PSYCH PT. 2

Which statements are true of groupthink?

- groups of people make more extreme decisions than individuals - groupthink can impede opposing opinions

Who developed social-cognitive theory?

Albert Bandura

Social facilitation

Henrick's debating performance improves when he is in front of a large audience.

What was the primary finding of the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart?

Identical twins, whether raised together or apart, have very similar personalities.

Social loafing

In the group assignment project, not everyone put in the same amount of effort.

What is the Asch effect?

Influence of a group majority on the judgement or opinion of an individual

Who suggested that men have womb envy because they cannot give birth?

Karen Horney

What is a major problem with the original Milgram study?

Milgram lied to his respondents, making his study borderline unethical.

Which personality assessment employs a series of true/false questions?

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

Group polarization

With each speaker, the group of political delegates became more resolved in their collective opinion.

Changes in existing ways of thinking in response to encounters with new stimuli or events.

accommodation

Malcolm assumed that the other defendants in traffic court were illegal drivers and believed that in his case, he was simply caught off guard by an authoritative police officer. A. Actor-observer bias

actor-observer

According to social exchange theory, humans want to maximize the ________ and minimize the ________ in relationships.

benefits;costs

The view that development is a cumulative process, gradually adding to the same type of skills is known as ________.

continuous development

Jory, a six year old, is picking out a card for his mother's birthday. He picks the card with a picture of Lightning McQueen, reasoning that since he loves Cars his mother does to. What does this exemplify?

egocentrism

Hans and Sybil Eysenck viewed people as having two specific personality dimensions: ________.

extroversion/introversion; neuroticism/stability

Roger and Joan have passion in their relationship, and they agree they will support each other. But when it comes to sharing their thoughts, they lack intimacy. Their love is called ________.

fatuous

It took a while, but Bruce finally gave in to his friends' requests to smash Halloween pumpkins in the neighborhood. Later that night, he was surprised he didn't resist their pressure to spray paint a police car. Bruce's experience best demonstrates the

foot-in-the-door phenomenon

Nicole wants a cookie. Heather has a cookie. Nicole pushes Heather and takes her cookie. Nicole doesn't intend to hurt Heather, Nicole just wants the cookie. This is an example of ________.

instrumental aggression

Ingrid is energized by being alone, speaks slowly and softly, and avoids attention. Carl Jung would call her a(an) ________.

introvert

Mr. Parker's neighbors believed that his recent bankruptcy was a consequence of his miserly behavior.

just-world hypothsis

Soon after birth, a nurse almost drops Osei. He spreads his arms, pulls them back in, and then cries. This is an example of ________.

moro reflex

The id operates on the ________ principle.

pleasure

What distinguishes bullying from aggression?

repitition

What did Freud believe was the primary function of defense mechanisms such as denial or projection?

restoring balance

Which humanistic psychologist developed the concepts of the ideal and real selves?

rogers

The ________ Inkblot Test employs a series of symmetrical inkblot cards that are presented to a client by a psychologist in an effort to reveal the person's unconscious desires, fears, and struggles.

rorschach

Which of the following is an example of the self-fulfilling prophecy?

telling someone with dyslexia she cannot learn to read, leading her to become illiterate even though she could learn to read with a bit of extra effort

Self-regulation is also known as ________.

will power

Which question was central to the marshmallow test?

would you be able to resist getting a small reward now in order to get a larger reward later?

Which of the following is NOT true about Kitty Genovese

Kitty's neighbors were unable to rescue her because they were unaware of the situation

Which of the following is an example of a self-serving bias?

Leonard attributes earning a good grade in his psychology class to the fact that he is an exceptionally hard working student who is also incredibly smart. He blames the poor grade he received in his sociology class on having a bad teacher who gave hard exams.

Which of the following is NOT a projective test?

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

18-month-old Gordon learned the schema for apples. When Gordon sees tomatoes at the grocery store, he says, "Look mommy, apples!" His mother tells him that the food he sees at the store is a tomato, not an apple. He now has separate schemata for tomatoes and apples. This exemplifies ________.

accommodation

What is the just-world hypothesis?

an ideology common in the United States that people get the outcomes they deserve

What is a chief characteristic of cyberbullying that distinguishes it from in-person bullying?

anonymity

________ is a long-standing connection or bond with others.

attachment

A(n) ________ is the evaluation of or feelings toward a person, idea, or object that are typically positive or negative.

attitude

Behavior is a product of both the situation and the person. Which of the following is an example of a situation that might influence behavior?

being in a crowd of bystanders when you witness someone fainting

Which domain of lifespan development examines learning, attention, memory,

cognitive development

The universal bank of ideas, images, and concepts that have been passed down through the generations from our ancestors refers to ________.

collective unconscious

When we seek out information that supports our stereotypes we are engaged in ________.

confirmation bias

________ is a state of being in which our thoughts about our real and ideal selves are very similar.

congruence

In which trait of the five factor model is the characteristic of thoughtfulness found?

conscientiousness

Cognitive dissonance causes discomfort because it disrupts our sense of ________.

consistency

The time during fetal growth when specific parts or organs develop is known as ________.

critical period

Suppose you are walking down a street. A woman has fallen down, but because there are so many people around it does not occur to you that you should help. You just assume someone else is about to help her and keep walking. This is an example of ________.

diffusion of responsibility

Jane believes that she got a bad grade on her psychology paper because her professor doesn't like her. Jane most likely has an _______ locus of control.

