Psych of learning quizes for test 2

variable interval

A schedule in which the reinforcement is presented after a varying amount of time

Which dimension of schedules of reinforcement produces the highest rates of response? A. Ratio B. interval C. Fixed D. Variable

A. Ratio

Mowrer's Two Process Theory of Avoidance involves both A. Fixed ration and Fixed interval schedules B. positive and negative reinforcement C. classical and operant conditioning processes D. Social learning and operant conditioning processes

C. classical and operant conditioning processes

In operant conditioning, the ___________ is considered to be the "cause" of future behavior. A. discriminative stimulus for reinforcement B. Discriminative stimulus for extinction C. antecedent D. Consequence

D. Consequence

3-form contigency

classical controled by A operant C controls behavior

DRO and DRI

differential reinforcers other-anything not target behavior you reinforce Differential reinforcers incompatible-anything that makes it impossible to do behavior

schedules of reinforcement

fixed ratio variable ratio fixed interval variable interval

shaping

gradual creation of new behavior through reinforcement

response rate

how much the behavior occurs within a period of time

discriminative stimulus for extinction

que that reinforcement is not availble even if you have the stimulus

discriminative stimulus for reinforcement

que that reinforcement might be availble for the person

what is ratio

response

level of resistance to extinction

schedule of reinforcement history of reinforcement magnitude of reinforcement degree of deprivvation previous experience with extinction

specific applications of stimulus control

sleep behavior smoking being influenced less by craving than social situation weight loss and the situation youre in

what is interval

time

ratio strain

what happens when you stretch the ratio to quickly

How is extinction different from punishment? A. punishment is an event, while extinction is a non-event B. punishment decreases a response, while extinction does not C. punishment is a non-event, while extinction is an event D. punishment involves a negative consequence, while extinction involves a positive consequence

A. punishment is an event, while extinction is a non-event

Which of the following is NOT a side effect of extinction? A. reinforcement B. aggression C. resurgence D. depression

A. reinforcement

which of the following is the most important factor in determine the level of resistance to extinction? A. schedule of reinforcement B. magnitude of the reinforcer C. degree of deprivation D. history of reinforcement

A. schedule of reinforcement

Ross wants to do well in PSYX 270. He tends to cram all of his studying into the 24 hour period before each exam, regardless of how well he does on the exams. His studying behavior presents as a scalloped pattern on a graph. Ross's studying behavior is an example of a _______ schedule of reinforcement. A. Variable ratio B. Fixed interval C. Variable interval D. Fixed Ratio

B. Fixed interval

Rachel just got her first job, and she has found it very demanding. Although parts of the job are rewarding, she has to do a lot of paperwork and she feels overwhelmed. Rachel has subsequently decided to quit her job. Which term most accurately describes what has happened here? A. Stretching the Ratio B. Ratio Strain C. The premack Principle D. Goal Gradient Effect

B. Ratio Strain

Sleep training, weight loss, and smoking cessation can all be accomplished (or at least improved) using the concept of A. Stimulus Control B. Stimulus Discrimination C. Stimulus Reinforcement D. Stimulus Generalization

A. Stimulus Control

Stopping at a red traffic light, but not at a green traffic light, is an example of A. Stimulus Discrimination B. Stimulus Generlization C. Stimulus Equivalency D. Differentiation

A. Stimulus Discrimination

Joey is 16 years old and he describes himself as a "social smoker" - he only smokes when he is around his friends. What's The Function of his smoking behavior (if you feel there is more than one function, which one is strongest in this scenario)? A. attention B. tangible C. Escape/avoidance D. Sensory

A. attention

Which of the following is an example of a DRI for smoking? A. chewing gum B. going for a drive C. going for a walk D. reading a book

A. chewing gum

What does fixed mean?

consistent, and post reinforcement pauses

post reinforcement pause

how quickly the person performs the behavior again

why behaviorists dislike punishment

immediacy effect adaptation or punishment punishment traps side effects parent could become S^d could teach punishment is acceptale means of controling others behavior

variable ratio

schedule of reinforcement requiring a varying number of responses for reinforcement

In general, with a generalization gradient, a steeper curve signals more A. Discrimination B. Peak shift Effect C. reinforcement D. Generalization

