Psych Final
______biases are those that are unintended, immediate, and irresistible.
Automatic
Which of the following would be an example of a 'false memory'?
Gina remembers getting lost in a shopping mall when she was a child because her sister often tells her that this event occurred, even though it never really happened.
Why would it be accurate to suggest that anxiety has benefits?
It causes people to plan for the future.
Fear conditioning can play a role in creating __________ in humans.
anxiety disorders
Social models are an important part of observational learning. Which group is NOT necessarily a good social model for learning?
best friends
Which of the following is/are behavioral patterns that can be present in OCD?
checking rituals ordering rituals cleansing rituals
In Pavlov's experiments, what type of stimulus was the bell, generally?
conditioned
As learning occurs over repeated conditioning trials, the conditioned stimulus increasingly predicts the unconditioned stimulus, and prediction error __________.
declines
According to the Stereotype Content Model, what kind of emotional prejudice would result if a person were to develop a contemptuous stereotype about another individual?
disgust
Crystallized Intelligence is to Fluid Intelligence:
information that has been acquired through experience: ability to reason and problem solve in novel situations
Which symptom is associated with Social Anxiety Disorder?
intense fear and avoidance of social situations
One challenge to the trait approach to personality is that traits may not be as stable across situations as we think they are. An explanation for this instability is that personality:
is shaped by the situations that we are exposed to
A memory error caused by exposure to incorrect data between the original event and a subsequent memory test of that event is called the __________ effect.
misinformation
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders is:
now in its fifth edition
When Carla was a child, she ate too much cotton candy at the fair and got very sick. For many years she avoided cotton candy and even the smell of it made her feel sick. This example demonstrates
taste aversion
In classical conditioning the unconditioned response is:
the biological response triggered by the unconditioned stimulus
Which type of intelligence related skill would be found in Stratum I?
verbal comprehension
Jessy was speeding on his motorcycle when he saw another person pulled over by the police. This made Jessy slow down because he was reminded through watching another person what the punishment of his behavior would be. What is this specific process of observational learning called?
vicarious reinforcement
According to eyewitness testimony research, which of the following increases the likelihood of identification errors?
when eye-witnesses are asked to identify a perpetrator from a race other than their own
Which of the following is not a belief prized by a person high in right-wing authoritarianism?
"They" are trying to beat "us."
According to the Stereotype Content Model, there are ______different types of stereotypes, each differing on the dimensions of warmth and competence.
4
John has just been assessed as having an mild intellectual disability. Part of this diagnosis was based on his IQ score, which must have been below which of the following thresholds?
70
Faulty eyewitness testimony has been implicated in at least ______ of DNA exoneration cases.
75%
Stimulus-control techniques have gained popularity in laboratory research. Now, scientists interested in perception have studied "higher" cognitive processes in pigeons such as whether or not they know how to categorize. This higher cognitive process can also be described as which of the following?
Ability to sort or arrange different items into classes
__________ can be defined as a negative mood state that is accompanied by bodily symptoms, muscle tension, a sense of unease, and apprehension about future danger or misfortune.
Anxiety
The "law of effect" states:
Any behavior that leads to a positive state is likely to be repeated.
Which of the following questions might be the most effective for examining the phenomenon of false memory?
Asking a participant where on the Pepsi machine they saw the button to select a can of Sprite (which is actually a Coke product, not a Pepsi product).
The researchers most closely associated with operant conditioning are:
B.F. Skinner and Edward Thorndike
Which of the following pairs of psychologists were responsible for the first recognized test of intelligence quotient, or IQ?
Binet and Simon
______biases are conscious beliefs, feelings, and behavior that people are perfectly willing to admit, which mostly express hostility toward other groups while unduly favoring one's own group.
Blatant
Which of the following is the most accurate statement regarding the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) for the treatment of anxiety disorders?
CBT is often effective, and in some cases even more effective than the use of medication.
Which psychologist conducts research on the mindset of children looking at differences in high and low achievers with similar IQ scores?
Carol Dweck
In which of these scenarios has extinction occurred?
