Psych Study Set

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Human beings will often reason from the specific to the general. That is, people often form general rules and concepts based on specific experiences and examples. This type of reasoning is termed

inductive.

Monique routinely uses a shredder to shred her junk mail into confetti-sized pieces of paper. When packing her glassware to move into a new apartment, she runs out of protective Styrofoam packing material. Suddenly, Monique gets the idea to use the shredded junk mail confetti for packing material. Monique has

overcome functional fixedness.

Your roommate, Rhiana, asks your advice on how to best study for her final exams. Because of your knowledge of context dependent memory, you recommend that she study

quietly in the classroom in which she is to take her exam.

Ivan has misplaced his keys. If he decides to use an algorithmic approach to find them, he will

start going through each drawer in his house.

Which of the following is an example of telegraphic speech?

"pet dog"

The approach to understanding motivation that is based solely on the belief in the need for stimulation is the __________ approach.

Arousal

Liza has an anxiety disorder. She is currently seeing a therapist who believes that anxiety disorders are a result of illogical, irrational thought processes. Liza is probably seeking treatment from a _____________.

Cognitive psychologist

_____ memory is the ability to recount your memory in words.

Declarative

In a crowded mall parking lot, dozens of people hear a female voice yell, "He's killing me!" Yet no one calls the police. What is the reason for the lack of action, according to Darley and Latané?

Diffusion of responsibility is the reason most people do not respond

Which statement is not true about display rules?

Display rules are innate not learned

______ is a characteristic of good problem solvers.

Humility

Gender schema theory is based on

Paiget's theory of development

Little Kashif held his empty cup to his mother and said, "Milk!"

a holophrase

According to the semantic network model, it would take more time to answer "true" to which sentence? a. "A salmon is an animal." b. "A salmon is a fish." c. "A canary is a bird." d. All of these would take the same time.

a. "A salmon is an animal."

Learning to make a reflex response to a stimulus other than to the original, natural stimulus is called ________. a. classical conditioning b. operant conditioning c. memory linkage d. adaptation

a. classical conditioning

What term do psychologists use to describe our tendency to search for evidence that supports our belief and to ignore evidence that might disprove it? a. confirmation bias b. convergent thinking c. availability heuristic d. representativeness heuristic

a. confirmation bias

In the levels-of-processing model of memory, information that gets processed at a __________ level (such as accessing the meaning of a word or phrase) is more likely to be retained longer and form a stronger memory than information that is processed at a __________ level (such as the visual characteristics of a word). a. deeper; shallower b. shallower; deeper c. higher; lower d. lower; higher

a. deeper; shallower

The first step in the memory process is __________ information in a form that the memory system can use. a. encoding b. storing c. retrieving d. evaluating

a. encoding

Morphine and heroin duplicate the action of ________. a. endorphins b. alcohol c. cigarettes d. LSD

a. endorphins

A monthly paycheck best represents a ________ schedule of reinforcement. a. fixed interval b. variable interval c. fixed ratio d. variable ratio

a. fixed interval

Of the following, ________ would serve as a primary reinforcer for most people. a. food b. praise c. money d. attention

a. food

Forgetting in long-term memory is most likely due to __________. a. interference from other information b. decay or disuse c. encoding failure d. none of these

a. interference from other information

College students faced with unsolvable problems eventually give up and make only halfhearted attempts to solve new problems, even when the new problems can be solved easily. This behavior is probably due to ________. a. learned helplessness b. contingency blocking c. latent learning d. response generalization

a. learned helplessness

In an experiment, two groups of dogs are given shocks to their feet. One group is able to escape the shocks by jumping over a barrier. The second group is harnessed and cannot escape. After several trials, both groups are put in situations where they CAN escape. The first group escapes the shocks but the second group just sits and whines, refusing to attempt to escape. The response of the second group is due to ________. a. learned helplessness b. contingency blocking c. latent learning d. response generalization

a. learned helplessness

Language is based on basic sound units called __________. a. phonemes b. morphemes c. semantics d. registers

a. phonemes

"Every Good Boy Does Fine" is a mnemonic device that helps a person remember: a. the notes that occur on the lines of a musical staff b. the names of the five great lakes c. the colors of the rainbow in correct order d. the correct order of mathematical operations

a. the notes that occur on the lines of a musical staff

One secondary male sex characteristic is

an enlarged larynx

In the 1950s, George Miller estimated the number of items that could be stored in short-term memory to be the magic number __________. a. 5, ± 4 b. 7, ± 2 c. 9, ± 3 d. 11, ± 1

b. 7, ± 2

Which of these is an example of what has been called infantile amnesia? a. Betty, age 25, can recall only good memories of what happened when she was 4 to 5years old. b. Johnny, age 10, has no memory of a family vacation that occurred when he was 2 years old. c. When faced with a horrible stress or, some people return to an earlier stage of development, such as infancy, for the comfort that it provides. d. Despite the fact that Alice, age 35, played the piano from ages 3 through 13, she has very little ability to do so now.

b. Johnny, age 10, has no memory of a family vacation that occurred when he was 2 years old.

Each of the following is a sleep disorder EXCEPT ________. a. narcolepsy b. REM rebound c. insomnia d. night terrors

b. REM rebound

Seventy percent of the students in a classroom are women and 30 percent are men. One student is described as ambitious, athletic, and assertive. Why are most people likely to think this description refers to a male student? a. They are using the availability heuristic. b. They are using the representativeness heuristic. c. People seek only confirming information. d. People tend to make relative comparisons.

b. They are using the representativeness heuristic.

A discriminative stimulus is typically viewed as ________. a. something negative b. a cue c. promoting punishment d. a warning

b. a cue

Which is the most likely prototype for the concept "vehicle"? a. glider b. car c. scooter d. bicycle

b. car

In the process of shaping, behaviors are ordered in terms of increasing similarity to the desired response. These behaviors are called ________. a. primary reinforcers b. successive approximations c. secondary reinforcers d. unconditioned stimuli

b. successive approximations

rate at which your body burns energy when at rest is called the ___.

basal metabolic rate

All of the following are associated with anorexia EXCEPT

binging and purging.

According to famed linguist Noam Chomsky, humans have an innate ability to understand and produce language through a device he called a. Syntax synthesizer (SS) b. Grammar grabber (GG) c. Language Acquisition Device (LAD) d. Language Learning System (LLS)

c. Language Acquisition Device (LAD)

Which of the following statements is CORRECT concerning the concept of gender and dreams? a. Men and women typically dream about similar things. b. Men dream more each night than women. c. Research reports that men and women differ in the things they dream about. d. Women tend to dream twice as much as men.

c. Research reports that men and women differ in the things they dream about.

Imagine that you try to condition someone so that a particular sound elicits a literal "knee jerk response." Which of the following is accurate? a. The initial strike to the knee is the CS. b. The initial knee jerk response is the CR. c. The sound is the CS. d. The anticipation of being struck in the knee is the CSR.

c. The sound is the CS.

Sleep research supports three "helpful hints" to avoid insomnia. Which of the following statements is NOT a helpful hint? a. Don't try too hard to get to sleep. b. Don't take sleeping pills or drink alcohol to help you fall asleep. c. Try to nap as much as possible. d. It is better to go to bed at about the same time every night.

c. Try to nap as much as possible.

If Frank is using a drug that causes addiction in nearly 75% of those who use it, he is probably ingesting a. MDMA b. heroin c. crack d. LSD

c. crack

Memories for general facts and personal information are called __________. a. episodic memory b. procedural memories c. declarative memories d. factual memory

c. declarative memories

According to the activation-synthesis theory of dreaming, the source of a dream is neuronal firing in the ________. a. Broca's area b. cortex c. pons d. optical lobe

c. pons

The Peg word system is a mnemonic device that I taught to you in class. "One is a bun, two is a _____, three is a tree, four is a door, .... a. screw b. flue c. shoe d. mew

c. shoe

According to Gardner there are ________ types of intelligence. a. two b. four c. six d. eight

The correlation between the Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) and standardized measures of intelligence tends to be between _________. a. .2 to .3 b. .4 to .5 c. .5 to .6 d. .7 to .8

The idea that intelligence varied according to g and s factors was proposed by a. Galton. b. Cattell. c. Binet and Simon. d. Spearman.

A circadian cycle is about ________ hours long. a. 1.5 b. 12 c. 6 d. 24

d. 24

A farmer is being troubled by coyotes eating his sheep. In an attempt to solve the problem, he kills a sheep and laces its body with a nausea-inducing drug. He leaves the sheep out where he knows the coyotes roam. He hopes they will learn not to eat the sheep. The farmer is attempting to apply the principle of ________ to accomplish this. a. observational learning b. latent learning c. instrumental conditioning d. conditioned taste aversion

d. conditioned taste aversion

The portion of memory that is more or less permanent is called __________. a. primary memory b. working memory c. eidetic memory d. long-term memory

d. long-term memory

A ________ reinforcer, such as money or praise, gets its value through an association with a ________ reinforcer. a. positive; negative b. primary; secondary c. natural; artificial d. secondary; primary

d. secondary; primary

according to Thomas and Chess, a child that is very irregular in sleeping and eating, resists change, and is negative and loud is labeled a(n) ___ child.

difficult

Brian's therapist has asked him to count backwards from 100 when he starts to feel anxious. This is an example of the _____ technique.

distraction

which of the following is a disorder caused by having an extra chromosome?

down syndrome

The final phase of the sexual response is

resolution

Beck's cognitive therapy focuses on

eliminating illogical and self-defeating thoughts.

Ronnie believes that people are just born smart or not smart, and he thinks of himself as "not smart." As a result, Ronnie doesn't really try all that hard to succeed in school. Dweck would say that Ronnie's achievement motivation is being affected by his ___.

external locus of control

Brad seems to be in a continuous state of anxiety though he is unable to identify the source of his feelings. The most likely diagnosis for Brad is _____ disorder.

generalized anxiety

Oberon has always been fascinated by fire, but he knows that it can be dangerous and sometimes lethal. When he finished high school, he decided to become a firefighter. The job is extremely fulfilling for him. Freud would probably say that Oberon's fascination with fire

has been sublimated into a socially desirable behavior.

Those who adhere to the _____ approach to personality would ask the question: "Can changing your feelings about yourself increase happiness?"

humanistic

in Erikson's crisis of ___, children are developing a sense of competence and self-esteem.

industry versus inferiority

If your roommate acts in a way that is unusual (i.e., deviant) and it interferes with her schoolwork (i.e., dysfunctional), what would you need to know before deciding whether the behavior is abnormal?

nothing more - you have enough information to label her behavior as abnormal

spongelike organ that provides nourishment for the growing baby and filters away waste products is called the ___.

placenta

Transference is useful in the therapeutic situation because it

provides an opportunity to re-create difficult relationships.

A need is to a physiological state as a drive is to a(n) _____ state.

psychological

system of rules for combining words and phrases to make meaningful sentences is called ___.

syntax

The theory of motivation in which the social context of an action has an effect on the type of motivation existing for the action is known as

the self-determination theory

Which of the following describes the cognitive arousal theory?

" I am aroused dues to dangerous cues in my environment; therefore, I must be afraid ."

Vanna's mother is ill and Vanna is feeling overwhelmed and sad. To cope with this stress of her mother's illness, Vanna has been writing her feelings down in a journal. Vanna is using ___________. A) emotion-focused coping B) reappraisal C) problem-focused coping D) distraction

A. Emotion-focused coping

Iram made a New Year's resolution to promote wellness in his life. Which of the following are ways in which he can begin to incorporate wellness into his life? A) exercise regularly B) take on more responsibility at work C) spend more time alone D) eat fatty foods

A. Exercise regularly

Which of the following is the most common method of committing suicide? A) firearm B) hanging C) overdose D) jumping from heights

A. Firearm

A psychologist who studies the extent to which differences between men and women on IQ scores are heritable is using a ___________ approach. a. between-group heritability b. within-group heritability c. deviation IQ d. cumulative deficit

A seven-year-old is asked to imagine he has a third eye, which could be placed anywhere on the body. When asked where he would like to place the extra eye, the seven-year-old is likely to say a. "Between my other two eyes." b. "On my back." c. "In the palm of my hand." d. "In my stomach."

Which of the following is NOT a factor that creates obesity?

a raised metabolism as people age

Catharsis is a term used to describe

a release of emotional tension.

Stereotype threat is defined as anxiety related to the phenomenon known as _____.

a self-fulfilling prophecy

Aaron is a middle-aged physician. He gives back to the community by acting as a mentor to teenagers interested in entering the medical profession. Erikson would say that Aaron is experiencing a. intimacy. b. identity. c. generativity. d. integrity.

Which of the following is the correct term for a fear of pain?

algophobia

Nigel is a contestant on the game show Jeopardy. In order to accurately answer the numerous trivia questions on the show, Nigel will be utilizing his ___________ intelligence. a. general b. crystallized c. practical d. fluid

One popular misconception about middle age is that most men undergo a _______________, characterized by emotional distress about the aging process and attempts to regain their youth. a. empty nest syndrome b. midlife crisis c. sandwich generation d. stagnation

Over the course of development, the absolute size of the head continues to ______________, but grows at a _____________ rate than the torso or legs. a. decrease; slower b. increase; slower c. decrease; faster d. decrease; faster

Physical maturity is most closely related to the onset of which of the following? a. Spermarche b. Menarche c. Androgens d. Secondary sex characteristics

Piaget believed that cognitive change is marked by _______________, which refers to maintaining a balance between our experience in the world and our thoughts about it. a. assimilation b. equilibration c. accommodation d. constructivism

Which of the following may generally be assumed to be true about reliability and validity? a. A test can be valid but unreliable. b. A test can be reliable but invalid. c. A reliable test must be valid. d. A test cannot be unreliable and invalid.

According to Kohlberg, most adolescents are at the _________ level of morality. a. formal conventional b. postconventional c. conventional d. preconventional

According to Lorenz, if newly hatched geese are kept isolated for the first 36 hours after birth, they do not experience _______________, which he suggested as a _______________ for attachment. a. imprinting; sensitive period b. contact comfort; critical period c. imprinting; critical period d. contact comfort; sensitive period

learned ways of controlling displays of emotion in social settings are known as (pg 363)

display rules

A mindful person is characterized by all of the following EXCEPT that he/she

engages in automatic behavior.

Which hormones are responsible for a child's developing as a female during pregnancy?

estrogens

Two years ago, Walter's business went bankrupt. Two months ago, his wife left him. Two days ago, Walter had a nervous breakdown. According to Selye's GAS, Walter is in the _____ stage.

exhaustion

Someone who likes to expose normally clothed parts of the body to unsuspecting and typically unwilling viewers has condition known as

exhibitionism

Female sex organs that are present at birth are called

primary sex characteristics

Which of the following is an element of emotion?(p360)

physical arousal

An advantage of using a heuristic over an algorithm is __________. a. the heuristic insures a correct answer b. the heuristic takes longer and is more accurate c. the heuristic can be quicker d. the heuristic always works the same way

c. the heuristic can be quicker

researchers have found that the human brain ___.

can respond to a threat before it becomes conscious of the threat

Which statement reflects Arthur Jensen's views concerning IQ and preschool enrichment programs? a. Preschool enrichment programs are likely to negatively affect children's IQ scores. b. Preschool enrichment programs can significantly boost children's IQ scores. c. Exceptional teaching strategies can boost children's IQ scores. d. Preschool enrichment programs cannot appreciably boost children's IQ scores.

Which subdivision of the cortex is most active on tasks involving reasoning, planning, and judgment? a. Parietal lobes b. Temporal lobes c. Occipital d. Frontal lobes

Which test of intelligence is used for preschool children? a. WIT-II b. WAIS-IV c. WISC-III d. WPPSI-III

Regarding Heinz's dilemma, a person who decides not to steal the drug for fear of being imprisoned is reasoning at the ________ stage. a. preconventional b. formal conventional c. postconventional d. conventional

Consider the following scenario from Maslow's perspective: William has volunteered to work in a war-torn country to try to improve the lives of the residents there. Assuming that the citizens have enough to eat and drink, what would they be in need of next?

safety

From Maslow's perspective, motivation is primarily the result of

satisfying basic needs before moving to higher needs

According to Vygotsky, giving a child help in the form of asking leading questions and providing examples is called ___.

scaffolding

in the ___ stage of reaction to death and dying, a person may promise to do everything the doctor says if the doctor will say that the person can live a little longer.

bargaining

According to Piaget, what are the two adjustment processes that children use to maintain equilibration? a. Sensorimotor experiences and egocentrism b. Concrete and formal operations c. Accommodation and assimilation d. Object permanence and conservation

The theory of emotion that proposes that physical arousal and cognitive appraisal of stimulus happen simultaneously is know as the (pg 366)

cognitive arousal theory of emotion

The therapy that is based on the assumption that abnormal behavior is due to self-defeating and irrational beliefs is

cognitive therapy.

A study showed that Japanese students associated the subjective emotion of happiness with feelings of friendliness and social engagement. The study demonstrated an aspect of processing emotion in a(n) ___________________ culture.

collectivistic

Mary's baby was born with a smaller than normal head, some facial malformations, and is mentally retarded. Mary most likely ___ during her early pregnancy.

drank alcohol

Psychologists who study personality focus on the

enduring traits and qualities we demonstrate over time.

According to the general adaptation syndrome, possible serious biological damage may occur during the _____ stage.

exhaustion

If the body's all-out effort to combat stress fails and the stress persists, the individual moves into the _____ stage of the GAS.

exhaustion

people who are ___ respond to the anticipation of eating with higher insulin levels.

externals

The desire to avoid an unpleasant consequence is an example of (pg 344)

extrinsic motivation

Mia began a running routine to help her lose weight. Now she runs for the joy of it. Mia has

reached transcendence.

Quesha recently started college, and her freshman orientation includes information on date rape and personal safety. Quesha realizes that she has few, if any, self-defense skills, so if she were attacked she would have no way to fight back. Determined to become more competent, she joins a martial arts club at her university. According to Adler, Quesha is

striving to replace her feelings of inferiority with those of superiority

The widespread increase in the number of individuals taking SSRIs to combat their depression is primarily due to the

reduction in side effects as compared to other antidepressants.

Every time Antony, a 30-year-old architect, experiences hardship, he goes home to his parents to find comfort in his childhood bedroom. What defense mechanism is in play here?

regression

Which of the following is part of the process of systematic desensitization?

relaxation exercises

___ would be the problem in a test that provides a consistent score for some people each time it is administred but yields different scores for other people.

reliability

a test that gives similar scores for a person each time the person takes it is considered to be a ___ test.

reliable

If Sammy scores nearly the same every time he takes a test, we know for sure that the test is

reliable.

according to research, if an older person wants to adjust more positively to aging, he or she should ___.

remain active in some way

what is the first voluntary movement that allows an infant to get from one place to another?

rolling over

The World-Will-End-on-June-7 group got together on June 7 to pray as the world ended. The next day the world did not end. The leader of the group said, "Our prayers saved the world." What process was responsible for the attitude change? A) operant conditioning B) cognitive dissonance. Saying that their prayers saved the world served that purpose. C) classical conditioning D) positive reinforcement

B. Cognitive dissonance. Saying their prayers saved the world served that purpose.

__________ measures the amount of stress in a college student's life over a one-year period resulting from major life events. A) University Students Stress Assessment (USSA) B) College Undergraduate Stress Scale (CUSS) C) College Students New Experiences Assessment Scale (CSNEAS) D) Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS)

B. College Undergraduate Stress Scale (CUSS)

Lisa is the lead actor in a tear-jerking play she spends most of her time on stage "crying." Even though she feels happy and upbeat before the show, she finds that she often feels down after the show. this is an example of which emotional theory?

facial feedback hypothesis

The _______________ is an adaptation of Charles Darwin's theory that when an emotion is expressed freely on the face, the emotion intensifies.(pg 367)

facial feedback hypothesis

Professor Peterson is a psychology professor who taught his class about theories of emotion. He told his class that facial expressions provide feedback to the brain, which in turn intensifies and causes emotions. Professor Peterson taught his class the

facial feedback hypothesis of emotion

While free breakfast and lunches provided at school are an attempt to satisfy one of Maslow's hierarchy of needs, students may still fail to achieve unless they

feel safe at school.