A. Discrimination

Which of the following is a major problem with Drive Reduction Theory? A. it accounts for internal events B. some reinforcers are not associated with drive reduction ( praise) C. it does not account for unconditioned responses D. It does not account for internal events or drives

B. some reinforcers are not associated with drive reduction ( praise)

Which of the following parenting techniques is linked to positive childhood outcomes? A. Low income B. Inconsistent Discipline C. Low supervision D. consistent Discipline

D. Consistent Discipline

Which of the following is an example of a token in a token economy? A. toy B. backup reinforcer C. desirable Activity D. Poker chip

D. Poker chip

Sandy enjoys spending time at the beach because she likes to listen to the waves and feel the sand between her toes. Her sister, Emily, likes to go to the beach because she has a crush on the lifeguard. Sandy's behavior is ___________ reinforcing, while Emily's behavior is ____________ reinforcing. A. Artificially; Naturally B Ectrinsically; Intrinsically C. They are both contrived reinforcers D. Intrinsically; Extrinsically

D. Intrinsically, Extrinsically

Which of the following is accurate of Thorndike's and Skinner's views of conditioning? A. Skinner didn't believe in reflexes; thorndike did B. neither Skinner nor thorndike believed in reflexes C. thorndike felt Skinner's inclusion of internal states of satisfaction and annoyance was to mentalistic D. Skinner felt thorndike's inclusion of internal states of satisfaction and annoyance was too mentalistic

D. Skinner felt thorndike's inclusion of internal states of satisfaction and annoyance was too mentalistic

Which of the following behaviors have functions? A. Someone biting their nails B. A child being agressive toward their sibiling C. someone performing on a street corner D. all of the above

D. all of the above

Extinction is possible in classical conditioning and operant conditioning. Which of the following is the definition for extinction under operant conditioning? A. the state or process of a species, family, or larger group being or becoming extinct B. a conditioned response is weakened or eliminated when the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented in the absence of the unconditioned stimulus C.reduction in the intensity of light or other radiation as it passes through a medium or object, due to absorption, reflection, and scattering D. non-reinforcement of a previously reinforced response results in decrease in response strength

D. non-reinforcement of a previously reinforced response results in decrease in response strength

Which of the following is not a PMT technique? A. modeling B. negative punishment C. negative reinforcement D. positive punishment

D. positive punishment

Dr. Ratluver takes a break from all of his hard work and goes to get a delicious snack from a vending machine. He inserts a dollar into the machine, and presses the button for Doritos. The vending machine dispenses his snack. In this example, the operant behavior (R) is A. the machine dispensing hes Doritos B. dr. ratluver deciding he wants a snack C. putting a dollar in the vending machine D. pressing the button for doritos

D. pressing the button for doritos

A behavior is said to be under stimulus control when A. the operant response is elicted B. the absence of the S^D reliably affects the probability of the behavior C. the operant response is emitted D. the presence of the S^D reliably affects the probability of the behavior

D. the presence of the S^D reliably affects the probability of the behavior

peak shift effect

Following discrimination training, the peak of a generalization gradient will shift from the SD to a stimulus that is further removed from the SΔ.

primary vs secondary reinforcers

Primary reinforcers are biological. Food, drink, and pleasure are the principal examples of primary reinforcers. But, most human reinforcers are secondary, or conditioned. Examples include money, grades in schools, and tokens.

what does variable mean

average

PREE (partial reinforcement extinction effect)

intermittent schedules of reinforcement are more persistent to extinction than continues

stimulus control

linking a particular response with specific stimuli

stretching the ratio

moving from a low ratio requirement (a dense schedule) to a high ratio requirement (a lean schedule)

OCD from a behaviorist perspective

obsession thoughts that keep occurin, compulsions get rid of the thought

fixed ratio

reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses post reinforcement pauses

fixed interval

reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed

maintencance of phobias

the more you dont do something youre scared of the more the phobia is maintained

An action carried out ahead of time that reliably eliminates or reduces the value of an upcoming temptation is called a(n): A. Commitment Response B. Extinction Burst C. Discriminative Stimulus D. Spontaneous Recovery

A. Commitment Response

In general, immediate reinforcement of a behavior will be more __________ than delayed reinforcement of a behavior. A. Effective B. aversive C. ineffective D. Harmful

A. Effective

When Sarah runs around the classroom screaming during reading time, her teacher puts her in time out and she misses reading time. What's The Function of Sarah's behavior? A. Escape/Avoidance B. Attention C. Tangible D. Sensory