Connor has quit smoking and no longer feels excited when he sees a cigarette.
A man named Ronald Cotton was imprisoned after being identified as the person who committed a rape. After more than 10 years, he was exonerated of the crime and released. What led to this reversal of his conviction?
DNA evidence
Cognitive behavioral therapies are effective treatments for anxiety disorders. _____________ is/are a key component of this therapy.
Exposure exercise
Hans Eysenck suggested that two traits are the most important traits of the Five-Factor Model. More recently, Jeffrey Gray has suggested that these two traits are important because they are related to fundamental reward and avoidance systems in the brain. Which two traits of the Five-Factor Model are Eysenck and Gray referring to, and how do they map onto the reward and avoidance systems?
Extroverts approach rewards while Neurotic individuals avoid punishment.
When people are aware of stereotypes about their social group as it relates to scores on intelligence tests:
Fear may undermine their performance.
This person was among those who pioneered psychological measurement. Among other contributions, he was possibly the first to popularize the notion that the heritability of psychological traits could be assessed by looking at identical and fraternal twins.
Francis galton
____________________________is characterized by constant worry over minor and catastrophic events. Other complaints, such as muscle tension, fatigue, and irritability are also common.
Generalized anxiety
Judge Martinez is presiding over a murder trial, and is getting ready to explain to the jury what their role will be as they hear the case. If he wants to reduce the problems associated with memory and the legal system, which of the following should he do based on recommendations offer in the text?
Give the jury proper education about eyewitness memory and testimony.
Alfred takes an IQ test at ages 25 and 55, measuring his fluid and crystallized intelligence. Based on research of their respective developmental trajectories, what are most likely changes in these two areas that we would see
His fluid intelligence would decrease with age, whereas his crystallized intelligence would increase.
Which of the following is not a likely explanation of the Flynn effect in many cultures?
IQ tests have become progressively easier over time.
Which of the following is an important difference between classical and operant conditioning?
In classical conditioning, the behavior is involuntary, whereas in operant conditioning it is voluntary.
In what way are classical and operant conditioning distinct?
In operant conditioning, the strength of learning is usually measured by emitted responses, whereas in classical conditioning it is usually measured by elicited responses.
Howard Gardner proposed that:
Intelligence is comprised of multiple intelligences - a model that claims there are eight different types of intelligence that are independent of each other.
Mr. Sampson's mouth always waters when he sees a donut. He nearly always orders a coffee when he has a donut. One day, he orders a coffee and a chocolate donut. He is served the coffee right away, but told that the donuts are still being made and he will have to wait a few minutes. He takes a seat while he is waiting and takes a deep sniff of his coffee. As he does so, he begins salivating. In terms of classical conditioning, why did this happen?
It happened because the coffee is acting as a conditioned stimulus.
A memory template created through repeated exposure to a particular class of objects or events is known as a schema. What is the best example of a schema below?
Jessica knows that when going to a restaurant it is typical to be seated, given menus, time to order, and she will be expected to pay the bill after she finishes eating
___________is the desire to make significant accomplishments by mastering skills or meeting high standards.
Need for achievement
Dr. Loftus has used a false feedback manipulation to persuade subjects to falsely remember having a variety of childhood experiences. Which of the following best describes this experimental technique?
Participants are deceived to believe a computer system has analyzed questionnaires they previously completed and concluded they had particular experiences years earlier.
Spearman viewed G as the general factor of intelligence. From his perspective:
People who score high in one sub-area, such as math, tend also to score high on other sub-areas such as verbal scores
According to Lofts' research on eyewitness testimony which of the following would you most likely expect to happen when a person witnesses a car accident?
People will often offer biased reports of the event because they are susceptible to misinformation and other recall problems.
Walter Mischel (1968, 2009) pointed out this apparent fact about the predictability of individuals' behavior through personality tests:
People's behavior varies greatly situation by situation, but tests can reveal their average behavior across many situations.
______is a term for an emotional bias that involves an evaluation of people based merely on their membership in a given group.
Prejudice
The finding that an animal will stop performing an instrumental response that once led to a reinforcer if the reinforcer is separately made aversive or undesirable is known as what?
