Psych Quiz 1, Psych Quiz 2, Psych Quiz 6+7

The ability to listen to music while reading a magazine indicates

divided attention

Which of the following methods of studying the brain involves recording the brain's electrical activity by placing electrodes on the scalp to detect brain-wave activity?

electroencephalograph (EEG)

primary reinforcer

food

According to the principle of ________, all participants must know what their participation will involve and what risks might develop.

informed consent

The ________ is a set of subcortical brain structures central to emotion, memory, and reward processing.

limbic system

Which of the following is a function of the myelin sheath?

speed up the transmission of nerve impulses

Which of the following is an example of behavior?

two people holding hands in a park

From the behaviorist perspective,

understanding the causes of behavior requires looking at the environmental factors that produce them.

In the context of Albert Bandura's observational learning model, seeing a model being punished for an activity makes an observer less likely to repeat the behavior. This process is called

vicarious punishment.

Watson and Rayner used a ________ along with an unconditional stimulus in order to condition fear in little Albert.

white rat

A six-year-old child with a mental age of 6 would have an IQ of

100

Intellectual disability is a condition of limited mental ability in which an individual has an IQ of ________ and has difficulty adapting to everyday life.

70 or below

Which of the following is an advantage of conducting psychological research in a laboratory?

A laboratory is a controlled setting with many of the complex factors of the real world removed.

________ is defined as a special kind of systematic observation, used by correlational researchers, that involves obtaining measures of the variables of interest in multiple waves over time.

A longitudinal design

________ is the initial learning of the connection between the unconditioned stimulus and the conditioned stimulus when these two stimuli are paired.

Acquisition

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates the use of procedural memory?

Alba, a typist, typing a letter without looking at the keyboard

________ is a form of treatment that involves repeated pairings of a stimulus with a very unpleasant stimulus.

Aversive conditioning

According to American linguist Noam Chomsky, identify a true statement about language universals.

Children learn language without an awareness of its underlying logic.

Sarah feels sick every time she travels by air. She associates flying with physical illness and, as a result, hates air travel. She also finds it difficult to watch movies with airplanes or read books about airplanes because they make her uncomfortable. This scenario illustrates the learning process of

Classical Conditioning

Which of the following is true of concepts?

Concepts provide clues about how to react to a particular object or experience.

While watching television, you can see how advertisers cunningly apply classical-conditioning principles to consumers by showing ads that pair something pleasant with a product in hope that you, the viewer, will experience those positive feelings toward the product. In this situation, the product is the

Conditioned stimulus

In the context of memory processes, which of the following scenarios best illustrates the process of encoding information?

Deborah is watching a movie in the theater.

________ in classical conditioning is the process of learning to respond to certain stimuli and not others.

Discrimination

In the context of psychological research methods, which of the following scenarios is an example of the survey method?

Dr. Frank asks people how many hours of television they watch per week.

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates the use of explicit memory?

Emma recounting the events in a movie that she saw last Friday

Pavlov's dog salivates each time he hears the sound of a bell. However, after several trials of salivating to the bell and not receiving any food, the dog stops salivating. Which of the following best explains the change in the dog's behavior?

Extinction has occurred.

________ provide support, nutritional benefits, and other functions in the nervous system.

Glial cells

Which of the following is true of algorithms and heuristics used for solving real-life problems?

Heuristics are shortcut strategies.

Which of the following statements is true of inductive reasoning?

It involves forming opinions based on prior experiences.

Which of the following is true of short-term memory?

It is improved by chunking and rehearsal techniques.

In the context of the neural impulse, which of the following is true about the depolarization of neuron membranes?

It occurs when there is a decrease in the charge difference between the fluids inside and outside of the neuron.

Identify a true statement about mechanoreception.

It plays a significant role in the detection of vibration and movement.

Which of the following statements is true of the central nervous system (CNS)?

More than 99 percent of all nerve cells are located in the CNS.

Which of the following is true regarding learning through operant conditioning?

Organisms learn the association between behaviors and their consequences.

________ is a language's sound system.

Phonology

The process by which a stimulus or an event following a particular behavior increases the probability that the behavior will happen again is called

Reinforcement

Identify a true statement about elaboration in memory.

Relating material to one's own experience is an effective way to elaborate on information.

Which of the following is true of sensory memory?

Sensory memory is typically reflected in the sights and sounds one encounters in daily life.

According to ________ there are three forms of intelligence, whereas according to ________ there are nine types of intelligence.

Sternberg's triarchic theory; Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences

________ states that memory storage involves three separate systems: sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.

The Atkinson-Shiffrin theory

Which of the following statements is true about algorithms?

They come in different forms, such as formulas, instructions, and the testing of all possible solutions.