Someone whose focus of sexual interest is an object, such as shoes or underwear, or a part of the body, such as feet, has a condition known as

fetishism

Ann has a spider phobia. During her first therapy session, her therapist plans to expose Ann to live spiders for the whole 50-minute session. Her therapist is going to use the technique called

flooding

Research on delayed gratification indicates that the best way to resist temptation is to

focus on other activities rather than the forbidden activity.

according to Myers, which of the following would NOT lead to increased happiness?

focusing on oneself

knowing that the definition of psychology is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes is an example of a

formal concept

Alex is almost always anxious at school, at home, and even when he is with his friends. Alex is most likely suffering from

generalized anxiety disorder.

crisis of middle adulthood, according to Erikson, is ___.

generativity versus stagnation

Which of the following is NOT important to those who deal with psychological disorders using the psychological approach?

genetics

A cognitive therapist helps a client who suffers from a major depressive disorder by

getting the client to recognize and identify irrational and self-defeating beliefs.

Elizabeth was tested while in grade school and was found to have an IQ of 134. Elizabeth's intelligence level can be labeled as ___.

gifted

You area humanistic therapist. A potential client is unfamiliar with your school of therapy and asks you to sum it up for him. You tell him the primary tenet of humanistic therapy is that

individuals possess self-healing capacities.

Bob decided that he was a bit overweight so he created a new exercise program, something he had never tried before. Though he initially had some difficulty setting it up and sticking with it, he has consistently done his workouts for the last eight months. While it is becoming more habitual, the program is still not yet automatic for him so he reinforces himself with new music CDs each month. Bob is most likely in the _____ stage of the stages of change model.

maintenance

Erica saw her old boyfriend and her heart began to race. According to cognitive theory, is she happy to see him or frightened of him? A. She is frightened because her emotional reaction came before her heart began to race. B. You cannot tell because she is not displaying a basic emotion. C. It depends on how she interprets the situation. D. She must be frightened because her heart began to race before she reacted emotionally.

C. It depends on how she interprets the situation.

You are a psychologist working with a new client, an immigrant from China, who is experiencing adjustment problems due to stress. Which of the following are you first going to consider when assessing your client's ability to cope? A) ability to use biofeedback equipment B) psychological defense mechanisms C) meditative strategies D) cultural background

D. Cultural background

The coping method that involves changing the way you feel or emotionally react to a stressor is known as _________. A) a defense mechanism B) self-focused coping C) problem-focused coping D) emotion-focused coping

D. Emotion-focused coping

What term is used to describe compliance with an initial small request followed by compliance with a larger request? A) polarization phenomenon B) risky shift C) door-in-the-face effect D) foot-in-the-door effect

D. Foot-in-the-door effect

Jaime enjoys sexual activity with his partner. However, he cannot reach an orgasm during sexual intercourse even though fully aroused. Jaime is suffering from

male orgasmic disorder

Pepe moved from Argentina to France. He chose not to learn to speak and write French, continues to maintain his old culture's styles of dress and customs, and lives in a neighborhood where only people from Argentina live. Pepe has used which method of entering the majority culture? A) marginalization B) assimilation C) integration D) separation

D. Separation

People with a good _________are less likely to die from illness or injuries than those without it. A) camaraderie B) occupation C) income D) social support system

D. Social support system

Events that cause a stress reaction are referred to as _____________. A) eustresses B) catastrophies C) hassles D) stressors

D. Stressors

Which statement correctly characterizes one aspect of Stanley Milgram's study of obedience? A) Participants were shocked when they made errors in reciting word pairs. B) Participants in the study were randomly assigned to be teachers or learners. C) A learner and the teacher sat side by side across from the shock machine. D) Subjects were shown an ominous-looking shock machine that was marked 0 to 450 volts.

D. Subjects were shown an ominous-looking shock machine that was marked 0 to 450 volts

After watching an episode of the Dr. Phil TV show, Shanae wonders why anyone would want to air their interpersonal dirty laundry in front of 70 million viewers. Shanae is most likely wondering about the _____ of Dr. Phil's Guests.

motivation

When watching an infomercial offering the latest and greatest in laundry soap products the pitchman continually asks how much you'd be willing to pay, but immediately after telling you the price he yells, "plus, if you act now, we'll double your order absolutely free!" This is a classic example of the _____________ technique. A) door-in-the-face B) lowballing C) order-now D) that's-not-all

D. That's-not-all

After agreeing to Nat's request to share her lecture notes from one class, Maria now agrees to Nat's request to share her notes from three classes. This example illustrates the ________technique.

Foot in the door

grammar includes all but which of the following aspects of language?

tone

According to humanistic theory, a child who receives _____ from her parents is likely to avoid the problems associated with _____.

unconditional positive regard; conditions of worth

An effective way to strategize your organization of subgoals is to

work backward in your planning.

Which of the following individuals is most at risk for developing anorexia nervosa?

Jill is 17 and lives in the suburbs

Short-term memory has a _____ capacity than sensory memory and a _____ duration.

More limited; longer

Which axis on the DSM-IV addresses the current level of functioning of the individual who has been diagnosed with a mental disorder?

V (five)

Darla is 4 years old. The intelligence test that would most likely be used to determine her IQ is the ___.

WPPSI-III

Formal operational thinking is likely required to successfully resolve Erikson's a. identity versus role confusion crisis. b. initiative versus guilt crisis. c. autonomy versus shame and doubt crisis. d. trust versus mistrust crisis.

Gail has just turned 53 and is beginning menopause. Gail is likely to begin experiencing a. hot flashes. b. depression. c. a significant loss of appetite. d. a significant loss of physical energy.

General findings concerning gender differences and IQ scores reveal that a. women tend to score higher on verbal tasks than men. b. women tend to score higher on geographical tasks than men. c. women tend to score higher on advanced math reasoning tasks than do men. d. women tend to score higher on spatial ability tasks than men.

Identical twins have IQ correlations around .7, whereas fraternal twins have IQ correlations of about .3. What do these correlations suggest? a. Identical twins have very similar IQs while fraternal twins do not. b. Neither identical twins or fraternal twins have very similar IQs. c. Fraternal twins have very similar IQs while identical twins do not. d. Both identical twins and fraternal twins have similar IQs.

If asked whether standardized tests predict grades, what would the authors of your text argue? a. Yes, if we measure a full range of scores. b. No, unless we measure a restricted range of scores. c. Yes, if we only measure a restricted range of scores. d. No, if we measure a full range of scores.

If little Timmy is given an object permanence task where his response is not reliant on physical coordination, research suggests that he should demonstrate an understanding of object permanence by a. around 5 months old. b. around 8 months old. c. around 12 months old. d. around 16 months old.

In 1996 Alberta resident Leilani Muir was awarded almost $750,000 in damages after she sued the Alberta government for their order to ________ due to what they believed was feeble-mindedness. a. sterilize her b. deny her entry to junior college c. deny her entry to university d. terminate her from high-security government work

Infant reflexes are a. innate involuntary behaviour patterns. b. voluntary behaviour patterns. c. learned. d. not used as a means for survival.

It was originally believed that women were worse drivers than men, but people failed to consider certain confounds. Results now show that men get into _______ accidents compared to women. a. 70% more b. 40% more c. 70% fewer d. 40% fewer

Ivie and Ray's (1990) study tracked female graduates in various academic disciplines over 35 years. Each of the disciplines increased over that time, except one that increased sharply, and then decreased. Which discipline is that? a. Computer science b. Engineering c. Mathematics d. Physics

Jane is 22 years old. For her job, she needs to take an intelligence test. Which would be the most appropriate test for her age group? a. WAIS-IV b. WISC-III c. WPPSI-R d. DSM-IVR

Jean Piaget is best known for his pioneering work in the area of ________ development. a. cognitive b. social c. identity d. psychosocial

Jeremy is 17 years old. According to Erikson, his chief task will be acquiring a sense of a. identity. b. initiative. c. autonomy. d. trust.

Jordan is a 10-year-old boy who has a mental age of 8 years. His IQ would be ________. a. 80 b. 100 c. 125 d. 140

Like any 4-month-old, Amy depends on her parents to feed her and to change her diapers. When Amy cries, her devoted parents quickly respond to her needs. According to Erikson, Amy is developing a sense of a. trust. b. mistrust. c. autonomy. d. initiative.

Many items on a "culture-fair" test require the use of a. nonverbal abilities such as rotating objects. b. verbal knowledge. c. musical knowledge. d. knowledge of major world historical figures.

Marcos, a geology professor, has always been fascinated by the study of fossils, shells, and rock formations. According to Gardner, Marcos is strong in the area of ________ intelligence. a. naturalistic b. kinesthetic c. logical d. spatial

Measuring intelligence by testing is a rather new concept in the history of the world. The idea of such testing came from a. France. b. the United States. c. the United Kingdom. d. the Soviet Union.

Older adults perform ___________ on most _____________ tests than do younger adults. a. better; vocabulary and knowledge b. better; free recall c. worse; recognition memory d. worse; problem solving

On a newly developed IQ test, an individual scores at the 110 level on the first half of the test, and 150 on the second half of the test. What does this test appear to lack? a. Reliability b. Standardization c. Predictive validity d. Appropriate norms

Regarding Spearman, Gardner, and Sternberg's theories, which statement is true? a. Gardner's interpersonal intelligence is related to Sternberg's practical intelligence. b. Gardner's linguistic intelligence is related to Spearman's g. c. Gardner's bodily-kinesthetic intelligence is related to Sternberg's analytical intelligence. d. Gardner's intrapersonal intelligence is related to Sternberg's creative intelligence.

Research has demonstrated that above a certain high level of IQ, intelligence is no longer predictive of important real-world accomplishments. Psychologists call this ______________. a. the threshold effect b. a negatively skewed distribution c. deviation IQ d. a restriction of range

Sam and Julie each scored 110 on the WAIS. Based on their scores, which is true? a. Two people with the same IQ score could have very different abilities. b. If Sam scored high in comprehension, then Julie scored high in comprehension. c. Two people with the same IQ score should have the same abilities. d. If Sam scored high in math, then Julie scored high in math.

Sarah has developed a sucking scheme as a way of understanding objects around her. Sarah's behaviour of sucking on a harmonica to make music is an example of a. assimilation. b. conservation. c. equilibration. d. accommodation.

Some research on brain activity and intelligence has demonstrated that participants with higher levels of intelligence exhibited ___________ brain activity than participants of lower levels of intelligence. a. less b. the same amount of c. more d. differentiated

Stephanie's friends describe her as someone who has the uncanny ability to say the right thing at the right time whenever someone is in need. According to Gardner, Stephanie's skills may reflect a type of ________ intelligence. a. interpersonal b. naturalistic c. intrapersonal d. emotional

Sternberg has found that __________ intelligence is a good predictor of success in life but has a low relationship to ___________ intelligence. a. practical; analytical b. practical; creative c. analytical; practical d. academic; creative

The belief that children will have increased cognitive abilities if their parents play classical music for them during infancy reflects a. a pro-nurture perspective. b. a belief that genes set limits on cognitive ability. c. a pro-nature perspective. d. a belief that cognitive ability is genetically determined.

The correlation of IQ measured at 6 months old with adult IQ is about a. .00. b. .20. c. .45. d. .70.

For Freud, the moral guardian of personality is the ______.

Superego

Concerning the historical misuses of IQ testing, which of the following is true? a. Women tended to outscore men on IQ tests during the early 1900s. b. Immigrants scoring low on IQ tests usually did so because of a lack of familiarity with the English language. c. A majority of immigrants who were given IQ tests tended to score in the average to above-average range. d. IQ tests given to immigrants in the early 1900s were valid measures of intelligence.

Concluding that the results of the Strange Situation Test determine an infant's attachment is associated with a. high reliability. b. the mono-operation bias. c. the confirmation bias. d. a lack of falsifiability.

Dallas is a 10-year-old boy who has a mental age of 10 years. His IQ would be ___________. a. 80 b. 100 c. 115 d. 130

Decades of research on parenting styles has indicated that a. social development of children can suffer if they have genetic predispositions toward problem behaviours that cannot be corrected by parenting styles. b. if parents provide their children with the average expectable environment, then most of their children will probably turn out just fine. c. authoritative parenting styles are associated with the most successful attachments, temperaments, and well-adjusted children that are social and emotionally healthy into adulthood. d. the most appropriate parenting style to use may vary according to the temperament of the child, and should all vary in levels of permissiveness, authoritarianism, and authoritativeness.

Dr. Aragio is a pediatrician and is constantly advising parents to carefully monitor the experiences their children have within the first three years of life, as these are the most crucial in their psychological and physical development. Which view of development is consistent with Dr. Aragio's advice? a. Childhood fragility b. Infant determinism c. Resiliency hypothesis d. Constructivism

Dr. Brady studies parenting practices and childhood dispositions. He has found a relationship between the two variables, and concludes that if parents treat their children with warmth and care, then their children will be well-adjusted and emotionally healthy. What problem would be associated with Dr. Brady's conclusion? a. The post hoc fallacy b. Bidirectional influences c. Cohort effects d. Confirmation bias

Each of the 10 children born to Ernest and Elvira Orangeburg has been born with red hair. Each child is also very intelligent and athletic. The Orangeburg's are expecting an 11th child, who is also likely to be born with the same traits according to ______________ as evidenced in the _____________________. a. nurture; nature versus nurture controversy b. nature; nature versus nurture controversy c. environmental factors; conception theory d. teratogens; conception theory

Emily and her husband are thrilled as they peer into Emily's uterus by means of an ultrasound. The physician reports that the pregnancy appears normal, and that their baby's fingers, toes, heart, and circulatory system are developing as expected. The couple learns that the baby is only 2 cm long. Given this information, the current stage of prenatal development is the a. fetal stage. b. embryonic stage. c. placental stage. d. germinal stage.

Empty nest researchers have found that a. most empty nesters are men who experience a period of depression after their children leave home. b. most empty nesters experience an increase in life satisfaction after their children leave home. c. women are less likely than men to experience depression after their children leave home. d. women are more likely than men to experience depression after their children leave home.

Erik Erikson saw the major challenge of middle adulthood as that of a. initiative versus guilt. b. generativity versus stagnation. c. ego integrity versus despair. d. intimacy versus isolation.

Gardner argued that _____________ provide support for his concept of multiple intelligences. a. blind persons b. autistic savants c. schizophrenia patients d. twin studies

Harlow's study of infant rhesus monkeys showed that a. early imprinting led to the strongest attachments of monkeys to their surrogate mothers. b. surrogate mothers who were soft to the touch but did not provide food and water produced the strongest attachment responses. c. surrogate mothers who were inconsistent in providing food and water produced the weakest attachment responses. d. surrogate mothers who were cold to the touch but provided food and water produced the strongest attachment responses.

Having a high IQ doesn't always guarantee success. In fact, exceptional career success in music or sports is best predicted by ____________. a. being goal oriented b. practice c. genetics d. giftedness classifications

The expressed purpose of the eugenics movement was to a. improve a population's genetic stock by implementing sterilization plans for those of low IQ to prevent them from breeding. b. improve a population's genetic stock by way of delivering increased educational training for those with high IQs. c. improve a population's genetic stock by way of delivering increased educational training for those with low IQs. d. improve a population's genetic stock by way of providing those with low IQ increased access to higher education.

The expression of a person's IQ relative to his or her same-aged peers is called _______ IQ. a. deviation b. variant c. comparative d. validity

The extent to which the variability of a trait among groups is genetically influenced is referred to as a. between-group heritability. b. among-group heritability. c. cross-group heritability. d. within-group heritability.

The local health department of a small town has hired a research firm to study the development of cancer in residents in the town due to a suspected cancer-causing agent and environmental pollution. The researcher will compare data on participants at age 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, etc., to see if there are increasing rates of cancer in the town. This type of research study is called a a. longitudinal design. b. cross-sectional design. c. cohort research design. d. correlational research design.

The rooting reflex refers to a newborn's tendency to a. open the mouth to seek food when touched on the cheek. b. close the eyes when startled by loud noises. c. cry when approached by unfamiliar people. d. stand up and attempt to walk when placed on the knees.

The size of the head, in proportion to the rest of the body, is about _____ percent of the total height when an individual is 26 years old. a. 15 b. 20 c. 25 d. 30

Tom is a relatively reserved individual who does not like to take risks. While in university, he does not like to take classes that he isn't sure he can do well at, as he believes he is stupid when he gets poor grades and ends up dropping those classes because he can't change his grades. Tom likely believes that intelligence is a. a fixed entity. b. a flexible process. c. different for certain types of classes. d. the by-product of sensory capacity.

What can be accurately said about the relationship between schooling and intelligence? a. Educated people have more neural connections than less-educated people. b. Only children with high IQ scores enjoy and flourish in schools. c. Success in school involves more practical and creative intelligence. d. The duration of schooling is unrelated to IQ scores.

What is the sequence of stages of moral development as identified by Lawrence Kohlberg? a. Preconventional, conventional, postconventional b. Preoperational, postoperational, world view c. Preconventional, postconventional, conventional d. Concrete operational, formal operational, autonomous

What percentage of children could be classified as behaviourally inhibited? a. 10 b. 15 c. 25 d. 40

What psychological disorder did the Genain quadruplets all have? a. Schizophrenia b. Autism c. Learning disabilities d. Bipolar disorder

When attempting to understand developmental transitions that people face throughout their life span, which of the following research designs would be most informative? a. Longitudinal design b. Cross-sectional design c. Cohort research design d. Correlational research design

When her older brother hides behind the sofa, Carmen looks behind the sofa to find him. Carmen has developed a. object permanence. b. equilibration. c. assimilation. d. conservation.

Which category of severity affects approximately 85 percent of those diagnosed with an intellectual disability? a. Mild b. Moderate c. Severe d. Profound

Which is an example of a secondary sex characteristic? a. Voice change b. Ovaries c. Sperm d. Genitals

Which of Jean Piaget's stages of cognitive development is characterized by abstract thinking and the creation of theories? a. Formal operational b. Preoperational c. Sensorimotor d. Concrete operational

Which of the following describes the main reason for using the deviation IQ formula instead of Stern's MA/CA × 100 formula to represent IQ scores? a. A 90-year-old would not likely be able to achieve an IQ of 100 using Stern's formula. b. The older you are, the higher your IQ score will be according to Stern's formula. c. Stern's formula underpredicts IQ scores for those under 20 years old. d. Stern's formula is more difficult to calculate.

Which of the following examples describes a test that has low validity? a. A teacher uses a multiple choice test to measure public speaking ability. b. A teacher uses a presentation grade to measure public speaking ability. c. A teacher administers a test twice and finds that students' scores are not correlated. d. A teacher administers a test twice and finds that students' scores are correlated.

Which of the following examples would be associated with the lowest IQ based on research concerning birth order and intelligence? a. Jon, the third oldest of 5 siblings. b. Martin, the youngest of 3 siblings. c. Sam, the oldest of 4 siblings. d. Carl, the youngest of 4 siblings.

Which of the following individuals would Stern's formula for calculating IQ provide the best estimate of intelligence? a. 7- year old Lisa b. 17-year old Raj c. 24-year old Sienna d. 45-year old Don

Which of the following is a desirable characteristic of culture-fair tests? a. They should minimize or eliminate the use of language. b. They should not attempt to measure intelligence. c. They should be composed of items that vary from culture to culture. d. They should measure values based on a person's cultural background.

Which of the following is a main disadvantage of the cross-sectional design? a. Individuals of different ages are being compared to one another. b. It is relatively expensive. c. It takes a longer amount of time than a longitudinal study. d. Participants may drop out due to moving, loss of interest, or death.

Which of the following is an example of "stereotype threat"? a. Julie becomes anxious when told that women perform worse than men on standardized math tests and even though she is a gifted mathematician, she performs below average on the SAT math section. b. Julie becomes anxious when told that women perform worse than men on standardized math tests, but she uses this as incentive to earn a high score on the SAT math section. c. Julie is told that women perform worse than men on standardized math tests, but her preparation for the test allows her to earn a high score on the SAT math section. d. Julie is told that women perform worse than men on standardized math tests, but she ignores this information and earns a high score on the SAT math section.