Reinforcer devaluation effect
______theory develops social identity theory's point that people place themselves, along with others, into groups. They then tend to favor their own group.
Self-categorization
Emily naturally blinks whenever her sister pretends she's going to poke her in the eye. Her sister, a psychology major, then decides to have a little fun. She pairs the word "psychology" (conditioned stimulus) with pretending to poke Emily in the eye (unconditioned stimulus). Soon, Emily blinks as soon as she hears the word "psychology." According to the concept of blocking, what would happen in this scenario if Emily's sister also started snapping her fingers when she said the word psychology?
Snapping her fingers will not have any additional effects because it is not adding any surprise to predict the unconditioned stimulus
______biases, which are those that are automatic, ambivalent, and ambiguous, can have very real consequences for their targets.
Subtle
Three years ago, Nasim ate a burger and was violently sick a few hours afterwards. Even though it was the only time up to that point that he had had this reaction to burgers, he cannot even look at a burger without feeling sick. Why is his conditioned taste aversion puzzling from the perspective of the general principles of classical conditioning?
The association that Nasim made between eating the burger and feeling sick required only a single US-CS pairing.
What are characteristics of the dimension added by the HEXACO model to the Five-Factor Model?
The honesty-humility dimension was added to describe people who are sincere, fair, and modest, not manipulative, narcissistic, or self-centered.
The observation that Chimpanzees are able to use deceptive tactics when competing for food indicates:
They have a theory of mind.
Walter Mischel was an important figure in the "person-situation debate" amongst psychologists. What was Mischel's side of the argument?
Traits are an illusion. People may not be consistent across situations and thus it would be fruitful to study the distinct reactions in specific situations.
__________ is the idea that an assessment measures what it is supposed to measure and can predict future performance or behaviors.
Validity
Vera and Xavier are both eyewitnesses to a robbery at a convenience store. The police ask them to come to the station to get their versions of the event. According to research by Garry, French, Kinzett, & Mori (2008), what would be most likely to decrease the accuracy of Vera and Xavier's recounting of the crime?
Vera and Xavier are left in the witness room alone together for 20 minutes and they discuss what they saw.
According to the Flynn Effect, which of the following would be the most accurate prediction about intelligence?
When Chris takes a test of intelligence and his grandson Abraham takes an equivalent test 50 years later, Abraham will have a higher score.
Jaspreet has been nagged by his parents to make his bed.
When Jaspreet makes his bed and the nagging stops, he is negatively reinforced
Which of the following accurately reflects the influence of group discussion on recall accuracy?
When groups discuss an event, it reduces individual recall accuracy.
Anxiety disorders are thought to emerge from "triple vulnerabilities." Which of the following is NOT an example of one of those vulnerabilities?
Zoe's small physical build makes her predisposed to feel the world is overwhelming leading to anxiety.
In a 1978 study by Loftus, Miller, & Burns, participants were asked what they saw during a slideshow depicting which of the following events?
a car driving and hitting a pedestrian
Manpreet experiences high levels of anxiety about exposure to germs. As a result, he typically washes his hands more than 100 times a day. What is the clinical term for this behavior?
a compulsion
Which of the following is a primary reinforcer?
a glass of water
A Pavlovian conditioned response elicits:
a whole system of responses in which some are more easily measured or observed
Which of the following is NOT one of the "triple vulnerabilities" that are risk factors for developing an anxiety disorder?
acute vulnerabilities
Krista is at a business luncheon where she is interviewing for a job. The interviewer tells her, "Sitting over there is the CEO of our company. She is amazing!" Krista immediately rates this person as being high in both competence and warmth, causing what kind of stereotype?
admiration
A person who avoids public places or situations because they are viewed as not "safe" would most likely be diagnosed with:
agoraphobia
Dianne has a reputation for being a difficult person. She is suspicious of others, unhelpful, and not very compassionate. Which of the Big 5 factors of personality would Dianne likely score low in?