A. Escape/avoidance

Which dimension of schedules of reinforcement always produces post-reinforcement pauses? A. Fixed B. Variable C. Interval D. Ratio

A. Fixed

Which of the following is an example of the abstinence violation effect? A. Giving up completely on a diet because you ate a cookie today B. Using the bathroom after holding it for several hours C. Staying away from junk food when you're on a diet D. Eating dessert every night

A. Giving up completely on a diet because you ate a cookie today

Which of the following describes the Premack Principle? A. High probability behaviors naturally reinforce low probability behaviors B. low probability behaviors naturally reinforce high probability behaviors C. an event is reinforcing to the extent that it leads to the reduction of a physiological drive D. access to a behavior is restricted, and therefore its frequency falls below preferred level of occurrence

A. High probability behaviors naturally reinforce low probability behaviors

Which of the following is NOT a criticism of Mowrer's Two Process Theory of Avoidance? A. It does not account for reinforces that are associated with drive reduction B. the CR persists even when the CS is presented without the US C. After repeated avoidance trials, animals show no evidence of fear, but continue to avoid the non-existent shock anyway D. The fear response persists even when the light is presented without the shock

A. It does not account for reinforces that are associated with drive reduction

Annie is throwing a tantrum at a restaurant with her family. Annie's father takes her out of the restaurant to sit in the car for a "time out." Annie eventually stops crying in the car. Annie's father is using ___________ ____________ to change Annie's behavior A. Negative punishment B. Positive Punishment C. Negative Reinforcement D.e Positive Reinforcement

A. Negative Punishment

On which type of schedule are tokens in a token economy delivered? A. Variable Ratio B. Fixed Ratio C. Fixed interval D. Variable Interval

A. Variable Ratio

Which of the following is the major difference between Frustration Theory and Sequential Theory? A. frustration theory is based on internal experiences, while sequential theory is based on external patterns of reinforcement. B. sequential theory is more accurate than frustration theory C. frustration theory is based on external patterns of reinforcement, while sequential theory is based on internal experiences D. Frustration theory is more accurate than sequential theory

A. frustration theory is based on internal experiences, while sequential theory is based on external patterns of reinforcement.

Which of the following is the most important factor in determining the level of resistance to extinction? A. schedule of reinforcement B. Magnitude of the reinforcer C. Degree of deprivation D. History of reinforcement

A. schedule of reinforcement

Which of the following statements about phobias is FALSE? A. the critical factor maintaining phobic behavior is that the avoidance response occurs late in the sequence of events B. Human phobias and animal phobias are persistent C. Phobic behavior results after only a single exposure to the unconditioned stimulus D. The critical factor maintaining phobic behavior is that the avoidance response occurs early in the sequence of events

A. the critical factor maintaining phobic behavior is that the avoidance response occurs late in the sequence of events

Dr. Ratluver takes a break from all of his hard work and goes to get a delicious snack from a vending machine. He inserts a dollar into the machine, and presses the button for Doritos. The vending machine dispenses his snack. In this example, the reinforcing stimulus (S^R) is A. the machine dispensing his doritos B inserting a dollar into the vending machine C. pressing the button for the Doritos D. Dr. Ratluver deciding to get a snack

A. the machine dispensing his doritos

which of the following is a criticism of Discrimination theory A. this theory does not fully explain the mechanisms behind PREE B. it is difficult to discriminate between positive and negative reinforcement C. it is difficult to discriminate between extinction and partial reinforcements D. it is to mentalist fr most behaviorists to accept

A. this theory does not fully explain the mechanisms behind PREE

Every time Chandler tells a joke, Joey laughs. This is a(n) ___________ schedule of reinforcement. A. Intermittent B. Continuous C. Negative D. Punishing

B. Continuous

In noncontingent schedules of reinforcement, the reinforcer is delivered independently of any response. This often results in A. A high rate of responding B. Superstitious behavior C. A predictable rate of responding D. Punishment

B. Superstitious behavior

Which of the following statements about the differences between classical and operant conditioning is FALSE? A. behavior is seen as elicted by the stimulus in classical conditioning and emitted by the organism in operant conditioning B. behavior is seen as involuntary and flexible in classical conditioning; behavior is seen as voluntary and flexible in operant conditioning C. behavior is a function of its consequences in operant conditioning; behavior is seen as a function of what comes before it in classical condition D. behavior is seen as voluntary and flexible in operant condition; behavior is seen as involuntary and inflexible in classical conditioning