Which of the following parenting styles is associated with the most favourable outcomes for children? a. Authoritative b. Permissive c. Authoritarian d. Uninvolved

Which of the following reduces the value of twin studies as evidence for the role of heredity in determining IQ? a. Children tend to be adopted by people who are fairly similar to their natural parents. b. There have been so many studies of pairs of identical twins who were separated at birth that the results are unclear. c. Identical twins do not share the same prenatal environment. d. Identical twins who were not reared together usually have very different IQ scores.

Which of the following research designs would be least effective in exploring the cognitive developmental issues facing 7-year-olds? a. Case study research design b. Cohort research design c. Correlational research design d. Cross-sectional research design

Which of the following statements about racial differences in IQ is false? a. The variability within any given race tends to be much smaller than the variability between races. b. Differences among races may be narrowing over the decades. c. Racial differences are largely or entirely environmental in origin. d. When matched for socioeconomic, demographic and health variables, there are no racial differences.

Which of the following statements about temperament is accurate? a. Temperament reflects basic emotional styles, is early appearing, and largely genetic in origin. b. Temperament is an extension of our personality and is shaped by our early attachment experiences. c. Temperament develops by the age of around 2, when infants have learned a consistent way of responding to situations. d. Temperaments are environmentally determined and difficult to change once established.

Which of the following statements is representative of Vygotsky's approach to learning? a. One's course of cognitive development can be significantly influenced by instructional style and scaffolding. b. All children pass through the same cognitive developmental stages at similar points in time. c. One's course of cognitive development is genetically fixed and cannot be significantly influenced by social factors. d. To prevent frustration, children should be presented with tasks that they can fully complete unaided.

Which of the following statements is true about Terman's longitudinal study of gifted children? a. The same children were followed over the length of their life span, and some are still being followed today. b. Gifted people of different ages were all studied at once and their personal values compared. c. The gifted were found to be socially awkward and had little social success in life. d. None of these

Which of the following terms is used to describe any substance, such as a drug, chemical, or virus that can bring about a birth defect? a. Teratogen b. Critical period c. Carcinogen d. Biohazard

Which of the following theorists would most likely disagree with the ideals of the eugenics movement? a. Gardner b. Goddard c. Galton d. Darwin

Which of these is an element of the formal definition of intellectual disability? a. IQ below 70 b. evidence of brain damage c. slower than normal reflexes d. onset of deficits prior to age 6

Which of these is an element of the formal definition of intellectual disability? a. Inadequate adaptive functioning b. Evidence of brain damage c. Slower than normal reflexes d. Onset of deficits prior to age 6

Which theorist stated that "intelligence is whatever intelligence tests measure"? a. Edwin Boring b. Sir Francis Galton c. Alfred Binet d. Charles Spearman

Which type of thought does not begin until the stage of formal operational thought? a. Thinking about what is possible b. Thinking about what is logical c. Thinking about whether an object exists when it is out of sight d. Thinking about only one feature of an object rather than taking all features into consideration

______________ refers to the value of each person's IQ relative to the norms for his or her age group. a. Deviation IQ b. Mental age c. Metacognitive level d. Intelligence quotient

________refers to heredity and __________ refers to environmental influences. a. Nature; nurture b. Cognition; emotion c. Nurture; behavioural genetics d. Cross-sectional; longitudinal

Which of the following is an example of a social component of hunger?

a girl feels lonely so she eats an extra helping of dessert to cheer herself up

Social desirability is

a major problem with self-report assessments.

a. Children tend to be adopted by people who are fairly similar to their natural parents.

Which of the following statements is true about behavior modification? a. It involves the process of shaping. b. It is useful only for teaching autistic children. c. It is different from behavior modification. d. It cannot be used with animals.

a. It involves the process of shaping.

An expert on parenting is addressing parents at the local grade school. When the topic of punishment is discussed, what is one outcome of punishment the expert is likely to note for the parents to consider? a. Punishment can also lead to the child acting aggressively. b. Punished children tend to do really well in school. c. Punishment motivates the child to focus on schoolwork. d. Punishment tends to increase the number of nightmares experienced.

a. Punishment can also lead to the child acting aggressively.

Concepts are ideas that represent __________. a. a class or category of objects, events, or activities b. patterns of behavior c. higher-order conditioning and secondary reinforcers d. none of these

a. a class or category of objects, events, or activities

A test is said to be reliable if __________. a. a person's score on a test is pretty much the same every time he or she takes it b. it contains an adequate sample of the skills it is supposed to measure c. its results agree with a more direct measure of what the test is designed to predict d. it is culture-fair

a. a person's score on a test is pretty much the same every time he or she takes it

Most standardized tests of intelligence have a distribution of scores that __________. a. follows the normal curve b. has a positive skew c. has a negative skew d. appears bimodal with two peaks of high frequency

a. follows the normal curve

How many morphemes are there in the sentence "I predicted it"? a. four b. six c. five d. seven

a. four

Melatonin is a ________. a. hormone b. sleeping pill c. depressant d. stimulant

a. hormone

REM behavior disorder most commonly occurs ________. a. in men over 60 b. in women under 60 c. in children d. among the poor

a. in men over 60

What has occurred when there is a decrease in the likelihood or rate of a target response? a. punishment b. positive reinforcement c. negative reinforcement d. positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement

a. punishment

A negative reinforcer is a stimulus that is ________ and, thus ________ the probability of a response. a. removed; increases b. removed; decreases c. presented; increases d. presented; decreases

a. removed; increases

According to this theory, sleep is necessary for growth and repair of the body. a. restorative theory b. adaptive theory c. psychoanalytic theory d. dream theory

a. restorative theory

The duration of iconic memory is __________ than echoic memory, but iconic's capacity is probably __________. a. shorter; larger b. longer; larger c. longer; about the same d. shorter; about the same

a. shorter; larger

In Schachter and Singer's classic study, participants who were exposed to the "angry" man interpreted their physiological arousal as ___, whereas those who were exposed to the "happy" man interpreted their arousal as ___.

angry; happy

When Ginny's mother looks at her, she sees a bone thin person. When Ginny looks at herself in the mirror, she sees a person who could stand to lose a few more pounds. Ginny is most likely suffering from

anorexia nervosa.

in the ___ approach, people are said to have an otimal level of tension.

arousal

Which of the following culture-bound disorders is most commonly seen in Latin America?

ataque de nervios

According to Erikson, if a middle-aged person is unable to focus outward and is still dealing with issues of intimacy or even identity, that person is experiencing a. generativity. b. stagnation. c. ego integrity. d. despair.

According to Piaget's ideas regarding moral development, the ______________ stage is to subjective responsibility as the ______________ stage is to objective responsibility. a. concrete operations; formal operations b. formal operations; concrete operations c. preoperational; concrete operations d. formal operations; preoperational

As part of a smoking cessation program, Paul receives an injection of a nausea-inducing drug and then is asked to smoke a cigarette. Even though he knows he is receiving the drug, it is hoped that Paul will associate the nausea symptoms with smoking and will thus smoke less. This example best demonstrates the procedures typically used in

aversion therapy.

If a therapist gives Henry, who is suffering from alcoholism, a drink laced with a nausea-inducing drug so that he will become ill after drinking the alcohol, the therapist is using

aversive conditioning.

Which of the following BEST describes the psychoanalytic notion of resistance?

avoidance

A psychologist who studies the extent to which a trait, such as IQ, is heritable among a group of women is using a ___________ approach. a. between-group heritability b. within-group heritability c. deviation IQ d. cumulative deficit

According to Piaget, ___________ represents the beginning of the child's language development and symbolic thought. a. conservation b. object permanence c. centration d. egocentrism

According to Piaget, egocentrism is to ________ as conservation is to ________. a. preoperations; formal operations b. preoperations; concrete operations c. formal operations; preoperations d. concrete operations; formal operations

According to Piaget, one's level of moral development is linked to one's level of a. social development. b. cognitive development. c. intelligence. d. emotional development.

According to Piaget, the stage of cognitive development between 2 and 7 years of age, in which the child learns to use language as a means of exploring the world, is the ______ stage. a. formal operational b. preoperational c. sensorimotor d. concrete operational

According to Robert Sternberg, ____________ is the ability to deal with new and different concepts and to come up with new ways of solving problems (divergent thinking, in other words). a. analytical intelligence b. creative intelligence c. practical intelligence d. exponential intelligence

According to Sternberg's theory, which statement is TRUE? a. Practical intelligence involves our ability to use original thinking to solve problems. b. Analytical intelligence is similar to Spearman's g factor of intelligence. c. Practical intelligence is similar to Gardner's naturalistic intelligence. d. Creative intelligence is similar to crystallized intelligence.

According to Vygotsky, which of these is a key factor in a child's cognitive development? a. Balanced diet b. Social interactions c. Genetic endowment d. Successful resolution of psychosocial crises

Alfred Binet designed the first ______ test. a. aptitude b. intelligence c. achievement d. perception

Allison is a new mother, and notices that when she gently touches her daughter's cheek, she opens her mouth and tries to suck on Allison's finger. This reflex is called the a. sucking reflex. b. rooting reflex. c. babkin reflex. d. moro reflex.

An inability to perform conservation tasks is associated with the _____________ stage, whereas children lacking in object permanence would be in the _____________ stage. a. concrete operational; preoperational b. preoperational; sensorimotor c. sensorimotor; concrete operational d. formal operational; preoperational

Arthur is 95 years old. He has developed many health difficulties with advanced aging, but still plays billiards regularly, goes for coffee with his friends, and likes to play cards and cook. Which of the following would be true in relation to Arthur's aging? a. Arthur's biological age is lower than his functional age. b. Arthur's functional age is well below his chronological age. c. Arthur's functional age is much greater than his social age. d. Arthur's psychological age is well above his chronological age.

At five years old, Sammy is better able to understand his friends' feelings as compared to when he was three years old. Sammy is acquiring a a. sense of self-reflection. b. theory of mind. c. sense of identity. d. self-concept.

At what point in a pregnancy has the heart begun to beat in the developing child? a. By 18 days after fertilization b. By the ninth week c. By the second trimester d. At the moment of birth

At what stage of moral development is moral thought guided by principles that have been decided upon by the individual and may be in disagreement with accepted social norms? a. Formal conventional b. Postconventional c. Conventional d. Preconventional

Authoritarian parents are ________ disciplinarians and they are ________ with punishment. a. strict; slow b. strict; quick c. lenient; slow d. lenient; quick

Binet and Simon's intelligence test did not include ________ items as a subtest area. a. verbal comprehension b. object assembly c. short-term memory d. vocabulary

Both infants and adults may hold misconceptions about the behaviour of physical objects in the world. This is known as ______________. a. object impermanence b. naïve physics c. personal fables d. theory of mind

Carla's parents have been pleased at what a happy baby she has been around any adult, but start to become concerned when at around 8 months old, Carla begins to cry and become upset when others try to play with her. According to this example, Carla is most likely reacting this way due to _____________. a. imprinting b. stranger anxiety c. attachment formation d. critical periods

Mary Ainsworth observed that securely attached infants a. do not seem to care when the mother leaves the room and do not seek her out on her return. b. protest loudly when the mother leaves but resist contact with her when she returns. c. cry if the mother leaves the room, are easily soothed, and welcome her back when she returns. d. are not concerned upon separation but cry to be picked up and held on her return.

Mild forms of intellectual disability are typically due to a. rare genetic mutations. b. psychological and emotional factors. c. genetic and environmental influences. d. accidents during birth.

Miss Johnson gave Mark and Tia equal sized lumps of clay. Tia immediately rolled hers into a long shape. Mark cried and complained that Tia had received more clay. Mark's behaviour represents a. difficulty with formal operational tasks. b. an inability to accommodate. c. an inability to conserve. d. an inability to assimilate.

Most standardized tests of intelligence have a distribution of scores that a. follows the normal curve. b. has a positive skew. c. has a negative skew. d. appears bimodal with two peaks of high frequency.

Older adults who look back on their lives with regrets, wishing they could relive their lives, have not successfully resolved Erikson's psychosocial crisis of a. initiative versus guilt. b. generativity versus stagnation. c. ego integrity versus despair. d. intimacy versus isolation.

One potential confound in adoption studies is _______, wherein adoption agencies frequently place children in homes similar to those of their biological parents. a. adoptive precedent b. adoptive mandate c. selective placement d. restrictive placement

Piaget acknowledged that some children progressed more in one cognitive domain than another, a phenomenon he called _____________. a. cross-stage progression b. perioperational c. horizontal décalage d. multimodal cognition

Piaget's theory applies to such topics as a. predicting cognitive developmental gains in college students. b. exploring gender differences in cognitive development. c. creating lesson plans for first grade students. d. designing high school curricula for gifted and talented students.

Regarding IQ similarities between parents and adopted children, which findings are most common? a. Biological parents do not tend to have much influence on their children's IQs. b. Over time, the IQs of adopted children are more similar to their adoptive parents than their biological parents. c. Over time, the IQs of adopted children are more similar to their biological parents than their adoptive parents. d. Adoptive parents do not tend to have much influence on their children's IQs.

Regarding bell curve assumptions, which of the following is true? a. About 5% of the population will achieve an IQ test score above 150. b. About 15% of the population will achieve an IQ test score above 150. c. About 2% of the population will achieve an IQ test score above 150. d. About 10% of the population will achieve an IQ test score above 150.

Regarding the historical misuses of IQ testing in the United States, which is TRUE? a. Most European immigrants were considered geniuses based on their IQ scores. b. Most European immigrants scored in the average range of IQ scores. c. Most European immigrants were considered mentally retarded based on their IQ scores. d. Most European immigrants were intellectually deficient and scored low on IQ tests.

The period of five to ten years during which a woman's reproductive system begins to decline is called a. climacteric. b. perimenopause. c. menopause. d. postmenopause.

The scientific study of the changes that occur in people as they age from conception to death is called a. abnormal psychology. b. gerontology. c. human development. d. maturational studies.

The term Terman's "Termites" refers to a. a set of developmentally delayed students that Terman studied intensively. b. a group of Army soldiers who on the basis of their IQ were followed through their military career. c. a sample of gifted children who were studied and followed into adulthood. d. none of these.

Theories of cognitive development can be differentiated based on all of the following except a. whether development was stagelike or continuous. b. what was proposed as the principle source of learning. c. whether changes resulted from environmental or genetic influences. d. whether developmental accounts were domain-general or domain-specific.

What did Terman's groundbreaking study of gifted children accomplish? a. It put to rest the myths that existed about genius in the early part of the twentieth century. b. It proved that gifted children and adults are more prone to mental illnesses or odd behaviour than other groups. c. It contradicted the idea that child prodigies "burn out" in adulthood. d. It demonstrated genius is the only factor that influences real success in life.

What hormone may be linked to variations in verbal ability? a. Testosterone b. Progesterone c. Estrogen d. Vasopressin

Which of the following is true concerning "twin study" research findings? a. Fraternal twins have more similar IQ scores than identical twins. b. Identical twins and fraternal twins share similarly high IQ correlations. c. Identical twins have more similar IQ scores than fraternal twins. d. Identical twins raised together have less similar scores than identical twins raised apart.

Research investigating the causes of gender differences in behaviour suggests that a. during infancy there are no gender differences between the toy preferences of boys and girls. b. females exposed to excessive levels of testosterone during birth tend to dislike rough and tumble play. c. no gender differences have been found between the toy preferences of male and female monkeys. d. females exposed to excessive levels of testosterone during birth tend to enjoy rough and tumble play.

Which of the following is CORRECT concerning REM deprivation? a. REM deprivation results in long-term mental illness. b. REM deprivation only occurs among the elderly. c. REM deprivation leads to increased amounts of REM sleep on subsequent nights of sleep. d. REM deprivation can lead to visual impairments.

c. REM deprivation leads to increased amounts of REM sleep on subsequent nights of sleep.

Godden and Baddeley found that if you study on land, you do better when tested on land, and if you study underwater, you do better when tested underwater. This finding is an example of __________. a. memorability b. registered learning c. encoding specificity d. accessible decoding

c. encoding specificity

A man known as H. M. lost the ability to form new memories after an operation removed portions of his __________. a. cortex and medulla b. cerebellum and pons c. hippocampus d. hypothalamus and thalamus

c. hippocampus

Shaquin finished his term paper and handed it in. As he walked out of the classroom, he realized that there were a few more things he should have included in the paper. Shaquin's problem is the __________ component of memory. a. encoding b. storage c. retrieval d. retention

c. retrieval

If the EEG record reveals evidence of sleep spindles, you are likely to conclude that the sleeping person is in which stage of sleep? a. REM b. stage 1 c. stage 2 d. stage 4

c. stage 2

Someone a short distance away, to whom you have been paying no attention, quietly speaks your name, and suddenly you attend to that person. This is an example of __________. a. Broadbent's process of selective memory b. the phi phenomenon c. the cocktail party effect d. cue-controlled inhibition

c. the cocktail party effect

Pete's therapist says, "Don't say you will never fall in love again, say it will be difficult to learn to trust someone again." The therapist is utilizing _____ in his efforts to help Pete.

cognitive restructuring

In the ___ theory of emotion, the most important aspect of an emotional experience is the interpretation, or appraisal, of the stimulus.

cognitive-mediational

According to Jung, the deepest, impersonal layer of the conscious mind that is shared by all humans is called the

collective unconscious.

in a ___ design, several different age groups of participants are studied at one time.

cross-sectional

when a test allows a person from one particular background to have an unfair advantage over persons from other backgrounds, it is called ___.

culturally biased

A fertilized cell is called a(n) ______________ when it consists of identical cells that have not begun to take on specific functions, and a(n) ______________ once the cells begin to differentiate and form bodily structures and organs. a. zygote; embryo b. blastocyst; fetus c. embryo; fetus d. blastocyst; embryo

A person who breeds and trains race horses is likely to a. practise negative eugenics. b. promote voluntary sterilization plans. c. promote involuntary sterilization plans. d. practise positive eugenics.

A question asking why people pay taxes would fall under which subscale area of the WAIS? a. Evaluation b. Information c. Vocabulary d. Comprehension

A researcher has studied a group of patients who have a rare terminal type of cancer, and has found that they all were regular cranberry juice drinkers. He concluded that drinking cranberry juice led to the development of the rare cancer. In this case, the researcher has most likely made an error in judgment due to a. bidirectional influences. b. the availability heuristic. c. cohort effects. d. the post hoc fallacy.

A test that is classified as a "valid" measure is one that a. allows for comparison across groups of people. b. produces both repeatable scores and measures what it is intended to measure. c. produces repeatable scores over time. d. measures what it is intended to measure.

According to Erikson, an emotional and psychological closeness that is based on the ability to trust, share, and care, while still maintaining one's sense of self, is called a. bonding. b. attraction. c. attachment. d. intimacy.

According to Kohlberg, behaviour motivated by the avoidance of punishment represents ________ morality. a. formal conventional b. postconventional c. conventional d. preconventional

According to Piaget, equilibration involves the processes of a. conservation and scaffolding. b. maturation and conservation. c. egocentrism and constructivism. d. assimilation and accommodation.

According to Piaget, students begin to successfully complete division and multiplication problems during the ________ stage. a. formal operations b. sensorimotor c. preoperational d. concrete operations

According to Spearman, it is one's ________ intelligence that produces the positive correlations found between math, reading scores, and visual perception tests. a. crystallized b. fluid c. emotional d. general

According to Vygotsky, cognitive development results from a. genetics. b. biological maturation. c. innate intelligence. d. scaffolding.

After being referred for testing, Angela scored 102 on an IQ test. Angela is now likely to a. be given accommodations due to her low test scores. b. be placed in a special education class. c. be placed in a gifted and talented program. d. be left with no special placement.

Against prevailing ideas at the time, Harlow's research with rhesus monkeys in the 1950s demonstrated that attachment was a. associated with the nourishment supplied by mothers by providing milk and food. b. not determined by nourishment or comfort as monkeys did not bond to either surrogate. c. dependent upon biological relations as greatest bonding occurs in mother-infant pairs. d. more associated with contact comfort than providing nourishment and sustenance.

Although those with high IQs are found across professional fields, which professional group tends to obtain the highest average IQs? a. Electricians b. Law enforcement officers c. Social workers d. Professors

An 8-year-old child who scored like an average 10-year-old on an intelligence test would have a mental age of ________ and an IQ of ________. a. 8; 80 b. 8; 125 c. 10; 100 d. 10; 125

As compared to Piaget's theory, Vygotsky's theory of cognitive development best explains how a child learns to a. stand upright for the first time. b. speak for the first time. c. crawl for the first time. d. cross a street safely for the first time.