agreeableness
Istvan is well liked by his friends because he is trusting, considerate, compassionate, loyal, and easy to get along with. Which of the Big 5 factors of personality would Istvan likely score high in?
agreeableness
A person who presents with multiple vulnerabilities and life stress, and symptoms of this stress interfere substantially with daily functioning, will most likely be diagnosed with _______________.
an anxiety disorder
intelligence is
an individual's cognitive capacity, including the ability to acquire, process, recall and apply information
Factor analysis allowed personality theorists to:
analyze the correlations among traits and identify the most important ones
The technical definition of a reinforcer is:
any consequence of a behavior that strengthens the behavior or increases the likelihood that it will be performed again
Which is the correct order of the four parts of learning theorized by Bandura?
attention, retention, initiation, motivation
Which of the following is not a common symptom of generalized anxiety disorder?
auditory compulsions
Aaron does not believe himself to be a racist, and is honest when he tells people that he does not have anything against people of color. He does, however, tend to avoid people of color. This is an example of ______racism.
aversive
In addition to experiencing panic attacks, which of the following is a criteria for a person to be diagnosed with panic disorder?
avoidance of internal bodily or somatic cues
Specific phobias can be categorized by type. Which of the following is a type of specific phobia?
blood-Injury type; symptoms include a fear of blood or needles
in general
both a and c Women score higher than men in verbal abilities Visuo-spatial scores tend to be higher for men.
Which groups would memory researchers likely say would be the most susceptible to misinformation?
children and older adults
In Bandura's famous experiment children observed either an aggressive or a non-aggressive model in a room of toys and a Bobo Doll. When allowed to play with Bobo, researchers observed that children who observed the aggressive model were more aggressive in their own interactions. Research concluded that:
children used their observation of adult models to determine that aggressive behavior was acceptable
In the classic study by Hartshorne, May, Maller, and Shuttleworth (1928), the authors found that if they varied the situation, they could get children to behave honestly or dishonestly depending on the situation. This study supports the belief that ______.
children's ethical behavior depends on the situation
Sidney Crosby, a famous hockey player, is paid $10 million to wear Reebok ice-skates. Reebok hopes this will increase sales of their skates due to:
classical conditioning
When Nora goes into a cupcake bakery, she is surrounded by cues associated with cupcakes. Her response elicited by these cues is to expect a very delicious dessert. When she waits until she gets home to eat the cupcake, that's exactly what she experiences. However, when she eats the cupcake at the bakery it is not as delicious as she predicted. Which concept can explain this phenomenon of cues reducing the strength of the unconditioned response (i.e. enjoyment of the cupcake)?
conditioned compensatory responses
Simon's rabbit gets a treat every night. The treats come in a plastic bag that makes a crinkling sound. When the rabbit hears the bag he runs to the door of his cage to await the treat. One night Simon when Simon is eating chips the rabbit hears the sound of the bag and runs to his cage door. The sound of the bag is the:
conditioned stimulus
The night before a midterm exam, Kurt is invited to a party by his friends. He decides not to go to the party because doing well in the course is important to his career goals. Which of the Big 5 factors of personality would Wayne likely score high in?
conscientiousness
What are the three criteria that characterize personality traits?
consistency, stability, and individual differences
A person does not "have" or "not have" a personality trait but instead can possess varying amounts of it. This is because personality traits reflect ____________________ rather than distinct personality types.
continuous distributions
Behavior that provides a specific advantage or disadvantage to a person based solely on that individual's membership in a particular group is called ______.
discrimination
Bertram is a taxi driver in New York. He feels that businessmen are the biggest tippers. As a result, he does not stop to pick up casually dressed people. Bertram's behaviors demonstrate ______.
discrimination
The stimulus controlling the operant response is called a __________ stimulus. For example, students do not learn simply when material is set in front of them. Instead, the material sets the occasion for learning to occur.
discriminative
In classical conditioning, the response is ________ by a stimulus that comes ________it.
elicited; before
Some researcher say that ____________________ is really a set of skills including stress management and the ability to perceive moods.
