psych quiz tmrw

A test has a mean of 80 with a standard deviation of 4. Which of the following scores is within one standard deviation of the mean?

77

A person displays a set of rare behaviors that psychologists had not known about previously, because nobody had ever shown them before. The best strategy to investigate the nature of those behaviors is

A case study

Researchers have found a negative correlation between income and dental problems. What conclusion can correctly be drawn from this statement?

As income increases, the likelihood of dental problems decreases.

In an experiment, which of the following variables refers to the outcome that is measured by the experimenter?

Dependent

Which of the following research approaches would be best for testing the hypothesis that the presence of certain odors causes people to gamble more?

Experimental

In a normal distribution, which of the following statements is true about the area that falls between one standard deviation above and one standard deviation below the mean?

It contains the middle 68% of the distribution.

In which of the following types of research are the same children tested periodically at different points in their development?

Longitudinal

Professor González is interested in evaluating the ability of a new method of note-taking to improve student grades. Group A is trained in the new method and group B uses the traditional outline method of taking notes. What is Professor González' independent variable?

Method of note-taking

Operational definitions are used for which of the following reasons?

They enable researchers to replicate studies by precisely describing the variables and how they are used.

A psychological researcher designs a study to determine whether positive feedback affects self-esteem. The researcher requires each participant to toss twenty coins into a coffee can that is three feet away. Half of the participants are told that their performance is superior, and the other half are told that their performance is well below average. Although some of the participants want to quit tossing coins after a few attempts, they are told that once they begin the study they have to complete it. After the coin toss, participants take a test measuring self-esteem. Following the test, all participants are debriefed and told that information about their performance was false. Results of the study indicate that participants who are told their performance is well below average report lower levels of self-esteem than do those who are told their performance is superior.

Violation of the right to withdraw

Bai is conducting a study on learning. When she manipulates an independent variable, it is possible that some other factor, such as noise in the hall, will affect learning in one of the groups but not in the other. This possibility reflects the presence of

a confound

When an experiment lacks the proper control, which type of unintended variable can influence the outcome of a study?

a confound

To determine whether a cause-effect relationship exists between two variables, a researcher must use

an experimental approach

In which of the following types of studies do researchers examine the extent to which variables are naturally related in the real world while making NO attempt to influence the relation among the variables?

correlational

The process of explaining any deception used in a study to a participant is called

debriefing

In an experiment to test the effects of hunger on aggressive behavior, aggressive behavior would be the

dependent variable

In experimental psychology, a significant difference refers to a

difference not likely due to chance

Drawing a random sample of people from a town for an interview study of social attitudes ensures that

each person in the town has the same probability of being chosen for the study

Researchers investigated whether mood affects participants' ratings of jokes. Participants in the first mood group read sad statements. In the second group, participants read neutral statements. The participants who read the sad statements constituted the

experimental group

The use of control groups and groups that experience the manipulation of a variable is characteristic of

experimental research

A survey shows that children who have encyclopedias in their homes earn better grades in school than children whose homes lack encyclopedias. The researcher concludes that having encyclopedias at home improves grades. This conclusion is erroneous primarily because the researcher has incorrectly

inferred causation from correlation

The mean will be higher than the median in any distribution that

is positively skewed

The standard deviation is an example of a(n)

measure of variability

The mean, median, and mode are all examples of

measures of central tendency

What type of study can be described as a "study of studies"?

meta-analysis

The most frequently occurring score in a data set is known as the

mode

In which of the following types of descriptive studies does a researcher remain separated from the situation and make no attempt to change it?

naturalistic observation

Students who study little tend to make more errors on tests; students who study a lot tend to make fewer errors. If a researcher collected data on the amount of studying and test scores, they would likely spot a(n)

negative correlation

A disadvantage of longitudinal studies is that

participants who drop out during the course of the study may be different in important ways from ones who do not drop out

Another word for hypothesis is

prediction

If a researcher created two groups by assigning the first 30 people to the experimental group and the last 30 to the control group, the process would violate the principle of

random assignment

In order to maximize the likelihood that experimental and control groups are similar before any treatment is begun, researchers typically use

random assignment

Scientists conduct __________, which involves the careful and systematic collection of data.

replication

In developmental psychology, one advantage of cross-sectional over longitudinal studies is that cross-sectional research

requires comparatively little time

The Tuskegee Study violated the principle of __________ by not informing participants of their diagnosis and the principle of __________ by including only Black American men as participants although everyone vulnerable to syphilis benefited from the results.

respect for persons;justice

The correlation between two measures obtained on a group of individuals is graphically represented as a

scatterplot

Clara is working on a study to examine shy children's behavior with peers they have not met before. She is developing theories, forming hypotheses, and conducting research to determine if her theory is supported by the data. In what process is she engaged?

the scientific method

In correlational studies, it is always possible that an unmeasured variable is responsible for the relation of interest. This complication is known as

the third variable problem