As discussed in the opening vignette of your text, Chris Langan was believed to have an IQ of _____ and considered a(n) ____________ as a child. a. 80; autistic savant b. 100; existentialist c. 150; abstract thinker d. 195; prodigy

Because Ben's history professor was a college student during the 1970s, he has extraordinary insight and knowledge of facts concerning the Vietnam War era. This knowledge is associated with the term a. multiple intelligence. b. general intelligence. c. fluid intelligence. d. crystallized intelligence.

Beliefs that being gifted or a genius lead to being weird, socially awkward, or more likely to suffer from mental illnesses were put to rest by a. Binet's development of the concept of IQ. b. the development of the WAIS tests by Wechsler. c. the Army Alpha tests study. d. Terman's longitudinal study of over 1500 gifted children.

Kent was inconsistently cared for as an infant and consequently he struggles with issues of commitment in adulthood. Kent may have experienced difficulty resolving crises in which two stages? a. Initiative versus guilt and autonomy versus shame and doubt b. Identity versus identity confusion and generativity versus stagnation c. Industry versus inferiority and ego integrity versus despair d. Trust versus mistrust and intimacy versus isolation

Nathan is trying to construct a pendulum to figure out what makes a pendulum swing faster or slower. At his current stage of cognitive development, he is unable to successfully construct this himself, but is receptive to learning the skill with the assistance of others. According to Vygotsky, what developmental stage is Nathan at? a. Scaffolding b. Concrete operations c. Formal operations d. Zone of proximal development

Obedience to rules because of the fear of punishment is a characteristic of__________. a. formal conventional morality b. postconventional morality c. conventional morality d. preconventional morality

One might criticize the study of Terman's termites because it a. might have been biased by the principal's recommendations in the selection of the gifted children. b. did not include students from diverse ethnic and racial backgrounds. c. Terman may have actively intervened in the lives of his subjects. d. All of these are reasonable criticisms of the study.

One of the first American psychologists to misuse intelligence tests by administering them as a qualification for immigration into the United States was a. Gardner. b. Spearman. c. Sternberg. d. Goddard.

Howard Gardner and Robert Sternberg agree to be interviewed together on the topic of intelligence. At the end of the interview, what do you conclude is their major point of agreement? a. Heredity is the major factor determining intelligence. b. Standardized tests do not assess the many facets of intelligence. c. There is no correlation between intelligence quotients and academic success in grade school. d. The concept of intelligence serves no purpose in a society in which computers are so frequently used.

IQ tests for children tend to measure ________ while adult IQ tests tend to measure ________. a. logical reasoning; abstract reasoning b. sensory skills; abstract reasoning c. memory skills; abstract reasoning d. comprehension; abstract reasoning

If intelligence is determined primarily by heredity, which pair should show the highest correlation between IQ scores? a. Fraternal twins b. Identical twins c. Brothers and sisters d. Parents and children

In a __________design, one group of participants is followed and assessed as the group ages. a. cohort b. longitudinal c. correlational d. cross-sectional

In tests of self-concept, approximately how old are infants before they can recognize themselves in a mirror as distinct from another child? a. Approximately 5 months old b. Approximately 1 year old c. Approximately 1.5 years old d. Approximately 2 years old

Information, comprehension, digit span, and similarities are components of which test? a. ACT b. WAIS c. SAT d. Stanford-Binet

Piaget overestimated the degree to which a. prenatal factors influence the rate at which skills emerge. b. cultural factors influence the rate of skill development. c. social factors influence skill development. d. object permanence develops in children.

Tara is at a point in her pregnancy during which the major organs and structures of her baby are first developing. Which period of prenatal development is Tara currently experiencing? a. Fetal b. Embryonic c. Placental d. Germinal

The body's reproductive organs are called a. thyroid glands. b. primary sex characteristics. c. secondary sex characteristics. d. adrenal glands.

The capacity to understand hypothetical concepts is called _______ thinking. a. prospective b. abstract c. retrospective d. intuitive

The cousin of Charles Darwin who was responsible for creating twin study research methods was a. Alfred Binet. b. Sir Francis Galton. c. Henri Simon. d. James Cattell.

The heart, lungs, and brain begin to form during the ________ period of prenatal development. a. blastocyst b. embryonic c. zygotic d. fetal

Ben received a score of 125 on the WAIS and is taking it again in three weeks. What should we expect about Ben's upcoming test score? a. Ben should score lower on the second administration because it is hard to replicate such a high score. b. Ben should score slightly higher on the second administration due to increased motivation. c. Ben should score nearly the same on the second administration of the test. d. Ben should score slightly higher on the second administration due to item familiarity.

Piaget's theory provided a ________________ account of cognitive development, and Vygotsky's theory was considered a _________________. a. stagelike; continuous b. continuous; stagelike c. domain-specific; domain-general d. domain-general; domain-specific

Professor Grant is interested in studying the development of a sense of humour. She collects data from groups of 6-year-olds, 16-year-olds, 26-year-olds, and 46-year-olds. What type of research design is Professor Grant using? a. Cohort b. Longitudinal c. Correlational d. Cross-sectional

Research into the Flynn effect has been studied in several countries, with the longest span of time since 1942 reported in a. Belgium. b. Norway. c. the United States. d. Britain.

Research involving family and adoption studies have demonstrated that a. siblings reared together and cousins reared together have similar IQ correlations. b. the correlations between the IQ scores of cousins reared together are very strong. c. the correlations between the IQ scores of cousins reared together are negative. d. the higher the percentage of shared genes between people, the higher their IQ correlations will be.

Which of the following is true concerning IQ correlations? a. There is a positive correlation between IQ scores and poor health habits. b. There is a negative correlation between IQ scores and delinquency levels. c. There is a negative correlation between IQ scores and job performance. d. There is a positive correlation between IQ scores and delinquency levels.

Which of the following items would most likely be found on a culture-fair IQ test? a. General information items b. Picture completion items c. Sentence completion items d. Vocabulary recognition items

Which of the following methods would be best for investigating the correlates of differences between high and low IQ scorers? a. Utilizing learning styles questionnaires to assess learning preferences b. Utilizing brain imaging techniques to investigate which parts of the brain are more active on certain tasks c. Utilizing vocational interest inventories to assess future career ambitions d. Utilizing personality measures to assess behaviours and attitudes

Between the ages of 5 and 12 children strive to develop a sense of competence arising from their work and effort. Erikson refers to this stage of life as a. trust versus mistrust. b. autonomy versus shame and doubt. c. initiative versus guilt. d. industry versus inferiority.

Which of the following questions would an 85-year old have the easiest time answering based on their cognitive functioning? a. Can you recall the list of words I showed you 10 minutes ago? b. Can you point out various members of your family in this set of photos? c. Can you remember what you had for supper yesterday? d. Can you tell me about the time you ran away from home as a child?

Which of the following relationships exist between intelligence and a subset of individuals with Down Syndrome called mosaics? a. Mosaics have severely impaired IQs relative to the mild retardation seen in non-mosaic Down syndrome patients. b. Mosaics have relatively normal IQs relative to other Down syndrome patients. c. IQ tests for non-mosaic Down Syndrome patients are more accurate and have greater validity in representing an IQ score. d. There is no difference in IQ between mosaic and non-mosaic Down syndrome patients.

Which research method is most suitable for studying factors that influence behavioural change over time? a. Cohort b. Longitudinal c. Correlational d. Cross-sectional

Which views would the eugenics movement have been most likely to support? a. Using IQ testing as a way to pinpoint areas of weakness in the curriculum. b. Using selective breeding as a way to create an intellectually superior race of people. c. Creating IQ tests that are less culturally and racially biased. d. Using IQ testing as a way to measure the quality of teaching and learning occurring in the schools.

Who would have supported the notion that intelligence resulted from a single ability and could be represented by a single test score? a. Binet b. Spearman c. Sternberg d. Gardner

Young infants cannot appreciate the carnival game in which a pea seems to disappear from under a walnut because they have not yet developed a sense of a. conservation. b. object permanence. c. centration. d. egocentrism.

Your little brother has a big ball of clay. While he watches, you roll the ball of clay into a long snake-like shape. He begins to cry because he thinks he has less clay now. Which of Piaget's stages is your brother likely to be in? a. Formal operational b. Preoperational c. Sensorimotor d. Concrete operational

Brain imaging during reasoning tasks that are highly related to general intelligence indicate that the ______________ shows consistent activation across different "g-loaded" tasks. a. parietal lobe b. association cortex c. prefrontal cortex d. somatosensory cortex

Breast development is to ______________ sex characteristics as penis enlargement is to ______________ sex characteristics. a. primary; primary b. primary; secondary c. secondary; primary d. secondary; secondary

Brenda was asked to name four Canadian prime ministers as one of her questions on the WAIS. This question falls under the category of a. comprehension. b. vocabulary. c. information. d. similarities.

Charles Spearman believed that intelligence is composed of ____________. a. verbal and mathematical abilities b. crystallized and visual-motor abilities c. general intelligence and specific abilities d. analytical, creative, and practical intelligence

Children identified as "bloomers" in their classrooms may show elevated IQs not because of their own intelligence but because of a. demand characteristics. b. confirmation bias. c. experimenter expectancy effects. d. the Flynn effect.

Cohort effects are to _________________ as developmental effects are to __________________. a. nurture; nature b. correlations; experiments c. cross-sectional designs; longitudinal designs d. genetics; environment

Creativity has been linked to what mental disorder? a. Schizophrenia b. Depression c. Bipolar disorder d. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

Dean is learning how to drive a car, whereas Martin has been driving for several years. In this example, Dean would be using ____________ intelligence and Martin would be relying on ____________ intelligence. a. specific; general b. general; specific c. fluid; crystallized d. crystallized; fluid

Dr. Kiwanis is conducting a longitudinal study on the development of externalizing behaviours in children. He samples children each year as they age, but has found that each year, his sample size is getting smaller because families are dropping out of the study. This is called ___________. a. developmental effects b. cohort effects c. attrition d. infant determinism

During menarche adolescents experience a. the end of menstruation. b. the first ejaculation. c. the start of menstruation. d. voice changes.

During which of Piaget's stages does a child demonstrate the ability reason about abstract ideas and novel information? a. Preoperational b. Concrete operations c. Formal operations d. Sensorimotor

Erikson's theory of social development viewed the period from ages 3 to 6, his third stage, as characterized by the major challenge of a. identity versus role diffusion. b. industry versus inferiority. c. initiative versus guilt. d. autonomy versus shame and doubt.

Finding the single best way to complete a video-game level without losing any lives would be related to what type of creative thinking? a. Divergent thinking b. Emotional intelligence c. Convergent thinking d. Critical thinking

Galton's intelligence test items are to ________________ as Binet and Simon's intelligence test items are to ________________. a. abstract thinking; concrete thinking b. general intelligence; specific intelligences c. sensation; higher mental processes d. crystallized intelligence; fluid intelligence

Gardner and his associates are known for proposing a. the generalized theory of intelligence. b. the Triarchic theory of intelligence. c. the theory of multiple intelligences. d. the theory of emotional intelligence.

Goleman would argue that ____________ intelligence exerts a more powerful influence on effective functioning in the world than IQ alone. a. analytical b. creative c. emotional d. practical

In Erikson's __________ stage of psychosocial development, preschoolers are challenged to control their own behaviour. a. trust versus mistrust b. autonomy versus shame and doubt c. initiative versus guilt d. industry versus inferiority

In Piaget's theory, the stage of development between birth and 2 years of age, in which the individual uses senses and motor abilities to interact with objects in the environment, is called the ______ stage. a. formal operational b. preoperational c. sensorimotor d. concrete operational

In contrast to attachment style, temperament is ___________________. a. late appearing and environmentally determined b. early appearing and environmentally determined c. early appearing and genetic in origin d. late appearing and genetic in origin

Infants are extremely sociable and seek out interactions with others until approximately 8 months of age, when they start to experience _______________. a. imprinting b. attachment c. stranger anxiety d. critical periods

Declarative memories are to __________ memories as nondeclarative memories are to __________ memories. a. implicit; explicit b. explicit; implicit c. general knowledge; personal facts d. personal facts; general knowledge

b. explicit; implicit

A loose screw on the visor causes it to drop down while Ben drives; however, he keeps forgetting to take a screwdriver out to the car to fix it. When he notices the visor drop again, he reaches into his pocket for a dime he uses to tighten the screw holding the visor. What problem-solving difficulty did Ben overcome? a. relative comparison b. functional fixedness c. poor problem representation d. the representative heuristic

b. functional fixedness

The concept of the confirmation bias specifically assumes that we are most likely to believe __________. a. the scientific method as true b. information that agrees with our thinking c. information that refutes our thinking d. logical thinking

b. information that agrees with our thinking

The "aha!" experience is known as ________. a. latent learning b. insight learning c. thoughtful learning d. serial enumeration

b. insight learning

A system for combining symbols so that an infinite number of meaningful statements can be made is called __________. a. pragmatics b. language c. semantics d. grammar

b. language

In the "Little Albert" study, the fear-producing stimulus used as a UCS was the ________. a. white rat b. loud noise c. fear of the rat d. fear of the noise

b. loud noise

A Skinner box is most likely to be used in research on ________. a. classical conditioning b. operant conditioning c. vicarious learning d. cognitive learning

b. operant conditioning

Which memory system provides us with a very brief representation of all the stimuli present at a particular moment? a. primary memory b. sensory memory c. long-term memory d. short-term memory

b. sensory memory

Micah is trying to remember the specific route he took to the library the night before. What part of working memory is he accessing? a. the articulatory loop b. the visual sketchpad c. the internal executive d. the control sequence

b. the visual sketchpad

According to Baddeley, which memory system is best conceived of as three interrelated systems: central executive, visual sketchpad, and auditory recorder? a. sensory memory b. working memory c. long-term memory d. procedural memory

b. working memory

Two key assumptions of the _____ approach to therapy are that psychological disorders are learned in exactly the same way as normal behaviors are and that they can be treated by applying the basic principles of learning.

behavioral

According to psychologist Carol Dweck, a person's need for achievement is closely linked to that person's(Pg 347)

beliefs about control over his or her life

according to psychologist Carol Dweck, a person's need for achievement is closely linked to that person's

beliefs about control over his or her life

Desperate for help with her computer, Dana calls her fiancé, thinking in this instance is an example of

benevolent sexism

From Freud's psychodynamic perspective, what is the best way to gain insight into a person's core problems?

bring unconscious conflicts into conscious awareness

Though her weight is normal, Ashley is terrified of becoming heavy. She knows she should stick to a healthy diet, but she often consumes huge servings of junk food—up to 5,000 calories in one sitting. Desperate to keep from gaining weight, she then uses laxatives and diuretics to purge the calories. Ashley is suffering from

bulimia nervosa.

A characteristic that first shows up in the formal operational stage is a. irreversibility. b. egocentrism. c. abstract thinking. d. logical thinking.

A group of psychologists reviews the literature on the heritability of intelligence. They conclude that most of the estimates indicate that about _______ percent of intelligence is due to genetics. a. 20 b. 30 c. 50 d. 80

A psychologist spends her entire career studying how and why changes occur in people throughout their lives. This psychologist is most likely working in the field of a. abnormal psychology. b. gerontology. c. human development. d. maturational studies.

According to Gardner's multiple intelligences, a philosopher would rely on ___________ intelligence whereas an engineer would utilize ___________ intelligence. a. linguistic; spatial b. naturalistic; kinesthetic c. intrapersonal; logico-mathematical d. interpersonal; spatial

According to Gardner's theory, Picasso's talents are associated with which form of intelligence? a. Linguistic b. Logical c. Spatial d. Naturalistic

According to Piaget, the ability to understand that simply changing the appearance of an object does not change the object's nature is known as a. centration. b. object permanence. c. conservation. d. reversibility.

According to Robert Sternberg, _______________ is best described as "street smarts," or the ability to use information to get along in life. People who have it know how to be tactful, how to manipulate situations to their advantage, and how to use inside information to increase their odds of success. a. analytical intelligence b. creative intelligence c. practical intelligence d. exponential intelligence

According to Robert Sternberg, which type of intelligence is least likely to predict success in an academic environment? a. Analytical intelligence b. Creative intelligence c. Practical intelligence d. Exponential intelligence

According to the Flynn effect, if the average IQ in 2010 is 105, what will the average IQ be in 2050? a. 109 b. 113 c. 117 d. 125

According to theory assumptions, which of the following is true concerning Kohlberg and Piaget? a. Like Piaget's stage theory, Kohlberg's theory is comprised of four distinctly separate stages. b. Reaching the postconventional stage requires functioning at Piaget's preoperational stage. c. Reaching the postconventional stage requires functioning at Piaget's formal operations stage. d. Levels of moral development are unrelated to levels of cognitive development.

An IQ in the range of ________ may lead to a classification of intellectual disability. a. 73-78 b. 79-84 c. 67-72 d. 85-89

Analysis of Einstein's brain showed a significantly wider ______ lobe. a. temporal b. frontal c. parietal d. occipital

Approximately what percentage of IQ scores fall between 70 and 130? a. 50 b. 65 c. 95 d. 99

Asking students to predict how the course of history may have changed if the first prime minister were a woman would likely motivate students in which of Piaget's stages to answer thoroughly? a. Sensorimotor b. Preoperational c. Formal operations d. Concrete operations

At fertilization, the chromosomes from the father's sperm unite with the chromosomes from the mother's egg, creating a new cell called a(n) a. blastocyst. b. embryo. c. zygote. d. genome.

Attachment usually takes place within the __________of life. a. first year b. first month c. first six months d. first four months

Jerry is considered a reckless 17-year old by his parents. He often engages in risky behaviour, drives too fast, has been caught experimenting with drugs and alcohol, and has gotten into numerous fights with peers. From a biological perspective, Jerry's behaviour can be explained by a lack of maturation of the ______________ until late adolescence or early adulthood. a. hypothalamus b. parietal lobes c. frontal lobes d. limbic system

Johnny has two mini-donuts and his sister has two full-sized donuts. Johnny's understanding that he and his sister have the same number of donuts even though hers are bigger illustrates that he a. knows that numbers are an amount. b. knows that number words refer to specific quantities. c. knows that the size of entities isn't relevant to quantity. d. knows that numbers are ordered from smallest to largest in quantity.

Karla can speed on a certain stretch of the highway without being ticketed, yet she decides not to speed because it is unlawful. Karla's reasoning reflects ________ reasoning. a. formal conventional b. postconventional c. conventional d. preconventional

Karla understands her world by grasping, sucking, and physically handling objects in her path. Karla is in Piaget's ________ stage of development. a. formal operational b. preoperational c. sensorimotor d. concrete operational

Ken is able to perform mathematical operations only if he can use manipulatives and familiar examples in working up his answers. Ken is in Piaget's ________ stage. a. formal operations b. sensorimotor c. concrete operations d. preoperational

Kevin is a 65-year-old college professor. Compared to when he was 30, Kevin is now likely to a. struggle verbalizing his thoughts when responding to students' questions. b. struggle formulating his thoughts when responding to students' questions. c. struggle hearing students' questions during lectures. d. struggle analyzing students' questions during lectures.

Mark is trying to reason through several spatial problems on an intelligence test. According to Spearman, Mark's ability to solve the problems will depend on a. how fluid or crystallized his intelligence is. b. what types of multiple intelligences he has excelled at in the past. c. his general problem-solving ability and specific talents with spatial tasks. d. his level of analytical intelligence and logical thought.

Researchers are testing 3 groups of children aged 2½, 3½, and 4½ years old. In order to determine whether they have attained theory of mind, they give each group of children the ___________ task, which examines children's ability to understand that someone else believes something they know to be wrong. a. conservation b. object permanence c. self-concept d. false belief

Rosenthal's "rapid bloomers" study demonstrated that a. students with high achievement motivation tended to outperform students with low achievement motivation. b. students who believed they were less intelligent performed worse than students believing that they were more intelligent. c. students who believed they were smart, outperformed those who did not believe that they were smart. d. higher teacher expectations of students led to higher academic performance.