Which of the following is a potential problem of using correlational studies in psychological research?

They fail to establish a clear causal relationship between variables.

Which of the following statements is true of humanistic psychologists?

They stress that people have the ability to control their lives and are not simply controlled by the environment.

Certain areas of the cerebral cortex are specialized to handle different sensory functions. Identify a true statement about the areas where the different sensory functions are processed.

Visual information is mainly processed in the occipital lobes.

________ is most often regarded the "founding father" of modern psychology.

Wilhelm Wundt

Elaine is writing a paper about reactions to the tragedy that occurred at the Twin Towers on September 11, 2001. She interviews 10 of her classmates and asks them to remember that day. She is surprised to learn that nearly all of the students she interviewed offer very detailed, vivid accounts of where they were and what they were doing when they first learned of the terrorist attacks. Elaine has discovered that most of her classmates have ________ of September 11, 2001.

a flashbulb memory

Plasticity best reflects which of the following characteristics of the nervous system?

adaptability

Ellie has recently experienced irregular mood swings. Her energy level has decreased, and she seems to have greater difficulty coping with stress. Based on her symptoms, it seems as though Ellie may have problems with her ________ glands.

adrenal

You are listening to a lecture. Then the bell rings in the hallway. In order to hear this stimulus, ________ nerves must carry electrochemical messages from your ears to your brain.

afferent

An ________ is a drug that mimics or increases a neurotransmitter's effects, whereas an ________ is a drug that blocks a neurotransmitter's effects.

agonist; antagonist

In the United States, intelligence is generally defined as

an all-purpose ability to do well on cognitive tasks, to solve problems, and to learn from experience.

Lucy sustained a brain injury in a car accident. Although Lucy's memories of her life before the accident are intact, she is no longer able to form new, long-term memories. Every night when she goes to bed, her memories of what she had done that day are lost. Lucy suffers from

anterograde amnesia.

According to Bandura's model of observational learning, what are the four primary processes involved in observational learning?

attention, retention, motor reproduction, and reinforcement

Marshall's cerebellum was damaged in a car accident. Marshall is likely to have problems with

balance and muscle coordination.

Neuroscience studies are based on the ________ approaches to psychology.

biological

Psychologists who adopt a(n) ________ approach examine behavior and mental processes by focusing on the body, especially the brain and nervous system.

biological

Melanie is learning how to read Spanish by speaking aloud one letter at a time. Melanie is engaging in

bottom-up processing.

Dr. Okawa is interested in studying the effect that neurological trauma can have on short-term memory. Firstly, he collects detailed information from a small number of individuals who have experienced brain damage. Using information provided by medical records, interviews, and observations, he attempts to create an in-depth portrait of each individual. What type of research method was used in this study?

case study

According to Baddeley's view of the three components of working memory, the ________ acts like a supervisor who monitors which information deserves our attention and which we should ignore.

central executive

When asked to memorize the 15 letters, C I A C B S A B C F B I I R S, Mary reorganizes them into CIA, CBS, ABC, FBI, and IRS. Mary used the tactic of

chunking

Lauren is at the airport waiting to board her flight. She initiates a friendly conversation with another passenger. Despite the noise at the airport and multiple announcements being made at the same time, Lauren is able to focus on the passenger's voice. This scenario best demonstrates the

cocktail-party effect.

According to ________ psychologists, your brain houses a "mind" whose mental processes allow you to remember, make decisions, plan, set goals, and be creative.

cognitive

Inmates at a correctional facility take part in an experiment on social development. Once the experiment is over, the correctional officer goes home and tells his roommates about the results of the study and about the inmates who did not perform well. In this scenario, which ethical guideline of psychological research has been violated by the correctional officer?

confidentiality

People's decisions are likely to be biased because they tend to seek out and listen to others whose views confirm their views while they avoid those with dissenting views. This is a characteristic of

confirmation bias.

Aaron wants to study the association between sleep deprivation and the number of hours spent on a computer every day. He is not keen to establish causation, but would like to determine whether and how the increase or decrease in one variable is related to the increase or decrease in the other variable. Which of the following research methods is likely to be most effective for Aaron's study?

correlational research

Emily selects a new paint color for her bedroom. She notices a difference between sky blue and midnight blue. Emily's ability to distinguish between these two colors can best be explained by the concept of

difference threshold.