external

A(an) ________ locus of control is the belief that our outcomes are outside of our control; an ________ locus of control is the belief that we control our own outcomes.

external; internal

People who rate high on the personality trait of __________________ tend to be upbeat, optimistic, and sociable.

extraversion

Prejudice is to ________ as discrimination is to ________.

feelings; behavior

Grasping a toy, writing with a pencil, and using a spoon are all examples of ________ motor skills.

fine

When it comes to buying clothes, teenagers often follow social norms; this is likely motivated by ________.

fitting in

The traits openness, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism are key components of the ________.

five factor model

Asa is buying a gift for his mother, an overbearing woman who is difficult to please. When a clerk asks him who he is shopping for he replies, "my smother" instead of "my mother." What does this exemplify?

freudian slip

What is the developmental task of Erik Erikson's seventh stage of psychosocial development, in which individuals contribute to society and focus on being a part of a family?

generativity vs. stagnation

When people reach their 40s, they enter the time known as middle adulthood, which extends to the mid-60s. This involves finding their life's work and contributing to the development of others through activities such as volunteering, mentoring, and raising children. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?

generativity vs. stagnation

In the ________ stage, there is a sexual reawakening as the incestuous urges resurface. The young person redirects these urges to other, more socially acceptable partners (who often resemble the other-sex parent).

genital

Sigmund Freud suggested that people who are dominated by their ________ might be narcissistic and impulsive.

id

After age 65, most people are attempting to assess their lives and make sense of life and the meaning of their contributions. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?

integrity vs. despair

According to Sigmund Freud, an adult who smokes, drinks, overeats, or bites her nails is fixated in the ________ stage of her psychosexual development.

oral

When children develop theory-of-mind (TOM), they can recognize that ________.

others have false beliefs

An archetype is a ________.

pattern that exists in our collective unconscious across cultures and societies

The long-standing traits and patterns that propel individuals to consistently think, feel, and behave in specific ways are known as ________.

personality

The Oedipus complex occurs in the ________ stage of psychosexual development.

phallic

Elroy decided not to cheat on the exam because he would fail the class if he was caught. What stage of moral development does this exemplify?

pre-conventional

In the ________ stage, children use words and images to represent things, but they lack logical reasoning.

preoperational

Attributing one's own unacceptable thoughts or feelings to someone else is called what?

projection

Which defense mechanism defined by Freud is the basis of tests like the Rorschach Inkblot Test, the Thematic Apperception Test, and the Rotter Incomplete Sentence Blank?

projection

A type of personality test that involves a person's interpreting an ambiguous image; used to assess unconscious motives, conflicts, psychological defenses, and personality traits.

projective test

Developmental psychologists study human growth and development across three domains. Which of the following is not one of these domains?

psychological

The ego defense mechanism in which a person who is confronted with anxiety returns to a more immature behavioral stage is called ________.

regression

In California, undocumented migrants are often blamed for high unemployment in the state, although statistics show that high unemployment is not related to the number of illegal migrants. In this example, illegal migrants are victims of ________: the act of blaming an out-group when the in-group experiences frustration or is blocked from obtaining a goal.

scapegoating

_______ are concepts (mental models) that are used to help us categorize and interpret information.

schemata

The child uses the parent as a base from which to explore her world in which attachment style?

secure

According to Abraham Maslow, the highest need is ________.

self actualization

Your level of confidence in your own abilities is known as ________.

self efficacy

Penny gets an acting job on Friday that she attributes to her good acting. She doesn't get the next acting job; therefore, she blames the casting director for not wanting to hire a woman. This is an example of ________.

self-serving bias

Though she lost the student election because she gave a poorly prepared speech, Marla claimed the election was rigged in the other candidate's favor.

self-serving bias

Who developed the first comprehensive theory of personality?

sigmund freud

As a field, social psychology focuses on ________ in predicting human behavior.

situational factors

What is the main point of the Stanford prison experiment?

social roles are powerful determinants of human behavior

Francis takes his six-month-old daughter to daycare. A substitute provider is there, and his daughter begins crying. She clings to her father and hides her face. What does this exemplify?

stranger anxiety

A factor that produces a birth defect. It is an environmental agent such as a drug, chemical, virus, or other factor that produces a birth defect.

teratogen

Suppose Suzie persuades her roommate to make her a cup of tea, then gets her roommate to cook for a week. What is this strategy called?

the foot-in-the-door technique

Justin sees his psychology professor arguing angrily with a worker at the local post office. From this, he assumes that his professor is a hostile person. What does his assumption illustrate?

the fundamental attribution error

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Asch conducted his prison experiment to demonstrate that social roles have a great deal of influence on individual behavior.

the word "asch" should be replaced by "zimbardo"

Who conducted the Stanford prison experiment?

zimbardo

A(an) ________ begins as a one-cell structure that is created when a sperm and egg merge.

zygote

Which are ways that projective personality assessments encourage the test-taker to project their feelings, impulses, and desires?

- telling a story - interpreting an image - completing a sentence

Which statements are true of the Five Factor Model of personality trait theory?

- traits occur along a spectrum - it is the most popular personality trait theory currently in use

The frontal lobes become fully developed ________.

25

Informational social influence

D. When the disabled plane landed, the passengers followed each other's lead in evacuating through the emergency exits.

Normative social influence

The vote by a show of hands resulted in rapid consensus being reached on the issue.

Which statement about Sternberg's triangular theory of love is most accurate?

There are three components of love: intimacy, passion, and commitment.