Severe forms of intellectual disability are typically due to a. a lack of proper socialization. b. psychological and emotional factors. c. genetic and environmental influences. d. rare genetic mutations or accidents during birth.

Sue has devoted so much time to her engineering career that at age 70 she has never been free to pursue many of her personal interests. Sue's feelings of missed opportunities suggest a sense of a. generativity. b. alienation. c. stagnation. d. despair.

Tameeka is at a point in her pregnancy during which she is experiencing muscle contractions and movement and kicks. Which period of prenatal development is Tameeka currently experiencing? a. Blastocyst b. Embryonic c. Zygotic d. Fetal

The "Flynn effect" refers to a. the finding that IQ scores have steadily decreased over the last decade. b. the finding that IQ scores have stayed the same over the last decade. c. the finding that IQ scores are negatively correlated with education levels. d. the finding that IQ scores have steadily increased over the last decade.

The capacity to learn new ways to solve problems is called ______ intelligence. a. aptitude b. abstract c. crystallized d. fluid

The original purpose of the first intelligence test was to a. identify which children were likely to do well in school. b. identify which students were in need of accelerated instruction. c. identify which children were likely to benefit from vocational education. d. identify areas of academic weakness in grade school children.

The prenatal period during which tremendous growth occurs and the organs continue to develop and become functional is called the _______________ period. a. blastocyst b. embryonic c. zygotic d. fetal

The size of the head, in proportion to the rest of the body, is about _____ percent of the total height when an individual is 5 months old. a. 15 b. 20 c. 25 d. 30

The type of intelligence that allows you to learn to play your first few notes on a saxophone is called a. emotional intelligence. b. abstract intelligence. c. crystallized intelligence. d. fluid intelligence.

Twelve-year-old Arnold received an IQ test score of 75. What is his mental age? a. 7 b. 5 c. 10 d. 9

Two of the WAIS subscale scores consist of a ________ scale and a ________ scale. a. verbal; math b. verbal; reasoning c. verbal; analytical d. verbal; performance

Which of the following statements is correct concerning hypnosis? a. The hypnotist is always in control. b. A hypnotized person is in an involuntary condition of suggestion. c. People will do things they would not ordinarily do when under hypnosis. d. A person who is under hypnosis is really in control of his or her behavior.

d. A person who is under hypnosis is really in control of his or her behavior.

Daydreaming, meditation, intoxication, sleep, and hypnosis are all types of ________. a. self-awareness b. self-absorption c. waking consciousness d. altered states of consciousness

d. altered states of consciousness

Benzedrine, methedrine, and dexedrine are all ________. a. narcotics b. depressants c. illegal d. amphetamines

d. amphetamines

What term do psychologists use to designate our personal awareness of feelings, sensations, and thoughts? a. thinking b. cognition c. conscience d. consciousness

d. consciousness

The current view of why classical conditioning works the way it does, advanced by Rescorla and others, adds the concept of ________ to conditioning theory. a. generalization b. habituation c. memory loss d. expectancy

d. expectancy

Judith is startled when her 6-year-old daughter, Laura, sleepwalks into the family room. It is most likely that Laura is experiencing the ________ stage of the sleep cycle. a. REM b. first c. third d. fourth

d. fourth

You are listening to a person who keeps telling you to relax, attempting to create a situation in which you are likely to follow suggestions. What treatment are you undergoing? a. psychotherapy b. reprogramming c. autosuggestion d. hypnosis

d. hypnosis

A sleep disorder characterized by difficulty in falling asleep or remaining asleep throughout the night is ________. a. zombulism b. cataplexy c. narcolepsy d. insomnia

d. insomnia

Alfred Binet designed the first __________ test. a. aptitude b. performance-based c. perception d. intelligence

d. intelligence

Based on Loftus's 1978 study, subjects viewed a slide presentation of an accident, and some of the subjects were asked a question about a blue car when the actual slides contained pictures of a green car. When these same subjects were asked about the color of the car at the accident, they were found to be confused. This is an example of the __________. a. instant replay effect b. constructive processing effect c. levels-of-processing effect d. misinformation effect

d. misinformation effect

Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences divides intelligence into __________ independent abilities. a. three b. five c. seven d. nine

d. nine

Positive reinforcement is to negative reinforcement as ________. a. good is to bad b. increase is to decrease c. reward is to punish d. present is to remove

d. present is to remove

As memories get older, they are most likely __________. a. to get lost b. to become stronger, more accurate, and more vivid c. to be regarded as unreliable by the person using them d. to become changed or altered in some fashion

d. to become changed or altered in some fashion

Which of these might be an example of a perceptual reasoning item on the Wechsler intelligence tests? a. repeating a series of digits b. defining a word such as lunch c. adding a series of orally presented numbers d. using blocks to make a design like one shown in a picture

d. using blocks to make a design like one shown in a picture

Which of the following is NOT an element of Carl Rogers' theory?

defense mechanisms

The psychological tension that arises in an organism and motivates the organism to act to reduce the tension is called (pg 345)

drive

The act of going to the refrigerator because you are hungry best represents a(n)

drive.

You have not eaten for four days. When you finally have a candy bar, which of the following is most likely to occur? Your _____ will be reduced, but your _____ will not.

drive; need

Steve is studying with his friend Mike for their biology test. Mike asks Steve about a particular concept and Steve replies, "I know I was in class that day but I don't even have that in my notes. Are you sure the professor mentioned it?" Steve is demonstrating a(n)

encoding

Research on children's development of motor milestones suggests that a. this process is primarily a biological one and reflects innately programmed changes consistent across cultures. b. motor developments are dependent on physical maturation, which is guided by our biological changes. c. motor development is purely an environmental process, and is not limited by physiological constraints. d. while there are physiological limits on development, parenting styles and culture shape the variations in motor development.

Jamal gets a new toy for every good grade on his report card in first grade. Jamal is receiving ___.

extrinsic motivation

Gerald smiles a lot at the office, which makes his coworkers feel happier, too. This effect is best explained by which of the following theories of emotion?

facial feedback

according to Eriksos, the task of the adolescent is to ___.

find a consistent sense of self

According t Spearman, a traditional IQ test would most likely measure ___.

general intelligence

first two weeks of pregnancy are called the ___ period.

germinal

Tolman, Lewin, and Rotter's work on expectancy-values and how our belifs and values affect our actions was developed under the __________ approach to understanding motivation.

incentive

Adler focused on _____ Psychology.

individual

Shontia works at a day care center. The pay is low and the hours are long, but she loves being around children and has no desire to look for a higher paying job. Shontia's motivation appears to be ___.

intrinsic

Someone who uses cognitive restructuring believes that _____ are the causes of that abnormal behavior.

irrational beliefs

linguistic relativity hypothesis states that ___.

language shapes thoughts

Edna loves McDonald's sweet tea. Whenever she sees the famous golden arches, she drives right in and orders a sweet tea. This best illustrates the effect of _____ on eating behavior.

learned associations

A possible behavioral explanation for depression focuses on

learned helplessness.

Joshua has received low grades in math throughout his school years. In the lower grades, he would study hard, but the results were always the same. Eventually, he stopped trying to do better in math because nothing seemed to work. Joshua has developed

learned helplessness.

in Erikson's last crisis, the life review is ___.

looking back on the life one has lived

Which of the following is the last stage in the stages of change model?

maintenance

according to Maslow, a person who wants to become self-actualized must first satisfy ___.

more basic needs such as food and safety

Research shows that the _______ married couples are, the less interest and pleasure they take in sexual activity, and the more they experience guilt, shame, and sexual inhibitions.

more conservative and traditional

which of the following statements concerning vaccinations is FALSE?

most children today do not need immunizations, as the diseases have been eliminated

If an outcome measure is normally distributed, this means that

most scores are around the average with some scores being lower or higher.

Which of the following concepts is associated with Albert Bandura?

observational learning

Jillian cannot bear to leave her home without washing the floors, vacuuming the carpets, and organizing everything in her cupboards. She knows that her behavior is extreme but when she tries to go to work without doing all of these things, she is overcome with such overwhelming dread that she never makes it all the way to the office. Jillian probably has

obsessive-compulsive disorder.

A person who is intellectual, imaginative, and has a broad range of interests would mostly likely score high on a measure of

openness.

Sexual problems that result from physical causes are referred to as

organic dysfunctions

John has sudden attacks of intense fear in which his heart races, he feels faint, and he has trouble catching his breath. During these attacks, he worries that he is going to die. From this description, it sounds like John has

panic disorder.

Jack has started a new diet program. He wants to lose thirty pounds. His wife is supporting him and he feels that the weight loss is under his control. His change in behavior reflects the theory of

planned behavior.

When Sandra was 18 years old, she was in a serious car accident. Although she made a full recovery from her injuries, she experienced extreme anxiety afterward. Sandra is now very anxious when driving, will not drive near the site of the accident, has nightmares about the accident, and flinches when she goes through intersections. Sandra has symptoms suggestive of

post-traumatic stress disorder.

Jocelyn needs to be the one whose ideas are always used and craves prestige among others. She drives an expensive car and wears nothing but the most expensive clothes. Jocelyn is high in the need for ___.

power

According to Sternberg, "street smarts" is another way of talking about which kind of intelligence?

practical

Psychodynamic therapies stress all of the following EXCEPT

rational-emotive behavior.

What defense mechanism is being used when the ego transforms the unacceptable (e.g., looking at pornography) into the acceptable (e.g., becoming a vocal advocate against pornography)?

reaction formation

Which of the following is a defense mechanism?

reaction formation

Ryan has started lifting weights so he can try out for the football team next year. He is excited and feels his peers will support him. However, he still does not know if he will make the team. His change in behavior reflects the theory of

reasoned action.

In Schachter and Singer's classic study, participants wre physcially aroused by ___.

receiving epinephrine

if a person has one gene for cystic fibrosis but does not have the disease, cystic fibrosis must be a ___ disorder.

recessive

Talking to people about what you have learned is a form of

rehearsal

Which of the following is NOT one of the three structural levels of autobiographical memory identified by Conway and Rubin

reminiscence bump

The ___ heuristic can be used to create and maintain stereotypes.

representative

Darin had an automobile accident in which his brother and another passenger were killed. Though Darin was not seriously hurt in the accident, he cannot remember any of the accident details. Darin is unconsciously engaging in which ego defense mechanism?

repression

Once you get over the initial stress associated with your first exam of finals week, the fact that you have several more exams will likely lead your body to enter the _____ stage of the general adaptation syndrome.

resistance

Akira Haraguchi demonstrated an amazing memory ability when he recited all 80,000 digits of pi. What process in the human memory system did he utilize?

retrieval

Hillary is recalling details from her most recent trip to Disney World. Which lobe of her brain is most active?

right frontal

What portion of the brain is involved in the interpretation of facial expressions conveying emotion?(pg 361)

right hemisphere...

in the ___ reflex, the baby moves its head toward any light touch to its face.

rooting

in the analogy of the rubber ladder, the sequence of amines would be represented by the ___ of the ladder.

rungs

A preexisting mental concept or framework that helps people organize and interpret information is referred to as a

schema.

When driving to work, Darren believes that he is receiving a secret message from the government through his car radio. He spends most of his days trying to warn others about an impending invasion from outer space that the voice on his radio has been telling him about. Darren is most likely suffering from

schizophrenia

A young boy develops facial and chest hair, pubic hair, and an enlarged adams apple. This happens because puberty is stimulating the development of his

secondary sex characteristics

what kind of attachment, according to Ainsworth, is shown by a baby who explores the room, gets upset when the mother leaves but is easily soothed, and is happy to see the mother when she returns?

secure

Professor Beckett designed an IQ test. To standardize this test, the professor should be careful to do which of the following?

select the people in the sample from the population of people for whom the test is designed

Which activity probably requires mindfulness?

studying psychology

Jeff experiences a lot of aggressive feelings toward his overprotective stepfather. Because he is powerless to aggress openly against his stepfather, Jeff becomes a very aggressive forward on his basketball team. This is an example of

sublimation.

Amy often offends other people because she does not seem to be able to read their emotions accurately. She shows little or no emotions herself, and maintains an immobile facial expression when interacting with other people. She does not plan or engage in goal-directed behaviors and jumps from one low-paying job to another. Her family thinks she is lazy. Amy is most likely

suffering from schizophrenia.

The spoiled child within you is to the id as the referee within you is to the

superego.

Physiologically, the body responds to emotion with arousal created by the(pg 361)

sympathetic nervous system

Frank has been seeing a therapist about his spider phobia. The therapist first asked Frank to describe what it is about spiders that frightens him and these fears were then put in order from least to most frightening. The therapist then taught Frank muscle relaxation, and finally Frank was exposed to a series of increasingly fearful stimuli. Frank has been seeing a therapist who uses

systematic desensitization.

Detectives take advantage of context-dependent memory by

taking witnesses back to the scene of the crime.

which of the following questions would be more likely to produce divergent thinking?

"How many uses can you think of for a stapler?"

Which of the following statements would be most typical of someone in the preparation stage of change?

"I'm going to do something about this problem, starting first thing next week."

Dr. Tetris is a rational-emotive therapist speaking to a group of introductory psychology students. Which of the following would likely be his summary statement?

"Our unrealistic beliefs cause many emotional problems."

Darwin proposed

...

In order to control emotions the technique of distraction has been linked to what area of the brain ?

...

In order to control emotions, the technique of distraction has been linked to what area of the brain?(pg 362)

...

Sensation seekers (pg 350)

...

Which of the following is NOT one of the levels of Clayton Alderfer's revision of Maslow's hierarchy?

...

current estimate of heritability of intelligence is ___.

0.50

in which theory of aging do telomeres become the major means of aging cells?

cellular clock theory

according to Rodin, externals are people who may produce insulin in response to anticipating food as a result of ___.

classical conditioning

Approaches that attempt to explain observable behavior by investigating mental processes fall under _____ psychology.

cognitive

as children grow from the preschool years into middle childhood, the big changes in the capacity of short-term memory are most likely due to an increase in the use of ___.

control strategies

When comparing algorithms and heuristics, what is a potential advantage of using heuristics for solving real-life problems?

convenience

according to Kohlberg, most adolescents are at the ___ level of morality.

conventional

What type of thinking is required when trying to determine who you should hire from a stack of fifty resumes?

convergent

When a problem is seen as having only one answer, with all lines of thinking leading to that answer, this is known as ___ thinking.

convergent

differences between age groups would cause the most serious problems for which developmental research method?

cross-sectional

Research has shown that men tend to talk to each other about

current events

A researcher who selects a sample of people of varying ages and studies them at one point in time is, by definition, using the ______ method. a. cohort b. longitudinal c. correlational d. cross-sectional

According to Erikson, which of the following is true? a. In most cases psychosocial crises go unresolved with no detrimental effects on social development. b. In most cases psychosocial crises are unsuccessfully resolved, leading to detrimental effects on social development. c. Unsuccessful resolution of a crisis has no effect on whether a future crisis will be successfully resolved. d. Unsuccessful resolution of a crisis decreases the likelihood that a future crisis will be successfully resolved.

According to the WAIS, items requiring people to organize scrambled puzzle pieces into complete images would be ________ items. a. picture completion b. block design c. picture arrangement d. object assembly

Melissa identifies herself as a female; however she tends to act like a "tomboy" hanging out with mostly males and playing hockey and football. Which of the following is TRUE with respect to this example? a. Melissa's gender identity is male. b. Melissa is likely experiencing transsexualism but is unaware of her gender identity. c. Melissa is experiencing sex segregation in her biological and social roles. d. Melissa's gender role is associated with masculine behaviours.

Menopause refers to a. the loss of sexual interest occurring in late adulthood. b. the onset of puberty in early adulthood. c. the loss of sexual potency in late adulthood. d. the end of the menstruation period in middle adulthood.

Which of the following statements most accurately represents the relationship between sex differences and IQ? a. Women score, on average, 3 to 5 points higher on IQ tests than men. b. Men score, on average, 3 to 5 points higher on IQ tests than women. c. There are few, if any, differences in IQ scores between men and women. d. While mean total scores may be similar across the sexes, men have more variability in their IQ scores

according to the work of Ekman and Friesen, which of the following is one of the seven universally recognized facial expressions of emotion

disgust

Mothers who were abusive and/or neglectful were associated with the ___ type of attachment.

disorganized-disoriented

A sexual ______ is a problem with sexual functioning, or the actual physical workings of the sex act.

dysfunction

Shanice suffers pain during intercourse. She is suffering from

dyspareunia

Ivan is very depressed and the danger of suicide is imminent. He is not responding to the drugs normally employed to treat depression. Which of the following treatments is most likely to prove helpful in rapidly reducing Ivan's depression and suicidal behavior?

electroconvulsive therapy

period of pregnancy that contains the clearest examples of critical periods is the ___ period.

embryonic

theory of emotion that owes a lot to Darwin's work is the ___ theory.

facial feedback

Leptin and cholecystokinin (CCK) are similar in that they are both related to

feelings of satiety.

Denny is mildly retarded. His mother drank heavily while pregnant with him.

fetal alcohol syndrome

A _______ is a concept about males or females that assigns various characteristics to them on the basis of nothing more than being male or female.

gender stereotype

A major advantage to group therapy is that clients

have more opportunity to develop social skills.

In the middle to late 1900s, medical professionals typically recommended that intersexed children

have their genitals surgically altered to clearly be the other based on appearance rather than on their sex chromosomes

Maslow would argue that Gus went back to school at age forty because

he chose to fully develop his potential.

According to Maslow, Kenny probably has trouble committing to a relationship because

he does not feel safe.

Lifestyle choices, behaviors, and psychological characteristics are the main focus of _____ psychology.

health

Shirley is talking to a group of third graders about the importance of drinking plenty of water every day. She is focused on

health promotion.

In the traditional view, men are considered more responsible for _____ than are women.

heavy physical labor

What is the term for the condition in which a person is born with both male and female sex organs?

hermaphroditism

rule of thumb" is another name for a

heuristic

According to the text, a key element in predicting whether Barry will change his drinking behavior is

how ready he is to change the behavior.

What approach to personality assumes that human nature is basically good?

humanistic

Brittney is a counselor who believes that her clients have the innate ability to make good choices. She accepts each individual as they are and as a person in the process of change. It is important to her that her clients learn to evaluate themselves and not depend on the opinion of others. Brittney is practicing

humanistic counseling.

Drive-reduction theory proposes that

humans seek homeostasis, motivating them to achieve balance when a need arises

Cannon and Washburn measured stomach contractions with a balloon. They found that when subjects reported

hunger, their stomach was contracting.

The body system that plays the greatest role in Selye's GAS is called the

hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis.

Carolyn was reared in a home where high moral principles dominated. She has attended Sunday school and church since early childhood. In high school, her boyfriend talked her into "sleeping" with him. According to Freud, which personality structure ruled Carolyn's behavior in the second part of this scenario?

Kira finds an abandoned wallet with three hundred dollars in it and no identification. The decision to keep the money or turn it in will cause the greatest conflict between the

id and the superego.

"Hannah has a substitute teacher today. She has a strong desire to give a false name, but is concerned about how much trouble she might get in. The desire to change her name stems from the _____ and the concern about the trouble stems from the _____"

id; superego

Erikson's fifth stage of psychosocial development is ___.

identity versus role confusion

which of the following approaches to motivation has ties to the basic principles of learning and the concept of reinforcement?

incentive

Gene is trying to choose a snack. There is a bowl of fruit on the table, but there's also a candy bar that he bought yesterday. The fact that Gene feels drawn to choose the candy bar instead of the fruit is an example of the power of ___.

incentives

Having more than one partner

increases your chance of contracting a STD

The need for salmon to return once a year to the stream where they hatched is best explained by which of the following concepts?

instinct

approach to motivation that forced psychologists to consider the hereditary factors in motivation was the ___ approach.

instinct

Liz picked out "her" desk on the first day of class. But in the second class period, someone else is sitting in "her" chosen seat. Liz's territorial attitude about that desk and her negative feelings toward the "interloper" sitting there might best be explained by which of the following?

instinct approach

When we eat, the pancreas releases ___, which lowers blood sugar and can increase the feeling of hunger.

insulin

The concept of _____ is best defined as the ability to do well on cognitive tasks, to solve problems, and to learn from experience.

intelligence

A marathon runner would best be served by eating _____ prior to a race.

lasagna

unlike anorexics, bulimics ___.

may appear to be normal in weight

One criticism of those who adhere to the humanistic perspective is that they

may promote narcissism.

algorithms are a type of

mechanical solution

Whenever Olivia sees a television commercial concerning food, she goes to the kitchen looking for something to eat. If you wanted to study Olivia's behavior, you would most likely conduct research in the area of

motivation

process by which activities are started, directed, and sustained to meet a person's wants is called ___.

motivation

According to Freud, the ego is referred to as a mediator because it

must balance the needs of the id, superego, and reality.

concepts that are formed as a result of everyday experience, which are not always well defined, are known as ___ concepts.

natural

sensation seekers

need more arousal in the form of more complex and varied sensory experiences

When an infant obtains milk through the act of sucking, the infant satisfies a(an)

need.

