Psych Mod 12

what is included in the biopsychosocial approach to development?

individual development results from the interaction of biological, psychological, and social-cultural influences. Biological influences include our shared human genome; individual variations; prenatal environment; and sex related genes, hormones, and physiology. Psychological influences include gene-environment interactions; the effect of early experiences on neural networks; responses evoked by our own characteristics, such as gender and temperament; and personal beliefs, feelings, and expectations. Social cultural influences include parental and peer influences; cultural traditions and values; and cultural gender norms.

giving priority to one's own goals over group goals and defining one's identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications

individualism

how do individualist and collectivist cultures differ?

individualist give priority to personal goals over group goals and tend to define their identity in terms of their own personal attributes. Collectivists give priority to group goals over individual goals and tend to define their identity in terms of group identification.

an understood rule for accepted and expected behavior. Norms prescribe "proper" behavior.

norm

an umbrella term describing people whose gender identity or expression differs from that associated with their birth sex.

transgender

what is selection effect, and how might it affects a teen's decision to join sports teams at school?

adolescents tend to select out similar others and sort themselves into like-minded groups. This could lead to a teen who is athletic finding other athletic teens and joining school teams together.

any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destory

aggression

how do early experiences modify the brain?

as a child's brain develops, neural connections grow more numerous and complex. Experiences then trigger a pruning process in which unused connections weaken and heavily used ones strengthen. Early childhood is an important period for shaping the brain, but throughout our lives our brain modifies itself over peer group culture

giving priority to the goals of one's group (often one's extended family or work group) and defining one's identity accordingly

collectivism

the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next

culture

the sex chromosome found only in males. When paired with an x chromosome from the mother, it produces a male child

y chromosome

the theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished

social learning theory

psychological influence in the biopsychosocial approach to development:

1. Gene-environment interaction 2. Neurological effect of early experiences 3. responses evoked by our own temperament, gender, etc. 4. beliefs, feelings, and expectations

social - cultural influences in the biopsychosocial approach to development:

1. parental influences 2. peer influences 3. cultural individualism or collectivism 4. cultural gender norms.

biological influence in the biopsychosocial approach to development:

1. shared human genome 2. individual genetic variations 3. prenatal environment 4. sex-related genes, hormones, and psychology

how is our biological sex determined and how do sex hormones influence gender development?

Biological sex is determined by the father's contribution to the twenty-third pair of chromosomes, The mother always contributes an X chromosome. The father may also contribute an X chromosome, producing a female, or a y chromosome, producing a male by triggering additional testosterone release and the development of male sex organs. sex related genes and physiology influence behavioral and cognitive gender differences between males and females.

the sex chromosome that is found in both men and women. females have two X chromosomes; males have one. an x chromosome from each parent produces a female child

X chromosome

how do individualist and collectivist cultures influence people?

Within any culture, the degree of individualism or collectivisim varies from person to person. Cultures based on self reliant individualism, like those found in North America and Western Europe, tend to value personal independence and individual achievement. they define identity in term of self-esteem, personal goals and attributes, and personal rights and liberties. cultures based on socially connected collectivisim. like those in many parts of asia and Africa, tend to value interdependence, tradition, and harmony, and they define identity in terms of group goals, commitments, and belonging to one's group.

how do cultural norms affect our behavior?

a culture is a set of behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group and transmitted from one generation to the next. Cultural norms are understood rules that inform members of a culture about accepted and expected behaviors. Cultures differ across time and space.

in psychology, the biologically and socially influenced characteristics by which people define male and female

gender

our sense of being male or female

gender identity

what are some ways in which males and females tend to be alike and to differ?

gender refers to the characteristics whether biologically or socially influenced by which people define male and female. We are more alike than different thanks to our similar genetic makeup - we see, hear, learn, and remember similarly. Males and females do differ in body fat, muscle, height, age of onset of puberty, and life expectancy; in vulnerability to certain disorders; and in aggression, social power, and social connectedness.

a set of expected behaviors for males or for females

gender role

how do gender roles and gender typing influence gender development?

gender roles, the behaviors a culture expects from its males and females, vary across place and time. Social learning theory proposes that we learn gender identity - our sense of being male or female - as we learn other things: through reinforcement, punishment, and observation. Critics argue that cognition also plays a role because modeling and rewards cannot explain gender typing. Transgender people's gender identity or expression differs from their birth sex.

the acquisition of a tradition masculine or feminine role

gender typing

what are gender roles, and what do their variations tell us about our human capacity for learning and adaptation?

general roles are social rules or norms for accepted and expected behavior for females and males. the norms associated with various roles, including gender roles vary widely in different cultural contexts which is proof that we are very capable of learning and adapting to the social demands of different environments.

in what ways do parents and peers shape children's development?

parents influence their children in areas such as manners and political and religious beliefs, but not in other areas such as personality. As children attempt to fit in with their peers, they tend to adopt their culture- styles accents, slang, attitudes. By choosing their children's neighborhoods and schools, parents exert some influence over peer group culture.

a set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave

role

the most important of the male sex hormones. Both males and females have it, but the additional testosterone in males stimulates the growth of male sex organs in the fetus and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty.

testosterone

how does the biopsychosocial approach explain our individual development?

the biopsychosocial approach considers all the factors that influence our individual development: biological factors (including evolution, genes, hormones, and brains), psychological factors (including our experiences, beliefs, feelings, and expectations), and social-cultural factors (including parental and peer influences, cultural individualism, or collectivism, and gender norms).