest, researchers should conduct ________ and ________. A. blind group assignment; blind sampling B. blind group assignment; random sampling C. blind sampling; random group assignment D. random sampling; random group assignment

random sampling; random group assignment

Kicking your leg when your knee is tapped and quickly pulling your hand back when you accidently touch a hot stove are both examples of ________. A. associations B. instincts C. learning D. reflexes

reflexes

________ refers to the ability to consistently produce a given result. A. generalizability B. reliability C. statistical significance D. validity

reliability

Stan and Jenny are in a psychology course that requires them to repeat an experiment that researchers have conducted in the past, in order to determine whether they produce the same results. This is called ________. A. inter-rater reliability B. reliability C. replication D. validity

replication

Wesley is in a movie theater with no windows—the only light is low illumination from the emergency lights on the floor. Which photoreceptors will be most useful to Wesley as he attempts to leave the theater? A. cones B. fovea C. iris D. rods

rods

Which state is marked by relatively low levels of physical activity and reduced sensory awareness that is distinct from periods of rest while awake? A. circadian rhythm B. consciousness C. jet lag D. sleep

sleep

What is a limitation that affects the generalizability of research results? A. control groups B. operational definitions C. random assignment D. small sample size

small sample size

Crack is considered more addictive than cocaine because it is ________. A. cheaper, so people can afford more of it B. easier to get, so people can take more at once C. frequently smoked in combination with pharmaceuticals D. smokable, so it reaches the brain more quickly

smokable, so it reaches the brain more quickly

The central nervous system consists of the brain and the ________. A. brainstem B. internal organs C. peripheral nerves D. spinal cord

spinal cord

Cocaine is considered a ________ drug because it tends to increase overall levels of neural activity. A. antipsychotic B. depressant C. hallucinogen D. stimulant

stimulant

The space between two neurons is called the ________. A. soma B. synapse C. terminal button D. vesicle

synapse

The auditory cortex is located in which lobe of the brain? A. frontal B. occipital C. parietal D. temporal

temporal

The ________ of a neuron contain ________ that house neurotransmitters, the chemical messengers of the nervous system. A. axons; terminal buttons B. dendrites; synaptic vesicles C. terminal buttons; synaptic vesicles D. terminal buttons; transport proteins

terminal buttons; synaptic vesicles

________ is a midbrain structure critical to movement. A. the medulla B. the pons C. the ventral tegmental area D. Wernicke's area

the ventral tegmental area

________ is known for using Little Albert in his studies on human emotion. A. B. F. Skinner B. Edward Thorndike C. Ivan Pavlov D. John B. Watson

John B. Watson

The visible spectrum refers to the portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that we ________. A. can see B. can see only in the dark C. can't see D. can't see without sunlight

can see

Psychological researchers study genetics in order to better understand the ________ that contributes to certain behaviors. A. biology B. neurology C. psychology D. physiology

biology

Inattentional ________ refers to the failure to notice something that is completely visible due to a lack of attention. A. blindness B. responsiveness C. sublimation D. transduction

blindness

Why can amphetamines be used to treat ADHD in children? A. They decrease neurotransmitter activity within certain areas of the brain associated with hyperactivity. B. They decrease neurotransmitter activity within certain areas of the brain associated with impulse control. C. They increase neurotransmitter activity within certain areas of the brain associated with emotions. D. They increase neurotransmitter activity within certain areas of the brain associated with impulse control

They increase neurotransmitter activity within certain areas of the brain associated with impulse control

________ is the electrical signal that typically moves from the cell body down the axon to the axon terminals. A. action potential B. depolarization C. hyperpolarization D. threshold of excitation

action potential

Sariah enters a room with several chirping crickets in it. Upon first entering the room, Sariah can hear the chirping; however, as she begins to talk to her friends, she is no longer aware of the chirping even though it is still there. The fact that Sariah no longer perceives the chirping sound demonstrates sensory ________. A. adaptation B. formation C. regression D. revision

adaptation

During the fight or flight response, which of the following endocrine glands is most likely to increase activity? A. adrenal B. pancreas C. testes D. thyroid

adrenal

Many studies that cannot ethically be conducted as experiments with typical human participants ________. A. are possible to test with animal studies B. are possible to test with participants from prison populations C. are possible to form strong opinions that are logical and intuitive D. are not possible to test with empirical methods

are possible to test with animal studies

Sandra strongly believes that attending daycare is detrimental to children's development so she decides to write her psychology term paper on this topic. She does a literature search and finds several sources supporting her opinion, but she finds that the majority of research indicates that children attending daycare experience healthy development. She writes a paper using the sources that find negative associations with daycare attendance. This is an example of ________. A. confirmation bias B. confounding variable C. correlational research D. observer bias

confirmation bias

Ali is aware of his feelings, emotions, and thoughts. He is also aware of his surroundings, the warmth of the sun, and the sound of nearby traffic. Ali is in a state of ________. A. conscience B. consciousness C. REM sleep D. unconsciousness

consciousness

Light waves are transmitted across the ________ and enter the eye through the ________. *A. cornea; pupil B. iris; pupil C. lens; retina D. pupil; cornea

cornea; pupil

65. An upper-level psychology class is conducting an experiment on racial prejudice that involves having participants rate the likeability of faces in a set of photos. However, they tell participants that the study is about the effects of aging on likeability. When participants are finished, they are thanked for their time and leave the experiment. In this example, the class forgot to ________ in order to resolve the ________ in the study. A. debrief participants; ageist attitudes B. debrief participants; deception C. pay participants; deception D. pay participants; use of personal photos

debrief participants; deception

Alcohol is considered a ________ because it tends to suppress central nervous system activity. A. antipsychotic B. depressant C. hallucinogen D. stimulant

depressant

In a ________ study, both the researchers and the participants are unaware of the group assignments. A. control B. double-blind C. pilot D. randomly assigned

double-blind

Researchers are conducting a study where they have concerns that the participant's beliefs and/or the experimenter's beliefs may skew the results. Therefore, they chose to conduct a ________ study. A. control B. double-blind C. double-control D. single-blind

double-blind

Sleep apnea is defined by ________. A. a sense of panic in the sufferer often accompanied by screams and attempts to escape B. episodes during which a sleeper's breathing stops C. uncomfortable sensations in the legs during periods of inactivity or when trying to fall asleep D. unwanted, disruptive motor activity and/or experiences during sleep

episodes during which a sleeper's breathing stops

The theory of ________ states that organisms that are better suited for their environment will survive and reproduce, while those that are poorly suited for their environment will die off. A. behavioral genetics B. evolution by natural selection C. genetic mutation D. survivalism

evolution by natural selection

Which psychological perspective might advance the argument that our sleep patterns evolved as an adaptive response to predatory risks, which are higher during periods of darkness? A. cognitive behavioral B. dependent C. evolutionary D. Freudian

evolutionary

Individuals undergoing hypnosis ________. A. can be coerced into harming themselves and others by a skilled hypnotist B. report no memory of the events that occurred during the period they were hypnotized C. usually do not have clear memories of the hypnotic experience and are not in control of their own behaviors D. usually have clear memories of the hypnotic experience and are in control of their own behaviors

usually have clear memories of the hypnotic experience and are in control of their own behaviors

Harold catches fish throughout the day at unpredictable intervals. Which reinforcement schedule is this? A. fixed interval B. fixed ratio C. variable interval D. variable ratio

variable interval

You call a friend on the phone and repeatedly get sent to voicemail, so you continue to call her every 5-20 minutes hoping to speak to her personally. Which reinforcement schedule is this? A. fixed interval B. fixed ratio C. variable interval D. variable ratio

variable interval