The lecture you were listening to is over. The bell that rang in the hall signaled the end of class. You get up, pick up your things, and walk out the classroom door. Which kind of nerves sent the signals from your brain to your muscles to initiate your physical movements?

efferent

According to Canadian cognitive psychologist Endel Tulving, ________ is the retention of information about the where, when, and what of life's happenings.

episodic memory

Jillian was in a car accident and sustained a serious head trauma. Since the surgery, she has forgotten her name, career, and other vital information about herself. Yet, she is still able to talk, know what words mean, and have general knowledge about the world, such as what day it is or who currently is the president of the United States. This behavior suggests that Jillian's ________ is impaired, but her ________ is still functioning.

episodic memory; semantic memory

In the country of Calibria, men prefer to date women with wide hips because they believe that these women are able to reproduce better. This scenario most likely illustrates the ________ to psychology.

evolutionary approach

In the context of psychological research methods, which of the following refers to a carefully regulated procedure in which the researcher manipulates one or more variables that are believed to influence some other variable?

experiments

Which of the following is subdivided into episodic and semantic memory?

explicit memory

The ________ is the principle by which we organize the perceptual field into stimuli that stand out and those that are left over.

figure-ground relationship

Which of the following is the first step in the problem-solving process?

finding and framing problems

Carolina uses a prior strategy to solve her problems and fails to look at them from a fresh, new perspective. Which of the following is exemplified in this scenario?

fixation

Samuel, a line worker in a factory, is required to produce 50 units to be paid $10. In the context of the schedules of reinforcement, this scenario most likely exemplifies a

fixed-ratio schedule.

The ________ are involved in personality, intelligence, and the control of voluntary muscles.

frontal lobes

William James, a prominent American psychologist and philosopher, focused on human interactions with the outside world to understand the purpose of thoughts. His view is known as

functionalism

________ in classical conditioning is the tendency of a new stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus to elicit a response that is similar to the conditioned response.

generalization

Which of the following describes the trait of a critical thinker?

grasping the deeper meaning of ideas

Fifteen-year-old Matt and his father are in an electronics store looking at video game systems. Matt gives his father a complete breakdown of the pros and cons of each of the different video game systems on display. According to research on encoding processes, Matt is able to accurately recall all this information because he

has deeply processed this information.

Joe has suffered a massive stroke. Since then, he finds it difficult to remember names of new people whom he meets or even to recognize them. This is because he is unable to retain any new memories after the stroke. In the context of the organization of the brain, these symptoms are most likely due to a damaged

hippocampus

Working memory

holds information temporarily while cognitive tasks are being performed.

The chemical messengers produced by the endocrine glands are known as

hormones

According to evolutionary psychologists,

human behavior is traceable to problems early humans faced in adapting to their environments.

Abe and Carl are psychologists who believe that people have free will and can make choices based on higher human values. Abe and Carl's views reflect the ________ approach to psychology.

humanistic

Allie has developed a theory concerning test grades of high school students. She believes that there is a strong causal relationship between students' frequency of study and their grades in school. In the context of psychology's scientific method, to test her theory, Allie would first have to state a

hypothesis

Emma enters her college auditorium that is almost packed to capacity and tries to find an empty seat. She fails to notice her friend waving to her in the crowd. This scenario most likely illustrates

inattentional blindness.

In experimental research, the ________ is a manipulated experimental factor, and the ________ is the outcome.

independent variable; dependent variable

In an experiment, the ________ is conceptualized as the "potential cause" and the ________ is conceptualized as the "resulting effect."

independent, dependent

A person suffering from retrograde amnesia will

lose past memories and the ability to acquire new memories will remain unaffected.

Which part of the nervous system regulates breathing and heart rate?

medulla

The humanistic approach to psychology and the behavioral approach to psychology differ in that the behavioral approach states that humans are driven by

mental processes, whereas the humanistic approach states that humans are driven by free will.

Cognitive psychology is the study of

mental processes.

Emma, a psychologist, wants to study the relationship that exists among college girls who stay in hostels. She disguises herself as a college student and shares a dorm with some girls for a month. During her stay, she observes their various behaviors and makes notes when the girls are fast asleep. Which of the following is best exemplified in this scenario?

naturalistic observation

Mark, a high school student, dislikes the fact that his mother yells at him in the morning to wake him up. His mother usually wakes up at 5:30 A.M., and he tries to wake up at around 5:15 A.M. to avoid listening to his mother's yelling. In the context of operant conditioning, which of the following is exemplified in this scenario?

negative reinforcement

The removal of a stimulus following a given behavior in order to increase the frequency of that behavior is called

negative reinforcement.