emotional Intelligence
It is critical to use good interviewing techniques with eyewitnesses after an event because good interviewing techniques can:
enhance the quality and quantity of information obtained from an eyewitness
A(n) ______stereotype, as advanced by the Stereotype Content Model, would occur when a person rates a target as being high in competence but low in warmth.
envious
Clint is a very confident person who tends to take charge when he has been assigned to a group task. Which of the Big 5 factors of personality would Clint likely score high in?
extraversion
David is happy and optimistic. He enjoys being around other people and participating in extreme sports like skydiving and bungee jumping. Which of the Big 5 factors of personality would Wayne likely score high in?
extraversion
According to research evidence, __________ is the most persuasive form of evidence presented in court.
eyewitness testimony
A(n) _________ memory is a memory of an event that never actually occurred. It is implanted by experimental manipulation or other means.
false
Imagine that you are a memory researcher and want to learn about memory errors. You decide to meet with participants and ask them about the time they went camping with their family (even though they have never camped in their lives). At first, the participants are hesitant, not really remembering the camping trip (because it never happened!). However, after you show them a few Photoshopped images of them in a sleeping bag and in the forest, they begin to remember details about the trip - how the family went berry picking or that an animal tried to get into the food supply. This phenomenon is referred to as:
false memory
Chet was in a car accident in which he could easily have been killed had he not been wearing his seat belt. He is aware of how lucky he was to survive without serious injury. Lately, when he drives past the location of the crash, he has a sudden, intense sensation that he is re-experiencing the accident. On one occasion he had to pull his car over to sit for several minutes until the feeling subsided. Chet is experiencing __________.
flashbacks
When Gerard flipped through photographs trying to find the perpetrator of a crime he witnessed, he did not see the suspect. Instead, all the members of the lineup were _________.
foils
Gary spends much of his day wondering "what if" about catastrophic scenarios. This thought process makes him feel he has control over the situation. However, the lack of any catastrophes only reinforces the "what if?" behavior. Gary would most likely be diagnosed with:
generalized anxiety disorder
Scientists do not believe that instrumental learning is simply a stimulus-response pattern. Instead, reinforcers are said to lead to behavior that is __________, or influenced by the current value of its associated goal.
goal directed
According to researcher Carol Dweck, when children believe that their intelligence is changeable and evolving, they experience a(n) ________ mindset. She notes that this mindset is healthier than other beliefs about one's own intelligence.
growth
When a goal-directed action becomes automated and routine it is called a:
habit
The questions on Binet's original intelligence test were developed by:
included "reasonable something"
Knowing Paige is extremely high in Extraversion does not help predict her scores on Neuroticism. This is because scores within the Five-Factor Model are mostly ___________, where two traits are separate from one another. Thus, in the Five-Factor Model, you need five scores to describe most of an individual's personality.
independent
Paulo is being tested in the office of a licensed psychology. The test is examining Paulo's ability to acquire, process, recall, and apply information. In short, his cognitive capacity is being assessed. Paulo is probably undergoing a(n) __________ test.
intelligence
Marguerite knows that when she goes to the dentist's office she tends to get physical symptoms that are similar to those that occur when she has a panic attack. As a result, she avoids going to the dentist even though she has tooth pain and has not had her teeth cleaned in several years. Marguerite is engaging in __________ avoidance.
interoceptive
Leonard is a psychotherapist and is very good at his job partly because he has a strong sense of empathy for others. Which type of intelligence from Gardner's multiple intelligences theory does this most clearly indicate?
interpersonal.
Dr. Zelbing and her graduate assistant want to compile a list of personality traits using the approach advocated by Allport and Odbert. In order to do this, they get two copies of the unabridged dictionary of the English language, use it to look for words that are related to personality traits. When they are done several weeks later, they have a list of several thousand words that they will reduce based on duplicate terminology. Dr. Zelbing advocates for a(n) __________ to the study of personality.
lexical hypothesis
Gordon Allport and his colleagues' approach to personality led to the development of the five-factor model. Their approach, called the __________________, theorized that all important personality characteristics should be reflected in the language that we use to describe other people
lexical hypothesis
Dr. Rjinteck is interested in false eyewitness reports. She is conducting a study to see if a participant's judgment can be influenced if he/she is making decisions in a group of people versus alone. However, the other group members are not participants. Instead, they are research assistants who are "in on the study" and simply acting or playing the part of witnesses in the study. These pretend research subjects are known as _____________ in a study.
mock witnesses
If Jack confiscates his son Joshua's video game console to stop him from misbehaving, what technique is Jack using to modify Joshua's behavior?
negative punishment.
