psych modules 20&21 exam 2

Which pioneering learning researcher highlighted the antisocial effects of aggressive models on children's behavior?

Bandura

Ray drank too much tequila last night. He spent much of this morning vomiting and nauseated. According to the principles of classical conditioning, how will Ray likely react today when he tastes or smells the tequila bottle that he drank out of last night?

He will find the scent and taste of tequila aversive.

Ted is an adult with autism spectrum disorder who has difficulty empathizing with the feelings of others and inferring what emotions another person might be experiencing. Some theorists would speculate that this is because Ted has:

an impaired mirror neuron system.

Effects of observational learning can be seen in:

both humans and animals

Kate has a kind of picture in her head of her hometown, a mental representation of its layout and the location of key landmarks such as rivers, buildings, freeways, and parks. This representation is called a(n):

cognitive map.

Obi always gives his cats treats before he goes to work each morning. When he is gathering the things he takes to work, his cats begin to circle around him and cry. Robert Rescorla and Allan Wagner would say this is occurring because Obi's cats have developed a(n) _____ for the treats.

expectation

Shaping is a method used by Skinner to:

guide an organism to exhibit a complex behavior using successive approximations.

Critics of B. F. Skinner were concerned that:

he dehumanized people because he ignored the existence of personal freedom and dignity.

If a parent wants to increase the amount of enjoyment and time a child reads books as opposed to playing video games, the parent will need to increase the _____ for reading.

intrinsic motivation

Jason is busy with a work project that he brought home. His son wants him to put a movie in the DVD player. Jason tells him to wait 10 minutes; however, his son whines and complains so much that Jason decides to put the movie in right away. If Jason's son stops complaining, Jason's behavior of starting the movie immediately may be maintained by _____ reinforcement.

negative reinforcement

Four-year-old Mia watched her mother sing while she was brushing her hair. The next day, Mia's mother saw Mia singing while brushing her dog. Mia acquired the behavior through _____ learning.

observational

At work, there is a vending machine that gives extra candy bars when Don selects either the A or B choices. Don continues to frequent this machine regularly. This BEST illustrates:

operant conditioning

Psychologists use the term _____ to refer to a biological predisposition to learn particular associations.

preparedness

Which example could serve as evidence that animals are predisposed to learn associations that help them adapt and survive in their environment?

rats appearing biologically primed to develop aversions to the taste of tainted food because they taste small portions of a novel food first before eating it again

Conditioned reinforcers are also called _____ reinforcers.

secondary

Coyotes who have been fed sheep carcasses that have been laced with a nausea-inducing poison are less likely to prey on sheep in the wild. This phenomenon is best explained by the classical conditioning phenomenon called _____.

taste aversion

Ever since she foolishly drank too much tequila at a rock concert and vomited all over her best friend, Erin becomes nauseous at the smell or taste of tequila. In this example, the conditioned stimulus is _____ and the conditioned response is _____.

the smell or taste of tequila; nausea

Jack finds it extremely difficult to pull himself away from the blackjack table. He keeps thinking he will break even, as the next hand will be his winning one. This is an example of the effects of a _____ schedule of reinforcement.

variable-ratio