Amelia, a scientist, studies the body's electrochemical communication circuitry. Amelia is most likely a(n)

neuroscientist

Which of the following goals of science does the empirical method best fulfill?

objectivity

Which of the following is the first step in the scientific method?

observing some phenomenon in the world

Lilly, who has just given birth, is able to provide nourishment for her baby and loves her newborn unconditionally. Which of the following neurotransmitters is said to play an important role in this case?

oxytocin

Which of the following play(s) an important role in insulin production, metabolism, and body weight?

pancreas

After taking her English final, Natalie attempts to relax in her chair by meditating. She is attempting to reduce her heart and respiration rates, as well as her muscular tension. In this scenario, her physiological relaxation can be best attributed to the functioning of her ________ nervous system.

parasympathetic

Which of the following are correctly matched?

parietal lobes—spatial location, attention, and motor control

The somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system are components of the

peripheral nervous system.

Which of the following types of energy reception is most activated when a person is watching a silent movie?

photoreception

The ________ gland is defined as a pea-sized gland just beneath the hypothalamus that controls growth and regulates other glands.

pituitary

Spanking is a form of ________; time-out is a form of ________.

positive punishment; negative punishment

Which approach to psychology emphasizes unconscious thought?

psychodynamic approach

J. B. Watson and B. F. Skinner believed that

psychology should focus on an organism's visible interactions with the environment—that is, behaviors.

________ refers to researchers' assignment of participants to groups by chance, to reduce the likelihood that an experiment's results will be due to preexisting differences between groups.

random assignment

Multiple choice exams involve testing a student's ________ abilities, whereas essay exams involve testing ________ abilities.

recognition; recall

A prototype is a

representation of the average or ideal member for a concept.

You are taking both a Spanish and a French course this semester. As you study the vocabulary words for your French test, you realize that the French words are disrupting the memory of the Spanish vocabulary words you studied last week. This is an example of

retroactive interference.

Professor Stenson is examining the effects of color on patients' anxiety levels. She randomly assigns patients to either a room painted white or a room painted black, and then she records their blood pressure. In this case, the independent variable is the

room color

A researcher conducts an experiment to test the effects of playing violent video games on aggression. Which of the following could be the dependent variable in this example?

scores on an aggressive behavior survey

A person's knowledge about the world is known as ________ memory.

semantic

Your knowledge of the alphabet and multiplication tables is most likely to be stored in your ________ memory.

semantic

Greta is teaching her students the meaning of words and sentences in the language used in the country of Calibra. In this scenario, Greta is most likely referring to the ________ of the Calibran language.

semantics

As you walk barefoot in the park, your nose conveys to your brain the smell of the freshly cut grass; your skin sends information about the feel of the gentle breeze; and your ears transmit the sound of children laughing on the playground to your auditory cortex. This process of detecting stimuli in the environment is called

sensation

You arrive at your friend's apartment for a big party at the end of the college semester. When you first arrive, the music is so loud that it almost hurts your ears. After a couple of hours, even though the music is still as loud, it no longer bothers you or seems loud. This change in your sensations describes the process of

sensory adaptation

According to the Atkinson-Shiffrin theory, which of the following memory systems has a time frame of up to 30 seconds?

short-term memory

Dr. Badal, a psychologist, is studying achievement motivation among groups of African American, Latino, and Asian American people. In this scenario, Dr. Badal is most likely practicing the ________ approach to psychology.

sociocultural

The factor that differentiates top-down processing from bottom-up processing is that, top-down processing

starts with cognitive processing in the brain

The factor that differentiates top-down processing from bottom-up processing is that, top-down processing

starts with cognitive processing in the brain.

Little Albert was conditioned by John Watson to fear a white rat. Eventually, however, Albert became fearful of any stimulus that looked white and furry. He became scared not only of rats, but also of rabbits, dogs, and even sealskin coats. This study illustrates

stimulus generalization in classical conditioning.

A correlation coefficient is a statistic that tells the

strength and direction of association between two variables.

If a person needs to run away from a dangerous situation, the ________ nervous system sends blood to the person's extremities to prepare him or her for taking off.

sympathetic

If a child's mental age is higher than his or her chronological age, this means that

the child's IQ is above average.

In operant conditioning,

the consequences of behavior produce change in the probability of the behavior's occurrence.

Dr. Steinguard wants to demonstrate a cause-and-effect relationship between stress and memory. Which of the following research methods should he use?

the experimental method

When typing text messages, Juan usually leaves out the vowels in commonly used words. For example, he types "thn" instead of "then." The receiver is generally able to make sense of Juan's message. Which of the following principles most likely comes into play in this scenario?

the gestalt principle of closure

The axon is.

the part of the neuron that carries information away from the cell body toward other cells.

Dendrites are

treelike fibers which receive information and orient it toward the neuron's cell body.

In classical conditioning, the ________ is unlearned, but the ________ is learned.

unconditioned response; conditioned response

In Pavlov's experiment, the dog automatically salivated to food because food is a(n)

unconditioned stimulus (US).