Dr. Know-it-All hosts a TV talk show. One of his guests, Joe College, complains of his intense annoyance with people who talk on their cell phones while driving. Joe asks Dr. Know-it-All to explain why he reacts so strongly to this type of situation. Dr. Know-it-All immediately pronounces that Joe has an instinct for cell phone irritation. Is Dr. Know-it-All correct to assume that instinct is the cause of Joe's behavior?

no - most behavior is too complex to be explained on the basis of instinct

Being receptive to other ways of looking at things is best described as

open-mindedness.

which of the following is NOT a risk associated with failing to have a child immunized?

the child may become immune to the diseases

According to Hornet', women might envy the penis but what they really want is

the status bestowed to those who have one.

according to Dweck's research on achievement motivation, why might a student who has a history of bad grades be most at risk for learned helplessness?

the student may become depressed because of the belief that intelligence is fixed, unchangeable and out of his or her control.

at what age can the typical infant sit without support?

6 months

Using the Stanford-Binet IQ formula, what IQ would a person have whose mental age is 10 and whose chronological age is 15?

As Mitch walks through the greeting line at the conference, he meets 100 new people. We would expect him to remember the names of approximately _____ people.

Most recent surveys indicate that ________ of men are predominantly homosexual.

9 percent

by age 5, the brain is at ___ percent of its adult weight.

Darwin proposed that emotions are a product of evolution and are therefore universal. Which of the following supports the idea that emotions are based in biology rather than in learning?

A child, blind from birth, makes the appropriate facial expression for an emotion with out ever having seen it

"We" have all different types of personalities and lots of endearing little quirks, whereas "they" all think and act alike. This assumption would be an example of the cognitive schema called ______________.

A stereotype

according to Dweck's research, which of the following is a method parents and teachers can use to improve a child's motivation to achieve?

A teacher should praise a student's effort in the learning process by saying," that was a very clever way to think about this problem."

What term refers to helping behavior that is performed voluntarily for the benefit of another person, with no anticipation of reward? A) altruism B) interdependence C) collectivism D) humanitarianism

A. Altruism

Which of the following major life events on the College Undergraduate Stress Scale has the highest number of life change units? A) being raped B) death of a close friend C) falling asleep in class D) getting straight As

A. Being raped

All of the following terms are used in social identity theory EXCEPT _______________. A) control group B) identification C) in-group D) social comparison

A. Control group

Which of the following would result in cognitive dissonance? A) I believe smoking is bad for my health; I love to smoke. B) I believe profanity is childish; my father uses profanity. C) I believe dresses are feminine; Nicole Kidman sometimes wears pants. D) I believe exercising is healthy; I love to exercise.

A. I believe smoking is bad for my health; I love to smoke

Which of the following statements supports the idea of social identity? A) My name is Antonio and I belong to the best fraternity on campus. B) My name is Dan and I play the trumpet. C) My name is Mario and I like tuna fish. D) I am Sam and I own a car.

A. My name is Antonio and I belong to the best fraternity on campus

A local car insurance company advertises their products with television commercials. During those spots, there are flashy lights, attractive dancers wearing skin-tight outfits, and local celebrities talking about how they have that company's insurance. The advertisement does not, however, mention any of the features or costs associated with the product. This company is attempting to earn customers through which path of processing? A) peripheral-route B) secondary-route C) tertiary-route D) central-route

A. Peripheral-route

One form of the norm of reciprocity is when the merchant offers more than the consumer asks for. This is called the ___________ technique. A) that's-not-all B) there's-still-more C) that's-all-folks D) one-mo'-time

A. That's-not-all

A person who is ambitious, time conscious, extremely hardworking, easily annoyed, and tends to have high levels of hostility and anger is said to be exhibiting a ______ personality. A) Type A B) Type S C) Type B D. Type C

A. Type A

Thirst, sexual desire, and hunger are examples of __________ drives. A. primary B. reduction C. secondary D. internalized

A. primary

Which of the following is caused by a virus?

AIDS

Which statement is NOT correct concerning the relationship between the immune system and stress?

Acute stressors produce enhanced immune system functioning.

Fear of being in a place or situation from which escape is difficult or impossible if something should go wrong is called ______.

Agoraphobia

Who is demonstrating functional fixedness?

Albert cannot find another use for his leftover shingles.

Psychotherapeutic drugs are primarily used to treat

All of these

The affect of stress on physical health tends to result in

All of these

Which of the following are included in the definition of emotion?

All of these

Which of the following is a mental health professional?

All of these

One problem with surgically altering the genitals of an intersexed child is that

All of these choices are problems with the procedure in the question

Who is LEAST likely to complete the act of killing themselves?

Althea who has a boyfriend but is always depressed

What is the main difference between an algorithm and a heuristic?

An algorithm always leads to a correct solution, while a heuristic

A response, either positive or negative, toward a certain person, idea, object, or situation is called _____________.

An attitude

Which of the following is the best example of the behavioral component of an attitude? A) Bea feels recycling is a great concept. B) Betty writes a letter to her senator asking for support of a law making corporations responsible for the pollution they cause. C) Bob is upset when he hears a corporation plans to build a polluting plant near his home. D) Bill struggles to understand the arguments both sides present in a debate over a new manufacturing plant.

B. Betty writes a letter to her senator asking for support of a law making corporations responsible for the pollution they cause.

An eating disorder characterized by eating binges followed by self-induced vomiting is called ________. A) leptin reduction B) bulimia C) hormone under secretion D) anorexia nervosa

B. Bulimia

What term do psychologists use for the phenomenon that occurs when people are less likely to aid a person in trouble if there are other people around who are also potential helpers? A) antisocial behavior effect B) bystander effect C) sole-witness effect D) subtle aggressive effect

B. Bystander effect

In a crowded mall parking lot, dozens of people hear a female voice yell, "He's killing me!" Yet no one calls the police. What is the reason for the lack of action, according to Darley and Latané? A) Most people "do not want to become involved." B) Diffusion of responsibility is the reason most people do not respond. C) The fight-or-flight response is not activated when others are in danger. D) People are too busy to respond.

B. Diffusion of responsibility is the reason most people do not respond

For the past six months, Dahlia's job has been extremely stressful, but she doesn't feel that she can quit because she needs the money for tuition. Dahlia has been having chronic headaches and is behind in all of her classes. According to Hans Selye, Dahlia is in the ______ stage of the general adaptation syndrome. A) alarm B) exhaustion C) resistance D) collapse

B. Exhaustion

In which stage of the general adaptation syndrome has the body reached the limits of its ability to adapt to stress, which may result in the development of stress-related diseases? A) alarm B) exhaustion C) resistance D) collapse

B. Exhaustion

Some have suggested that the results of Milgram's obedience study may have been due to the __________ effect. A) returning-a-favor B) foot-in-the-door C) reciprocity D) indebtedness

B. Foot-in-the-door

Which of the following is NOT an accurate statement regarding Berkowitz's frustration-aggression hypothesis? A) Aggression will not follow frustration unless certain external cues are present. B) Frustration always leads to aggression. C) Frustration creates an internal readiness to aggress. D) Frustration does not always lead to aggression.

B. Frustration always leads to aggression

What do social psychologists call the tendency to rely on internal characteristics for explanations of the behavior of others and to ignore the influence of the situation? A) self-fulfilling prophecy B) fundamental attribution error C) augmenting principle D) availability heuristic

B. Fundamental attribution error

What is the relationship between expertise and persuasion? A) Nonexperts tend to be the most persuasive. B) Greater expertise leads to greater persuasion. C) Expertise has no effect on persuasion. D) Communicators with moderate expertise are the most persuasive.

B. Greater expertise leads to greater persuasion

What is a difference between obedience and conformity? A) Obedience is an indirect request whereas conformity is a direct request. B) In obedience there is a difference in status between the one who obeys and the one who makes the request. C) In conformity there is a perceived difference in status between the one who conforms and the group. D) Conformity requires strict adherence to the rules whereas obedience does not.

B. In obedience there is a difference in the status between the one who obeys and the one who makes the request.

Levon has a Type B personality. Which of the following is most likely? A) Levon gets easily upset. B) Levon is slow to anger. C) Levon is determined to achieve. D) Levon is competitive.

B. Levon is slow to anger

Analysis of the participants in Milgram's obedience study has indicated that which personality trait was highly related to the willingness to be obedient? A) submissiveness B) No one single personality trait has been found to be associated with high levels of obedience. C) hostility D) aggressiveness

B. No one single personality trait has been found to be associated with high levels of obedience

The _________nervous system returns the body to normal, day-to-day functioning after a stressful period. A) sympathetic B) parasympathetic C) central D) somatic

B. Parasympathetic

What process describes the use of social influence to cause other people to change their attitudes and behavior? A) affectance B) persuasion C) conversion D) enticement

B. Persuasion

Which of the following statements is NOT true regarding research into the relationship between violent video games and aggression in children? A) Short-term exposure to violent video games increases the likelihood that children will engage in physical aggression. B) Playing violent video games causes increased aggression. C) Short-term exposure to violent video games increases the likelihood that children will engage in verbal aggression. D) Short-term exposure to violent video games increases the likelihood that children will have aggressive thoughts and emotions.

B. Playing violent video games causes increased aggression

An urgent demand or expectation for our behavior that comes from an outside source is called ________. A) anxiety B) pressure C) cognitive dissonance D) overload

B. Pressure

Jacob's father has always wanted him to be a lawyer. He has encouraged him to get good grades, graduate college earlier than his peers, and work as hard as he can. Jacob does not care about going to law school, but he does so to please his father. Jacob is responding to ______. A) cognitive dissonance B) pressure C) anxiety D) overload

B. Pressure

The term psychologists use for how close two people live to each other is ______. A) similarity B) proximity C) complimentarity D) propinquity

B. Proximity

A college instructor's schedule has her teaching an honors section of psychology. Halfway through the semester, she is told that her class was NOT an honors section after all. She responds, "This is the best class I have ever taught and the grades prove it." What concept might a social psychologist use to explain the high grades this class obtained and the teacher's high opinion of the class? A) collectivism B) self-fulfilling prophecy C) subject bias D) covert sensitization

B. Self-fulfilling prophecy

"Birds of a feather" is a phrase that refers to __________. A) emotional expression B) similarity C) reinforcement D) self-disclosure

B. Similarity

Which term refers to a set of characteristics believed to be shared by all members of a particular group? A) classification B) stereotype C) expectation D) categorization

B. Stereotype

Which of the following statements best encapsulates the relationship between stress and physical illness according to psychoneuroimmunologists? A) Stress causes high blood pressure, heart disease, and cancer. B) Stress compromises the body's immune system, leaving a person vulnerable to illness. C) Stress increases the production of natural killer cells, which causes cell death and leads to illness. D) Stress has no direct relationship to physical illness, though physicians tell us that these things are related so that we will be more willing to take unnecessary medications.

B. Stress compromises the body's immune system, leaving a person vulnerable to illness

The hormone associated with aggression seems to be ___________. A) peptone B) testosterone C) MDH D) estrogen

B. Testosterone

What historical event prompted Jane Elliott to begin the blue eye-brown eye project with her students? A) the Vietnam War B) the assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. C) the assassination of John Lennon D) the assassination of President John F. Kennedy

B. The assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.

Imagine 100 individuals are asked to take part in a replication of Milgram's famous study on obedience. How are these 100 people likely to respond? A) Most of the women would refuse to obey, whereas almost all of the men would obey. B) The majority would administer 450 volts as instructed. C) Most of the participants would work together to force the experimenter to end the experiment. D) The majority would immediately realize the use of deception and leave.

B. The majority would administer 450 volts as instructed

A consultant was telling newly hired salespeople about techniques they can use to increase sales. At one point he was talking about increasing compliance by creating a sense of obligation. Because one of the last classes you took before you graduated was Social Psychology, you recognize the concept as ________________. A) foot-in-the-door effect B) the norm of reciprocity C) returning a favor D) indebtedness

B. The norm of reciprocity

If Drew is practicing a relaxation technique called receptive meditation, he is most likely_______. A) focusing on the sound of his breathing B) trying to expand consciousness outward C) sleeping D) using biofeedback equipment

B. Trying to expand consciousness outward

Social comparison occurs when _______________. A) two people order food in a restaurant B) two people enter a beauty contest C) playing solitaire D) someone asks you to give them directions

B. Two people enter a beauty contest

Kirima has her doctorate in health psychology. Which of the following research questions might she be most likely to investigate? A) Are men or women better drivers? B) Why are college students more prone to doing drugs when they take harder classes? C) What is the relationship between one's ethnicity and their political affiliation? D) What is the relationship between a person's age and the number of years it takes them to get an undergraduate degree?

B. Why are college students more prone to doing drugs when they take harder classes?

According to the research on implicit personality theory, who among the following is most likely to think that personality is a changeable thing? A) Tony, an Italian American born in New York B) Yonghang, a Chinese American born in Hong Kong C) Shireese, an African American born in New Jersey D) Mark, an Irish American born in Kansas

B. Yonghang, a Chinese American born in Hong Kong

The chief function of homeostasis is to __________. A. prevent balance B. maintain a steady state C. regulate emotions D. control sexual urges

B. maintain a steady state

The ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) may be involved in __________. A. increasing hunger B. stopping the eating response C. processing low fats D. food allergies

B. stopping the eating response

As people age, what happens to the body's BMR and weight set point?

BMR decreases, weight set point increases

Luanne is being treated for depression after a breakup with her boyfriend. Her therapist points out that her thoughts, and not the situation itself, is causing her to be depressed. This information suggests that Luanne's therapist practices _____ therapy.

Beck's cognitive

The ______ model of mental illness explains that disorders such as anxiety, depression, and schizophrenia are caused by chemical imbalances, genetic problems, brain damage or dysfunction, or some combination of those causes.

Biological

Creative people are _____ thinkers

Both A and B are correct.

Gifted children are

Both A and C are correct.

Who may benefit the most from electroconvulsive therapy?

Brad who is contemplating suicide

According to Holmes and Rahe, a person who scores over 300 on the Social Readjustment Rating Scale is more likely than are people with lower scores to have what kind of experience in the near future? A) a divorce B) commission of a crime C) a higher chance of becoming ill or having an accident D) more frequent changes of job

C. A higher chance of becoming ill or having an accident

Which of the following is an example of an avoidance-avoidance conflict? A) A person who loves chocolate must choose between eating chocolate cake or chocolate ice cream. B) A person who enjoys the ocean has to choose between retiring in the Bahamas or in Tahiti. C) A student has to decide whether to turn in an unfinished paper and receive a failing grade or hand it in late and lose many points. D) A person has to choose between wanting to eat some cake but not wanting the calories.

C. A student has to decide whether to turn in an unfinished paper and receive a failing grade or hand it in late and lose many points

Which statement is more likely to be true concerning attributions made by Americans versus Chinese people? A) they both tend to make situational cause errors B) Chinese people are more likely to make dispositional errors, whereas Americans are more likely to make situational errors. C) Americans are more likely to make the fundamental attribution error than are Chinese people. D) they both tend to make dispositional cause errors

C. Americans are more likely to make the fundamental attribution error than are Chinese people

Which of the following are considered emotional, as opposed to mental, symptoms of stress? A) eating too much, smoking or drinking more than usual, hitting people, or throwing things B) sleeping irregularity, frequent colds, nausea C) depression, fear, anger D) difficulty making decisions, loss of sense of humor, difficulty concentrating on tasks

C. Depression, fear, anger

_________ occurs when people experience unpleasant stressors. A) Catastrophic stress B) Eustress C) Distress D) Acute stress

C. Distress

"Mommy, mommy, mommy," your young son asks frantically. "Can we please buy a new PlayStation®3 console with all of the games and the wireless controllers so that we don't have to sit near the television?" "No," you reply, "we can't afford to buy all of that!" Seemingly unperturbed by your rejection, your son comes back with "Then can we just buy one new game for our PlayStation®2?" "Okay, I guess so," you answer, not realizing that your son has taken a social psychology class and has just used the _____________ technique to get what he wanted. A) lowball B) that's-not-all C) door-in-the-face D) foot-in-the-door

C. Door-in-the-face

Matthew compares his performance at work with that of a co-worker who is less competent than himself. When he engages in this behavior, he feels better and experiences a boost to his self-esteem. Matthew is using______ to maintain an optimistic outlook. A) alternative thinking B) relaxation C) downward social comparison D) scapegoating

C. Downward social comparison

Which statement is correct concerning cross-cultural research on the fundamental attribution error? A) Fundamental attribution error appears to be universal. B) Most cultures attribute behavior to dispositional causes. C) Eastern cultures like Japan seem to make more situational attributions than Western cultures such as the United States. D) Western cultures seem to make more situational attributions than Eastern cultures.

C. Eastern cultures like Japan seem to make more situational attributions that Western cultures such as the United States

Attributions are __________________. A) innate personality traits B) genetic predispositions to behave a certain way C) explanations that account for one's own behaviors and/or the behaviors of others. D) physical qualities people have such as attractiveness

C. Explanations that account for one's own behaviors and/or the behaviors of others

When members of a group give priority to the cohesiveness of the group over the facts of a situation, they are engaging in what social psychologists call _____. A) solidarity think B) consumerism C) groupthink D) mass thought

C. Groupthink

During the alarm stage of the general adaptation syndrome, all of the following EXCEPT _______________ are reactions that can be seen. A) headaches B) nausea C) hemorrhaging D) fever

C. Hemorrhaging

What is the term for the process of developing our first knowledge about another person? A) social interaction B) interpersonal judgment C) impression formation D) stereotyping

C. Impression formation

All of the following are Sternberg's components of love EXCEPT ________________. A) intimacy B) commitment C) loyalty D) passion

C. Loyalty

One contributing factor for the increasing rise of road rage is ____________. A) integration B) acculturation C) overcrowding D) assimilating

C. Overcrowding

The most extreme form of escape or withdrawal from frustration is ________. A) divorce B) leaving the country C) suicide D) anhedonia

C. Suicide

Drives serve to activate responses that are aimed at reducing the drive, thereby returning the body to a more normal state called __________. A. stability B. equilibrium C. homeostasis D. physiological balance

C. homeostasis

Need for achievement is also referred to as __________. A. Ach B. NFA C. nAch D. neech

C. nAch

theory of emotion that states that the thalamus sends sensory information to the cortex and the sympathetic organs at the same time is the ___ theory.

Cannon-Bard

Rod-shaped structures in the cell nucleus that contain genes are referred to as _______.

Chromosomes

According to Piaget, the ability to understand that simply changing the appearance of an object does not change the object's nature is known as _______.

Conservation

_____ thinking is best when a problem has only one right answer.

Convergent

Seira is very pleasant and likes to keep the peace. She finds it difficult to express emotions and internalizes her anger. She has few friends and spends a lot of time alone. According to research, Seira ________. A) is at high risk for coronary heart disease B) is a Type B personality C) is a hardy personality D) is a Type C personality

D. is a Type C personality

What is the name of the manual that psychologists use to classify mental disorders?

DSM-IV-TR

Which of the following artificial intelligence programs was able to beat world chess champion Garry Kasparov?

Deep Blue

What is Freud's term for the unconscious efforts by the ego to deny or distort reality for the purpose of protecting itself when conflict becomes too intense?

Defense mechanisms

The superego develops ____________.

During the preschool years

By definition, people who are gifted have

Either A or B.

What is the main disadvantage of using algorithms?