Kelly is grounded by her father, until she sits down and completes an important homework assignment. Which technique has her father used to try to alter her behavior?
negative reinforcement
Kyle has a reputation for being very calm during an emergency. He copes very well with stress and is able to think clearly and make effective decisions. Which of the Big 5 factors of personality would Wayne likely score low in?
neuroticism
Psychological tests are often used to measure characteristics (e.g., IQ) across people of different ages, who live in different places, and so on. In order that people can be properly ordered on the dimension of measurement (e.g., compare their IQs), it's important that these tests are:
normed
A child who learns to play kickball by sitting back and watching is engaged in:
observational learning
When he leaves his house, Carlton experiences high levels of anxiety about whether he has locked his front door. As a result, he goes back to check the door multiple times, and sometimes he is so anxious about not having locked up that he is unable to leave his home at all. Which disorder is he most likely experiencing here?
obsessive compulsive disorder
Kyle is so preoccupied with avoiding germs that he washes his hands as many as 20 times an hour. Kyle most likely suffers from:
obsessive-compulsive disorder
Hammond likes his daily routine that involves eating the same breakfast while reading the newspaper, and taking the same route to work. Every year he vacations at his favorite beach resort. Which of the Big 5 factors of personality would Wayne likely score low in?
openness
Wayne likes to travel to learn about new cultures. Whenever he returns from a trip he brings home a piece of art from that culture to add to his collection. Which of the Big 5 factors of personality would Wayne likely score high in?
openness
Richard experiences unexpected episodes of intense fear, accompanied by shortness of breath and the thought that he might be going crazy. He constantly fears the onset of these episodes. Richard most likely suffers from:
panic disorder
A __________ involves giving a selection of normally small pictures of faces to eyewitnesses for the purpose of identifying a perpetrator.
photo spread
Mary Claire was witness to a robbery. The police would like her to identify the robber. Instead of bringing suspects in and having Mary Claire look at them through a one-way mirror, the police have her flip through a selection of photographs of faces, also known as a ___________.
photo spread
Kurt's mom was so upset when she overheard him swearing that she made him clean his room! This is an example of:
positive punishment
Richard, an institutionalized schizophrenic patient has poor personal hygiene. He is given a token each time he completes a personal hygiene behavior (e.g., brush their teeth in the morning). At the end of the week Richard can exchange these tokens for his favorite snack. The token acts as a:
positive reinforcement
After serving two terms in Afghanistan, Kurt is suffering from insomnia, is agitated and jumpy, and has intrusive thoughts that cause great distress. Kurt is most likely suffering from:
post-traumatic stress disorder
Lars grew up in Copenhagen and has heard negative messages about immigrants. He has never had a negative interaction with an immigrant but has decided that he doesn't like them. This is an example of a(n) ______.
prejudice
Humans are much more likely to associate snakes with danger than flowers and danger. This is due to our evolutionary tendency called __________.
preparedness
According to the _________ law of effect, David is less likely to turn to drugs, sex, or alcohol for reinforcement since he has plenty of other sources of reinforcement such as good grades, soccer team wins, and parental praise.
quantitative
When people are asked to rate one of their own personality traits, they tend to:
rate themselves higher on the trait compared to others
Effects that increase behaviors are __________;effects that decrease them are ____________.
reinforcers; punishers
Personality traits are defined as:
relatively enduring dispositions in behavior that characterize individuals across varying types of situations
What phenomenon describes the possibility of an extinguished response being activated again in a new context?
renewal effect
A person who ranks high in ______would emphasize the importance of obedience to authority in the service of group conformity.