B. behavior is seen as involuntary and flexible in classical conditioning; behavior is seen as voluntary and flexible in operant conditioning

which of the following is NOT true under Frustration Theory A. continuous reinforcement causes a quick drop in responding due to an aversive emotional state B. continuous reinforcement causes a slow drop in responding due to and aversive emotional state C. partial/intermittent reinforcement does note result in exactly the same frustration effect as continuous reinforcement D. During extinction, the reinforcement is absent and responding declines because the discriminatve stimulus is missing

B. continuous reinforcement causes a slow drop in responding due to and aversive emotional state

Exposure and Response Prevention (ERP) for OCD extends systematic desensitization and flooding by A. Exposing the subject to an anxiety/fear provoking stimulus while preventing other behaviors B. exposing the subject to an anxiety/fear provoking stimulus while preventing compulsions C. Exposing the subject to an anxiety/fear provoking stimulus while preventing a fear response D. Exposing the subject to and anxiety/fear provoking stimulus while preventing obsessions

B. exposing the subject to an anxiety/fear provoking stimulus while preventing compulsions

Dr. Ratluver takes a break from all of his hard work and goes to get a delicious snack from a vending machine. He inserts a dollar into the machine, and presses the button for Doritos. The vending machine dispenses his snack. In this example, the discriminative stimulus (S^D) is A. the doritos B. inserting a dollar into the vending machine C. Dr. Ratluver decidint to get a snack D. the machine dispensing his doritos

B. inserting a dollar into the vending machine

What is the difference between an extinction burst and spontaneous recovery? A. spontaneous recovery involves a temporary increase in the intensity and frequency of responding B. spontaneous recovery occurs after a rest period C. an extinction burst is the reappearance during extinction of other behaviors that had once been effective in obtaining reinforcement, while spontaneous recovery is the reappearance of an extinguished response following a rest period after extinction D. an extinction burst occurs after a rest period

B. spontaneous recovery occurs after a rest period

Zach has a big test today in his English class and he has barely studied, so he fakes being sick and stays home from school to avoid taking the test. Next week he has a math test, and he skips that exam as well. This is best described as A. Positive Punishment B. Positive Reinforcement C. Negative reinforcement D. Negative Punishment

C. Negative Reinforcement

According to the ____________________, any behavior that is deprived below a free baseline can serve as reinforcer regardless of its relative probability. A. Premack principle B. Drive reduction theory C. Response Deprivation Hypothesis D Relative Value Theory

C. Response Deprivation Hypothesis

In general, an _____ leads to an increase in operant behavior, while an ______ leads to a decrease in operant behavior. A. S^delta;S^D B. S^P;S^R C. S^D; S^delta D. S^R-;S^R+

C. S^D; S^delta

Dr. Ratluver is trying to teach a rat to play piano. He starts by giving the rat food for approaching the piano, then for touching the keys, then for playing a note, and finally for playing the notes in order. This scenario is an example of A. A discriminative Stimulus B. Negative Reinforcement C. Shaping D. positive Punishment

C. Shaping

Impulsivity is a result of which of the following? A. Being proactive B. Larger Later Rewards (LLRs) C. Smaller Sooner Rewards (SSRs) D. increased frequency of desirable behaviors

C. Smaller Sooner Rewards (SSRs)

Slot machines in a successful casino operate on which type of intermittent schedule of reinforcement? A. Variable interval B. Fixed Interval C. Variable Ratio D. Fixed ratio

C. Variable Ratio

why is the partial reinforcement extinction effect (PREE) sometimes referred to as a paradox? A. according to thorndikes law of effect, intermittently/partially reinforced behavior should be more resistant to extinction than continuously reinforced behavior B. behavior is acquired more quickly with intermittent/partial reinforcement than with continuous reinforcement C. according to thorndikes law of effect, continuously reinforced behavior should be more resistant to extinction than intermittently/partially reinforced behavior D behavior is acquired more quickly with continuous reinforcement than with intermittent/partial reinforcement.

C. according to thorndikes law of effect, continuously reinforced behavior should be more resistant to extinction than intermittently/partially reinforced behavior