Finding solutions may take a long time.

The most likely time for a miscarriage is during the _______ months.

First three

What term is used to describe compliance with an initial small request followed by compliance with a larger request?

Foot-in-the-door effect

The term benevolent sexism was proposed by

Glick and Fiske

Greg was diagnosed with Down syndrome at age two. What can you predict about his intelligence?

Greg may come to excel in interpersonal sensitivity.

Dr. Houltin is a therapist who believes that it is important for clients to share information and provide feedback to each other. Dr. Houltin is practicing _____ therapy.

Group

The primary purpose of the DSM is to _____.

Help psychological professionals diagnose psychological disorders

What aspect of Type A behavior is most strongly related to heart disease?

Hostility

For Freud, the only personality structure present at birth is the ______.

What is Freud's term for the primitive, biological side of personality?

What is the term for the process of developing our first knowledge about another person?

Impression formation

In the stages of change model, how is the maintenance stage different from the preparation and action stages?

In the maintenance stage, the new behavior has become routine.

Erikson's theory of social development viewed the period from ages 3 to 5, his third stage, as characterized by the major challenge of _______.

Initiative versus guilt

How is the theory of planned behavior different from the theory of reasoned action?

It includes the idea that perceptions of control over the outcome are important.

Which of the following statements might someone with a biological perspective make about schizophrenia?

It is caused by genetics, chemical influences, and brain structural defects.

How was personology utilized in World War II?

It was used to create a profile of Hitler, including how he would behave.

the ___ theory of emotion would predict that people with spinal cord injuries that prevent them from experiencing sympathetic arousal would show decreased emotion.

James-Lange

Who is most likely to catch the flu?

Janice has been working on a high-stakes project for nearly six months.

You most likely to store the seven digit phone number from your previous address in _____ memory.

Long-term

Of the following factors, _____ is related to the highest rates of mental disorders.

Low income

Paige is an expert at golf and is bored by the thought of the upcoming tournament. Mary is pretty good at golf, and is somewhat excited, but not overly anxious about the tournament. Sara has only recently learned to play, but has very high expectations and is really nervous about the tournament. Jenna is also a beginner but she does not expect to play well. According to optimum arousal theory, who will perform the best?

Mary

Equipment to measure physiological activity during sexual activity was designed by

Masters and Johnson

Marilyn is depressed a great deal of the time so she seeks help from a doctor. She is diagnosed as having a mental illness caused by a chemical imbalance. Marilyn is most likely being treated by someone who adheres to the _____ model of psychological disorders.

Medical

"According to your textbook, _____ nearly derailed the scientific study of personality by challenging the assumption that personality traits are _____"

Mischel; consistent

Ashley and Mary-Kate are twins who are genetically identical. What type of twins are they?

Monozygotic twin's

Lithium is considered an effective _____ drug.

Mood-stabilizing

Which is NOT one of the usual criticisms of Kinsey's methodologies?

Most of the volunteers were homosexual

Four-year-old Larry squeezes between his Mommy and Daddy as they sit together on the couch. He cuddles with Mommy and pushes Daddy away. This illustrates which Freudian concept?

Oedipus complex

Which of the following is a symptom of acute stress disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder?

Persistent reliving of the event

Which assessment technique requires people to respond to unstructured or ambiguous stimuli?

Projective

The tendency of those studying psychopathology to start seeing themselves as suffering from the illnesses being discussed is known as _____________.

Psychology student's syndrome

An individual operating on the reality principle seeks ____________.

Rational means for obtaining gratification

Which of the following is NOT true when speaking of the relationship between religion and health?

Religious involvement causes an improvement in health according to research.

Bonnie was just diagnosed with depression. Her doctor prescribes the drug _____ which is most effective drug on the market today.

Remeron

Sam manages a fast-food restaurant. He is frustrated because employees often call in sick at the last minute before they are supposed to start their shift. Given that Sam recognizes this problem, what should he do next?

Sam should define the problem in detail

__________ is a mood disorder that is caused by the body's reaction to low levels of light present in the winter months.

Seasonal affective disorder

Which of the following is not true of a sensation seeker?

Sensation seekers always need arousal in the form of danger

The group of drugs known as SSRls work primarily by interfering with the reabsorption of _____ in the brain.

Serotonin

Jeanne only drinks alcohol when she is playing bridge with her friends. Her motive for drinking would be characterized as

Social

_____ theories stress the interaction of thought with social environments.

Social cognitive

A professional who believes in the _____ approach to psychological disorders is most likely to consider a person's ethnicity when diagnosing a disorder.

Sociocultural

Who is most likely going to achieve their desired weight loss?

Stan wants to make the track team.

Dave believes all college professors are irritable, impatient, and uninterested in whether students learn. His belief is an example of _______________.

Stereotype

Maurice is desperately attempting to study for his first test in psychology. However, the book store has run out of textbooks. He loaned his notes to the good looking girl who sits behind him, and she has not returned them. The test is scheduled for tomorrow morning and he has a headache. Maurice is experiencing

Stress

Which of the following statements is NOT one of the preliminary hypotheses in regards to the relationship between stress and the immune system?

Stress directly promotes disease-producing processes.

Which of the following would NOT be classified under health behaviors?

Studying

Whenever Greta thinks about her life, she automatically bursts into tears. This example most clearly illustrates the impact of ________ in psychological disorders.

Subjective discomfort

A gymnast can complete a trick on the balance beam consistently without falling in practice . However, during competition the gymnast becomes nervous, causing her to bobble and fall. According to the Yerkes-Dodson law, what is the problem?

The gymnast's level of arousal is too low

Research on _____________ supports the hypothesis that personality differences are due in part to genetic differences.

The heritability of traits

Genetics is defined as _______.

The science of heredity

Which psychological test asks the subject to tell a story based on a picture of one or more people in which it is unclear what is going on?

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

As reflected by the content of suicide notes, what statement best reflects the difference between those who attempt suicide and those who complete suicide?

Those who feel a sense of belonging are less likely to complete suicide.

In ___ syndrome, the twenty third pair of chromosomes is missing an X, resulting in short, infertile females.

Turner's

Which of the following is a female primary sex characteristic?

Vagina

Darrin is a good piano player. If he is alone, he gets distracted and makes mistakes. At a recital with strangers, he also makes mistakes. His best performance is typically when family and friends are nearby. This is an example of the

Yerkes-Dodson law.

In general, which of the following individuals would show the highest performance on a series of vocabulary and knowledge tests? a. 73 year old Joan b. 45 year old Leslie c. 26 year old Edward d. 17 year old Sienna

In non-Western countries, laypeople view intelligence as reflecting ________________ more than intellectual brilliance. a. wisdom and judgment b. cross-domain skills c. specific skills and abilities d. crystallized knowledge

In the process of fertilization the ________ and _________ unite, resulting in a single cell. a. sperm; egg b. zygote; sperm c. embryo; zygote d. egg; fetus

Jean Piaget is noted for his theory of ______ development. a. cognitive b. social c. identity d. psychosocial

The correct formula for determining IQ as used in Stern's development of the Stanford-Binet Test was ____________. a. MA/CA ×100 b. MA/DA × 100 c. CA/MA × 100 d. MA/CA

The process of _______________ is responsible for the remarkable rate of neural development in the fetal brain. a. proliferation b. neural plasticity c. neural migration d. neurogenesis

You happen to hear two psychologists discussing an individual. They refer to the DSM-IV-TR. The two psychologists are most likely having a discussion about

abnormal behavior.

Which method has the highest level of protection against STD's?

abstinence

People who seek careers and hobbies that allow others to evaluate them because they like the feedback on their performance are high in the need for

achievement

need for money is an example of a(n) ___ drive.

acquired

The _____ may be smaller in individuals with OCD than in those who do not have the disorder.

amygdala

which type of intelligence, according to Sternberg, would most likely be measured by traditional intelligence tests?

analytical

According to Jung, the collective unconscious is expressed through

archetypes

Emotionally laden ideas and images that have rich and symbolic meaning for all people are

archetypes

In everyday situations, finding and framing problems can be difficult because most real-life problems

are vague and ill-defined.

According to Erikson, if an elementary school child fails to succeed in learning new skills and knowledge, the result may be the development of a sense of a. stagnation. b. inferiority. c. shame and doubt. d. role confusion.

Circadian rhythms are controlled by the ________. a. pineal gland b. suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) c. thalamus d. hippocampus

b.suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

Puberty is associated with the onset of a. generativity. b. menopause. c. menarche. d. dementia.

Research has demonstrated that children learn ____________________ very early in cognitive development, and prefer novel stimuli to pictures of stimuli they are already familiar with. a. accommodation b. assimilation c. categorization d. conservation

Mental images

have picture-like quality

Maslow's hierarchy of needs

1) physiological (satisfy hunger, thirst, fatigue), 2) safety (feel secure and safe), 3) belongingness and love (be with others, be accepted, and belong), 4) esteem (achieve, be competent, gain approval and recognition), 5) cognitive (know, understand, and explore), 6) aesthetic (appreciate symmetry, order, and beauty), 7) self-actualization (self-fulfillment and realize one's potential), 8) transcendence (help others achieve self-actualization)

quality of language produced by animals cannot yet compare to the level achieved by a ___ human.

3-year-old

Approximately ________ out of every 1,000 people worldwide will develop schizophrenia at some point during their lives.

7-8

According to Kinsey, what percentage of males reported masturbating?

92 percent

According to Hans Selye, resistance to stress is lowest at the _____________ stage of the general adaptation syndrome. A) exhaustion B) alarm C) resistance D) collapse

A. Exhaustion

Recent research using the Asch paradigm has found less conformity in the United States than the original study found in the 1950s. The reason for this decrease in conformity may be that _____. A) the nature of the people in the 1950s seemed to be more conforming B) people today watch more television C) people in the 1950s had less money D) people today are more obedient

A. The nature of the people in the 1950s seemed to be more conforming

Which axis on the DSM-IV focuses on disruptions in various life domains?

Axes IV

Mental retardation falls into what axis of disorders on the DSM-IV?

Axis II

Linda's house was flooded in a hurricane. Upon losing her home, she had nightmares, disturbed sleep, and anxiety that lasted about two weeks. Linda most likely suffered from ______________. A) catastrophic stress B) acute stress disorder C) external locus of control D) post-traumatic stress disorder

B. Acute stress disorder

Joey put a quarter in the gumball machine only to find that the machine was not working. He continued to turn the dial on the machine in hope that he would retrieve a gumball. Unfortunately, after several minutes of forcefully turning the dial he still did not retrieve a gumball. As a result, he kicked the machine several times. Kicking the machine is an example of ____________. A) varying efforts B) aggression C) persistence D) increasing efforts

B. Aggression

Membership in a religious organization and regular attendance at religious functions ________________. A) will definitely extend one's life expectancy B) can be a vital part of a person's social support system C) are a psychological defense mechanism D) promote one's cognitive abilities

B. Can be a vital part of a person's social support system

Which individual is most likely to experience acculturative stress? A) Mary who is switching jobs from manufacturing to the service industry B) Min-Shek who is leaving home for the first time to attend the state college 100 miles away C) Oladipo who has moved from Nigeria to the United States D) Joie who has moved from New York to Boston

C. Oladipo who has moved from Nigeria to the United States

Sexual problems that result from physical causes are referred to as _________. A) stress dysfunctions B) cellular erectile difficulties C) organic dysfunctions D) hormonal deficit dysfunctions

C. Organic dysfunctions

In Solomon Asch's study on conformity, the number of confederates was found to have a significant impact on the participants' likelihood of giving an incorrect answer. How many confederates did Asch find maximized the likelihood of conformity occurring? A) 6 B) 12 C) 4 D) 2

C. 4

Your best friend has been acting rather cool toward you lately. As you try to figure out why, you are engaging in the process called ________________. A) causal analysis B) ascribing values C) attribution D) nonverbal communication

C. Attribution

The negative changes in thoughts, emotions, and behavior as a result of prolonged stress or frustration are called__________. A) eustress B) epidemiology C) burnout D) dysphoria

C. Burnout

You want to visit Argentina but your attitude about Argentina is changing as you read the news about the kidnappings that have occurred there. Which component of attitude is being affected? A) affective B) behavioral C) cognitive D) situational

C. Cognitive

When opposites attract, it is said that they have __________ characteristics. A) proximal B) reciprocal C) complementary D) rewarding

C. Complementary

What is the primacy effect, as it relates to impression formation, more commonly known as? A) situational bias B) altruism C) first impression D) negative attribution

C. First impression

Which of the following is a myth about suicide? A) People who intend to commit suicide usually talk about it. B) People who intend to commit suicide may seem to be in good spirits because they have made the decision to take their life and are looking forward to the escape. C) People who talk about committing suicide won't actually do it—they just want attention. D) People who intend to commit suicide may clear out desks and lockers and settle their finances.

C. People who talk about committing suicide won't actually do it- they just want attention

The first response that people typically make to frustration is_________. A) aggression B) varying efforts C) persistence D) increasing efforts

C. Persistence

Which of the following would result in cognitive dissonance? A) Wearing glasses is dignified; a respected political leader wears glasses. B) Orange juice is healthy; I love orange juice. C) Pink shirts are effeminate; Mel Gibson wears pink shirts. D) Dresses are feminine; Britney Spears wears dresses.

C. Pink shirts are effeminate; Mel Gibson wears pink shirts

An instinct is a tendency that is __________. A. learned B. conditioned C. biological D. easily controlled

C. biological

Researchers have found an association between daily hassles and ___________. A) cancer and heart disease B) hypertension and obesity C) heart disease and schizophrenia D) colds and headaches

D. Colds and headaches

It is 1951, and you are going to participate in a perception experiment. You join seven others seated in a room. You are shown a 10-inch test line and must choose the line that matches it in length from a choice of three lines. The experimenter, Solomon Asch, is studying _____________________. A) social loafing B) groupthink C) bystander apathy D) conformity

D. Conformity

The type of research design that compares various participants at several points in time to examine age-related differences and changes is called a _______.

Cross-sequential design

Mary Ainsworth observed that securely attached infants _______.

Cry if the mother leaves the room, are easily soothed, and welcome her back when she returns

All of the following are sources of stress EXCEPT______. A) pressure B) uncontrollability C) frustration D) aggression

D. Aggression

One conclusion of much of the research on media and violence is that ____________. A) TV tends to make nonaggressive children become aggressive B) TV causes violence C) violent TV programs are responsible for over 75 percent of aggression among children D) aggressive children tend to watch violent TV more than nonaggressive children

D. Aggressive children tend to watch violent TV more than nonaggressive children

People who are depressed and may be suicidal often suffer from_____, a condition in which the person has lost the ability to experience pleasure. A) learned helplessness B) irritability C) neural numbness D) anhedonia

D. Anhedonia

Experiments showing the effects of group pressure on conformity were conducted by ______. A) Singer B) Milgram C) Luchens D) Asch

D. Asch

What do we call judgments about people, situations, objects, or thoughts? A) cognitions B) stereotypes C) attributions D) attitudes

D. Attitudes

Which of the following traits is associated with people who live to be very old? A) inflexibility B) aggressiveness C) tenseness D) being easygoing

D. Being easygoing

Which of the following parts of the brain are related to aggression? A) the amygdala B) the limbic system C) neither A nor B D) both A and B

D. Both A and B

Sasha is experiencing stress in her workplace that is causing her to feel dissatisfied and pessimistic. As a result, she has a desire to quit her job. Sasha is experiencing________. A) poverty-related stress B) road rage C) eustress D) burnout

D. Burnout

Roberta is trying to decide whether to vote for a political candidate. Based on what she has read about him, she has concluded that he is not qualified for the position, but she agrees with his political positions. Also, she trusts him and likes his decisive personality. In fact, she likes him so much that she sent a small donation to his campaign. Her opinion that the candidate is not qualified represents the ______ component of her attitude toward him. A) feeling B) intuition C) behavioral D) cognitive

D. Cognitive

Which of the following stages of psychosocial development appears in adulthood rather than in childhood?

Integrity vs. despair

Amelia was very excited when she was called in for an interview for a teller position with the local bank. As a part of the interview process, she was required to take the MMPI. She wonders why the bank would require her to take the test as a condition of employment. You are a psychology major. What do you tell Amelia about the use of the MMPI in employment settings?

It is used often by employers as a hiring tool.

_____ focus on the role of the unconscious mind in personality.

Psychodynamic theorists

Problems such as ___________________ pose a higher risk of infant death, infection, and developmental disorders than premature delivery. a. low birth weight b. difficult labour and delivery c. lack of nourishment from breast milk d. overdue delivery

Gary wants to lose weight by reducing his caloric intake. He eats a candy bar for breakfast instead of a bowl of cereal because the candy bar has fewer calories. Is Gary doing the right thing?

Yes, the body needs high sugar intake at breakfast.

Recent research evidence suggests that people with poor cognitive skills are especially likely to overestimate their intellectual abilities, a phenomenon known as _______________________. a. the double curse of incompetence b. metacognitive skills c. deviation IQ d. positive eugenics

A test is said to be reliable if a. a person's score on a test is pretty much the same every time he or she takes it. b. it contains an adequate sample of the skills it is supposed to measure. c. its results agree with a more direct measure of what the test is designed to predict. d. it is culture-fair.

A theory of intelligence with nine components was postulated by a. Gardner. b. Spearman. c. Sternberg. d. Terman.

A zookeeper finds that a flock of geese follow her wherever she moves because she is the first object that they see after hatching. What is this situation an example of? a. Imprinting b. Trust c. Contact comfort d. Insecure attachment

According to David Elkind, adolescents who feel that they are unique, special, and invincible are operating under what he referred to as _____________. a. a personal fable b. false beliefs c. an identity crisis d. a zone of proximal development

Sterilization laws in Alberta remained into the a. 1970s. b. 1950s. c. 1960s. d. 1940s.

which of the following is not a characteristic of a person who is high in the need for power(nPow)

a good team player

When people persist in trying to solve a problem the same way they have always gone about solving problems, they developed ___.

a mental set

Steve is a scuba diver who is concerned about sharks every time he is diving near a boat wreck. Steve is exhibiting

a normal reaction.

Curiosity exploration, and playing are all examples of

a stimulus motive

Which of the following statements about flashbulb memories is true? a. Flashbulb memories tend to be about as accurate as other types of memories. b. People feel unconfident about their recall of flashbulb memories. c. A major news event automatically causes a person to store a flashbulb memory. d. Your memory of how you felt at the onset of a flashbulb memory rarely changes over time.

a. Flashbulb memories tend to be about as accurate as other types of memories.

________ is any relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience or practice. a. Learning b. Adaptation c. Memory enhancement d. Muscle memory

a. Learning

A male has a thin, frail-looking area on his X chromosome of the 23rd pair. As children, people with this syndrome are typically mildly developmentally delayed but shift to severe or profound developmental delay as adults. This is known as __________. a. fragile X syndrome b. Down syndrome c. fetal alcohol syndrome d. familial retardation

a. fragile X syndrome

The sentence, "Colorless ideas sleep furiously" has __________. a. proper syntax but poor semantics b. proper syntax and good semantics c. improper syntax and poor semantics d. improper syntax but good semantics

a. proper syntax but poor semantics

In the curve of forgetting developed by Ebbinghaus, the greatest amount of forgetting occurs __________. a. within the first hour after learning new material b. within the first day after learning new material c. near the end of the retrieval period d. near the middle of the retrieval period

a. within the first hour after learning new material

Which of the following is NOT part of the definition of intelligence?

ability to be creative

Psychologist Sandra Bem developed the concept of

androgyny

If you are involved in the process of trying to change a maladaptive behavior, you would most likely expend the largest amount of energy and effort during the _____ stage.

action

Your uncle has decided that it is finally time to quit smoking. He stopped last week and is hoping that he can continue to stay tobacco-free. He is in the _____ stage of the stages of change model.

action/willpower

a decline in testosterone in the forties is called ___.

andropause

The verbal scale of the WAIS-IV includes all of the following subtests except a. arithmetic. b. digit symbol. c. information. d. similarities.