right-wing authoritarianism
When exposed to adults who say one thing and do another, children will tend to:
say the same things and do what they observed the adults did
A(n) __________ is a memory template that is formed through repeated exposure to a particular class of objects or events.
schema
Louis lives in a predominantly white neighborhood and learns that a Latino family is going to be renting a home on his block. "I don't think they belong here," Louis tells his wife. Louis is demonstrating a(n) ______orientation.
social dominance
The belief that group hierarchies are inevitable in all societies and that they may be a good idea that helps to establish and sustain order is called the ______orientation.
social dominance
In Barcelona, many people believe they have the greatest football team in the world, and certainly better than the one in Madrid. This need to favor one's in-group is consistent with ______theory.
social identity
Social Learning Theory requires ___________ in order for learning to take place.
social models
Cory has an intense fear of flying and endures flights with extreme distress. Although she knows her fear is irrational, it is overwhelming and uncontrollable. Cory most likely suffers from:
specific phobia
Ronaldo's dog, Mickey, used to be classically conditioned to bark every time he heard the doorbell because he knew people would be arriving and he wanted to say hello. While Mickey's owner did a good job of extinguishing Mickey's association of these stimuli, a doorbell can still sometimes evoke some responding again of Mickey barking. It is likely that Mikey is showing what aspect of conditioning?
spontaneous recovery
A possible problem in the use of psychological tests (e.g., IQ tests) is that many different psychologists from different backgrounds and with different theoretical orientations and backgrounds may give the test. Every psychologist then might deliver the test differently. In order to overcome this problem, it is ideal if psychological tests are:
standardized
"All Jewish people are good with money." This statement is an example of a(n) ______.
stereotype
Banafsheh is a female student in a graduate program in pure mathematics. On the first day of classes, she notices that she is one of the only females in the group. Consequently, she feels more conscious of her gender in that situation. At the start of the class, the instructor gives each student a written quiz to assess their current level of knowledge. When taking this test, Banafsheh, being particularly aware of her gender, is most likely to experience which of the following phenomena?
stereotype threat
Pin-ya raises her hand when she wants to speak in the classroom; however, she does not need to do so at home. This is because at school, her operant behavior is under _________ control.
stimulus
In classical conditioning, the animal behaves as if it has learned to associate a ________with a significant event. In operant conditioning, the animal behaves as if it has learned to associate a ________with a significant event.
stimulus; behavior
Gerald has a belief that Asian individuals are bad drivers. Although he never says this out loud and would even deny that he feels this way, he is not willing to get in a cab driven by an Asian person. Gerald is demonstrating a(n) ______bias.
subtle
Wechsler designed IQ tests that provide specific scores for different kinds of abilities. Performance items:
test nonverbal abilities such as the ability to copy block designs
When Leanne was classically conditioned, she was in a room that had a waterfall painted on one wall. Now, when she goes hiking and sees an actual waterfall, she produces a conditioned response. This change in environment that can cause renewal effects is also known as what?
the change in context
Which of the following examples is consistent with the Law of Effect?
the more you win at soccer, the more likely you will continue to play soccer.
In the real world Classical and Operant Conditioning occur together. The stimulus - response - outcome framework can explain many behaviors. Occasion setting is defined in the most complex link. Occasion setting is when:
the stimulus signals the response-outcome relationship is in effect
If a tone is sometimes preceded by a light, and always followed by a shock, an animal will likely learn to fear:
the tone, but not the light
The HEXACO model proposes:
there is a sixth dimension to the Five-Factor model
Which term refers to the tendency to think that a "bad" thought is equal to a "bad" action?
thought-action fusion
The failure to retrieve a word from memory, combined with partial recall and the feeling that retrieval is imminent is known by psychologists as the _____________ effect.
tip-of-the-tongue
When you feel that you know the name of a famous actor—you can even imagine her face and think of movies she has starred in—but you cannot quite remember her name this is an example of the _____________ effect.
tip-of-the-tongue
In a "Skinner box" experiments with rats the rats can learn:
to press a lever when reinforced with a food pellet
Personality refers to ______.
unique traits