Which psychological approach would attribute a person's depression to escalating negative and self-defeating thoughts?

cognitive

people high in the need for ___ want to be liked by others and are good team players.

affiliation

in the Strange Situation, ___ babies were clinging, unwilling to explore, very upset when Mommy left the room, and demanded to be held but pushed her away at the same time when she returned.

ambivalent

John lost his job as a steelworker. However, when seeking new employment, John considers a wide variety of jobs, such as fighter pilot, teacher, and nurse. Given these choices, a psychologist like Bem might consider John to be

androgynous

When Jack's ex-wife informs him that his son had been killed in a car accident, Jack responds by saying "Good, now I don't have to pay child support!" Jack is most likely suffering from

antisocial personality disorder.

The viability point, the point in pregnancy at which infants can typically survive on their own is around ____________weeks. a. 18 b. 25 c. 36 d. 40

. Jan is afraid of crowds. If her therapist uses the flooding technique, which of the following will Jan most likely be asked to do?

attend a sold-out rock concert with no way home until after the concert

What key process is critical when moving new information from sensory memory into short-term memory?

attention

which of the following is NOT one of the three elements of emotion?

attention

Robert's teacher has sent several notes home to his family during the past school year. Robert is inattentive, hyperactive, and impulsive. Robert will most likely be diagnosed with

attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.

rebellion in the teenage years is the most likely outcome of ___ parenting.

authoritarian

Ryan and Deci's self- determination theory asserts that the three primary human interpersonal needs are competence, relatedness, and

autonomy

Ryan and Deci's self-determination theory asserts that the three primary human interpersonal needs are competence, relatedness, and (pg 347)

autonomy

During the sensorimotor stage, children lack both object permanence and ________________. a. conservation b. deferred imitation c. egocentrism d. preoperations

When parents experience only mild conflict before a divorce, the seeming effects of divorce on children are _____________than when parents experience intense conflict before a divorce. a. less severe b. more severe c. minimal d. negligible

Which of the following definitions best describes the meaning of the term "autonomy"?

being independent and self-reliant

Expectancy value theories assume that the actions of humans cannot be predicted with out an understanding of people's (pg 347)

beliefs and values

one of the earliest approaches to motivation focused on(pg 345)

biologically determined patterns of behavior

Mike takes lithium to regulate his mood. This drug is used to treat

bipolar disorder

Your roommate is acting very strangely. Although she has not slept much in the past few days, she says she is on top of the world. She has cleaned and re-cleaned her closets several times. She has invested in a questionable financial venture. This period of nonstop activity has lasted for well over a week and is in sharp contrast to the depression and fatigue she exhibited in the previous semester. The DSM-IV diagnosis would most likely be

bipolar disorder.

Lithium is to _____ as clozapine is to _____

bipolar disorder; schizophrenia

The general adaptation syndrome refers to the

body's response to stressors.

Our accumulated knowledge of the world over time is called _______ intelligence. a. aptitude b. abstract c. crystallized d. fluid

Which of the following measures of infant intelligence has been found somewhat reliable in predicting later IQ scores? a. Verbal learning b. Picture completion c. Speed of habituation d. Block design

In Schachter and Singer's classic study of emotion, male student volunteers were injected with epinephrine, a drug that

causes the same kind of physiological arousal that occurs during a strong emotional reaction

The immune system and the central nervous system both rely on _____ mediators for communication.

chemical

A sprinter would best be served by eating _____ prior to a race.

chocolate

Which of the following is a necessary criterion for a diagnosis of personality disorder?

chronic maladaptive behavior

Dr. Patterson engages in reflective listening with her depressed client. She waits for him to express his feelings and for him to decide what he wants to do about his problems. Dr. Patterson is practicing _____ psychotherapy.

client-centered

The theory that feeling an emotion comes first as a physical reaction that leads to a behavioral response is known as the (p365)

common sense theory of emotion

Jamar is four foot eight inches tall and drives a very large car. How would Adler explain Jamar's choice in cars?

compensation

According to Ryan and Deci's self-determination theory, the need to be able to master the challenging task of one's life is the need for

competence

According to Ryan and Deci, a person's intrinsic motivation may be increased because of a combined sense of

competence and autonomy

According to self-determination theory, people are most fulfilled when they satisfy which of the following three fundamental needs?

competence, autonomy, and relatedness

in which of Piaget's stages does the child become capable of understanding conservation?

concrete operational

According to Rogers, a child who experiences regular punishment from parents and is only rewarded for good behavior is likely to develop knowledge of

conditions of worth.

Reggie joins the football team to please his father. According to Rogers, this is an example of

conditions of worth.

Randall believes that aliens crashed in the western United States in the 1950s. When looking for information about this on the Internet, he ignores any sites that are skeptical of his belief and only visits and talks with his friends about the sites that support his belief. This is an example of ___.

confirmation bias

"People who are in the _____ stage of change possess a beginning awareness of their problem behavior but they are not yet ready to change it."

contemplation

The element of _____ separates the theory of reasoned action from the theory of planned behavior.

control

which of the following is not one of the physiological factors in hunger?

corpus callosum

An example of a stimulus motive is(pg 349)

curiosity playing and exploration

One's verbal IQ score on the WAIS primarily relates to which type of intelligence? a. Emotional b. Fluid c. Multiple d. Crystallized

Which of the following statements is illustrative of the post hoc fallacy? a. Believing that because someone is specially trained, he or she is more likely to become a professional athlete b. Believing that because someone has benefitted from the best coaching, he or she will have a good chance of becoming a professional athlete c. Believing that because someone is muscular in body type, he or she is more likely to become a professional athlete d. Believing that because most professional athletes lift weights, weightlifting produces professional athletes

Which of these is one of Howard Gardner's multiple intelligences? a. Poetic b. Digital c. Creative d. Naturalistic

Which of these women has the highest chance of giving birth to a child with Down Syndrome? a. 14 year old Christine b. 23 year old Jillian c. 36 year old Nadia d. 49 year old Lauren

Which one of the following was tentatively proposed by Gardner as a possible ninth type of intelligence? a. Musical b. Interpersonal c. Holistic d. Existential

which of the following does NOT happen in the germinal period?

developing organs can be affected by toxins passing through the placenta

You are amazed at how the server in the fancy restaurant accurately remembered all of the orders from you and your eleven friends without writing them down. It is likely that while the server was taking your orders, he

did not notice the woman at the next table who was putting food in her handbag.

Margaret fell down her basement stairs and suffered serious injury to her amygdala. What memory problems is she most likely to experience?

difficulty with emotional memories

The first step in systematic desensitization is

discussing aspects of the feared situation that are most frightening.

which of the following is NOT one of the animals that has been taught to use language with some success?

dog

if there is a history of obesity in a family, each family member has ___ of becoming obese compared to people without such a family history.

double or triple the risk

Which of the following is true regarding Piaget's and Erikson's theories? a. Children in Piaget's preoperational stage should also be working on issues in Erikson's trust versus mistrust stage of development. b. Children in Piaget's sensorimotor stage should also be working on issues in Erikson's industry versus inferiority stage of development. c. Children in Piaget's concrete operational stage should also be working on issues in Erikson's initiative versus guilt stage of development. d. Children in Piaget's formal operational stage should also be working on issues in Erikson's autonomy versus shame and doubt stage of development. e. Children in Piaget's preoperational stage should also be working on issues in identity versus identity confusion stage of development.

Barndon has blue eyes, even though both his mother and father have brown eyes. What do we know about Brandon's parents?

each of his parents must have one recessive blue eye color gene

critical period for pregnancy is the ___.

embryonic period

The circumstances that threaten a person or tax his/her coping abilities are called

emotion generators.

Goleman has proposed that ___ intelligence is a more powerful influence on success in life that other forms of intelligence.

emotional

Which is not one of the big five factors of personality discussed in your text?

empathy

A self-report test that presents many questionnaire items to two groups that are known to be different in some central way is called a _____ test.

empirically keyed

A male with a defective chromosome leading to severe protein deficiency and poor brain development probably sufferes from ___.

fragile X syndrome

The main difference between short-term memory and working memory has to do with

function

Al goes out one frosty morning to find that his car is covered with a layer of thick frost. He needs to get to work and looks for his ice scraper. Unable to find it, he thinks a moment, goes into the house, and returns with a hard plastic spatula from the kitchen. In using the spatula as a makeshift ice scraper, Al has overcome ___.

functional fixedness

After being in a car accident, Sally's ventromedial hypothalamus was severely damaged. She should expect that she will

gain weight rapidly.

Dr. John Money, the Reimers' doctor, suggested that Brenda be raised as a girl because he believed that

gender roles are learned and, without male organs, Brenda would happily learn to be a female

______ is the process by which people learn their culture's preferences and expectations for proper masculine and feminine behaviors.

gender typing

Selye's three-stage pattern of reaction to stress is known as the

general adaptation syndrome.

Goals that are short-term, specific, and challenging lead to

greater achievement.

DeShawn graduated from college with honors and approaches most aspects of life with the expectation that he will be successful. He expects a great deal of himself and sets his goals high. After his interview for a job in the most prestigious company in his state, he was convinced that he would get the job. You could say that he

has high self-efficacy.

Cameron and her colleagues agree that extrinsic motivation

has no overall effect on intrinsic motivation.

Danielle is a normal weight female whereas Ron is an obese male. Whenever Danielle and Ron go out to dinner together, Ron always eats more food. Ron, a psychology major, correctly explains this difference in food intake by pointing out that

he has more fat cells than Danielle and he is not satiated until all his fat cells are full.

main difference between the AI programs Deep Blue and Deep Junior is that Deep Blue used ___, whereas Deep Junior was programmed to use ___.

heuristics; rule of thumb

Physiologically the body responds to anger with

higher heart rate and blood pressure

Physiologically, the body responds to anger with(pg 361)

higher heart rate and blood pressure

When you exercise, you begin breathing more rapidly to provide oxygen to your cells. This increase in breathing is an attempt to restore

homeostasis.

Leptin is a ___ involved in appetite control.

hormone

your heart is racing, your breathing is rapid, and your mouth is dry. What emotion are you experiencing?

it is not always possible to distinguish one emotion from another by psychological reactions only

The motivation approach in which behavior is explained in terms of the external stimulus and its rewarding properties is the

incentive approach

if calorie intake stays the same, as the basal metabolic rate decreases, the weight set point ___.

increases

In Erikson's ___ stage of psychosocial development, the child learns self-control and begins to feel more capable.

initiative versus guilt

evidence from a study with 2 year olds who were given an opportunity to explore a black box with a hole in it suggests that sensation seeking may be ___.

innate

Miguel was struggling with the answer to one of the questions on his psychology midterm. Seeing that the answer was not going to come easily, he went on to answer some of the other easier questions. Then suddenly, the answer to the problematic question just seemed to "pop" into his head. Miguel's experience is an example of ___.

insight

Which hormone secreted by the pancreas signals hunger by lowering blood sugar levels?

insulin

what is the hormone that the new, low-carbohydrate diets are trying to control to prevent hunger cravings that commonly occur after consuming highly refined carbohydrates?

insulin

state which of the following words is the most likely answer to the cryptic clue: "Part of a vehicle's engine mistakenly ate ink."

intake

a sense of completeness of one's ego, or identity, is called ___.

integrity

According to the DSM-IV, which of the following is an Axis II disorder?

intellectual disability

Which of the following is NOT an element recognized by Rogers as one that is essential for human growth?

intelligence

bulimia, unlike anorexia, ___.

is hard to detect because the person's weight is often normal

which of the following statements about adolescence is FALSE?

it ends when puberty is complete

structure in the brain that, when damaged, causes rats to stop eating is called the ___.

lateral hypothalamus

connectionist network theory differs from schema theory in that it maintains that

memory involves specific facts.

Keneisha is only 11 years old, but she can answer questions that most 15 year olds can answer.

mental age

mental retardation and blindness are possible outcomes of the effects of ___ on the developing baby.

mercury

in familial retardation, the degree of retardation is typically ___.

mild

Jarod is 35 years old, but his cognitive abilities have never gone beyond the level of a second-grade child. Jarod would be classified as ___ developmentally delayed.

moderately

According to the Yerkes-Dodson Law, optimum performance is achieved when one is

moderately anxious.

"You just ran a marathon in very hot weather and perspired heavily. According to drive reduction theory, your body will have a(n) _____ for water, which will produce a(n) _____ for water, which will lead to a _____ to get water.

need; drive; motivation

According to the five-factor model of personality, a person who is anxious and insecure is high on

neuroticism.

Countries like the Netherlands, Germany, Italy, and England are more likely to have

nontraditional views of gender

The condition in which the body weight of a person is 20-30 percent over the idea body weight for that person's height is known as

obesity

Oscar feels that if he does not circle his car five times before he gets in it, he will have an accident. The feeling that he is going to have an accident represents a(n)

obsession

Learning to perform a task so well that it becomes automatic is referred to as

overlearning.

Chunking involves

packing together information that exceeds the 7 plus or minus 2 rule.

Insulin and glucagon are hormones secreted by the __________ to control the levels of fats, carbohydrates, and proteins in he whole body

pancreas

Lola began having brief episodes of overwhelming anxiety about a year ago. She does not know what causes them, but she has had them in the grocery store, at busy restaurants, and once while driving. Her heart pounds, she has difficulty breathing, and sometimes she feels like her body no longer belongs to her. She is afraid she will go crazy or have a heart attack. Based on this information, Lola may have

panic disorder.

according to maslow, a time in a person's life during which self- actualization has been temporarily achieved is a

peak experience

A remarkable finding from research on cognitive-remediation therapy is that this therapy produces changes in the

person's brain functioning.

which term refers to the feeling of being unique and protected?

personal fable

An individual's autobiographical memory forms the core of the individual's

personal identity.

Walter Mischel's view of situationism infers that

personality varies considerably from one context to another.

sounds of the letters b, z, c, and d are examples of ___.

phenomes

Carla is afraid to use any toilet other than the one in her home. She will go to any length to avoid using a public restroom or the washrooms at her friends' houses. Carla is most likely suffering from

phobic disorder.

basic units of sound are called ___.

phonemes

Sternberg has found that ___ intelligence is a good predictor of success in life but has a low relationship to ___ intelligence.

practical; academic

Sam has a problem with alcohol. He gets drunk at parties four to five nights a week and it is not uncommon for him to experience blackouts. Despite his friends' concerns, Sam does not think he has a problem and believes that he is just being a typical college student. Sam would most likely be classified as being in the _____ stage of change.

precontemplation

Which of the following is the first stage in the stages of change model?

precontemplation

Which of the following lists the stages of the stages of change model in the correct order?

precontemplation, contemplation, preparation/determination, action/willpower, maintenance

Missy has decided to start eating healthier. She has even been to the grocery store and purchased a bunch of fruit and vegetables to begin her new nutritional program. Missy is at which stage of the stages of change model?

preparation/determination

The activation of information that a person already has in storage is referred to as

priming

Blake secretly cheated on his girlfriend and now he is constantly accusing her of harboring desires for other people. What defense mechanism is Blake using

projection

Eyewitness accounts of crimes are

prone to errors.

On a popular quiz show, contestants are asked to match the audience in naming certain items. One contestant, when asked to "name a type of vehicle," replied "wheelchair!" The audience groaned, because they knew that the contestant was pretty far off the mark. The contestant should have picked a vehicle that was closer to a ___ for vehicles to match the audience's response.

prototype

"Abnormal behavior is the result of unresolved unconscious conflicts." This statement would likely be made by a psychologist who practices _____ therapy.

psychodynamic

Setting goals, planning for the implementation of goals, and monitoring progress are all aspects of

self-regulation.

You tell your roommate, "I misplaced my wallet." Your roommate exclaims, "Oh my goodness, you lost your wallet?" You respond, "No, I didn't lose my wallet, I misplaced it." This exchange best demonstrates the _____ aspect of language.

semantic

in which of Piaget's stages would a child be who has just developed object permanence?

sensorimotor

role of ___, a neurotransmitter that is also implicated in obesity, may provide clues to both bulimia and anorexia.

serotonin

"1 am so tired of dieting. It seems like it controls my life. I wonder what my real weight would be if I just ate only when I'm hungry." This dieter is curious about her

set point

According to research, thinking of _____ is an effective elaboration technique.

sights and sounds

The hormone cholecystokinin (CCK)

signals you to stop eating.

as an infant, Liz never liked change, but if you introduce new things gradually, she will eventually accept them without too much fuss.

slow to warm up

What is the term for an improvement in performance caused by the perception that others are watching?

social facilitation

Rashid and Tawana are watching the classic TV show Leave it to Beaver. After watching the show, the decide to play. Rashid says he will be Ward Cleaver and Tawana should play June Cleaver. This play situation would be best explained by

social learning theory

When children observe their same sex parents behaving certain ways and imitate that behavior, a psychologist uses which theory to explain the situation?

social learning theory

A person who is full but still takes another helping of food at dinner because it tastes so good is eating because

taste the food is the incentive for eating

Daddy go bye-bye" is an example of ___.

telegraph speech

Which of the following is NOT a study tip that focuses on the encoding process?

test yourself

Which of the following is NOT included in the encoding process?

testing yourself

which of the following makes the Wechsler tests different from the Stanford-Binet?

the Wechsler provides several types of subscores in addition to one general score

All of the following are considered errors by the authors of The Bell Curve EXCEPT:

the authors assumed that heritability applied only to differences within groups of people

Personology refers to

the study of the whole person.

Which of the following statements about successful "Termites" in the Terman and Oden study is NOT TRUE?

the successful men were more likely to be divorced

which of the following statements about adult ADHD is TRUE?

the symptoms of ADHD in adulthood are similar to those in children

You are a personality researcher and want to continue in the tradition of Henry Murray. This means you will be especially interested in

the whole person rather than specific traits.

According to Alfred Adler, people are primarily motivated by

their desire to overcome perceived shortcomings

mental activity that goes in the brain when a person is processing information is called ___.

thinking

vision and hearing begin to decline in the ___.

thirties

Kendall's therapist has asked her to imagine a large "X" when she begins to think about things that make her anxious. This is an example of the _____ technique.

thought stopping

In a study of girls who had been exposed to androgens in the womb, it was found that early on they preferred masculine activities but later preferred feminine ones. Such studies make it difficult

to decide if gender identity is related to physical factors

In the classic Schachter-Singer "angry man/happy man" experiment ,participants were given a drug to elicit a physical response and then exposed to two different conditions. One group was paired with a confederate pretending to be angry and the other group with a confederate pretending to be happy. what was the main objective of this experiment?

to determine whether physical arousal has to be interpreted cognitively before it can be labeled as an emotion

The role of the lateral hypothalamus is

to trigger the eating response when insulin levels go up

which of the newborn's senses is the most fully developed at birth?

touch

After changing her eating habits, Kelsey does not even think about ordering anything but whole wheat bread for her submarine sandwich. Kelsey has reached

transcendence

In the stages of change model, a person is experiencing _____ when conscious attention is no longer required to maintain the new, healthy behavior.

transcendence

Sherice started seeing a psychotherapist because of marital problems. She is unhappy because she feels her husband does not give her enough attention. After several sessions, she is quite taken with her male therapist because he gives her undivided attention. This growing affection for her therapist is called

transference.

A person contemplating surgery to alter his or her bodily appearance to that of the opposite sex is thinking about becoming a

transsexual

which of the following issues typically creates a lot of conflict between most teens and their parents?

trivial issues of hair, clothing, and music choices

which of the following represents dizygotic twins?

two eggs get fertilized by two different sperm.

Which if the following is NOT considered one of the criteria for defining abnormal behavior?

unique behavior

Which cause of a sexually transmitted disease is hardest to treat?

viral

which sense is least functional at birth?

vision

In Gardener's view, astronauts, navigators, and artists would be high in ___ intelligence.

visual/spatial

Roger has just finished reading about Paivio's dual-code hypothesis in his psychology class. He decides to use Paivio's method when he studies for his French vocabulary test. This means that Roger will

visualize the image associated with each French vocabulary word

warmth and acceptance.

Adler believed that birth order

was important to personality development.

collagen, an elastic tissue that becomes less elastic as we get older, is a good example of the ___ theory of aging.

wear and tear

one of the main differences between anorexia and bulimia is that the anorexic ___.

weighs percent or more below expected body weight

The level of weight that the body tries to maintain is known as (pg 355)

weight set point

In Terman's study of gifted children, social and behavioral problems were found only in those ___.

with IQs of 180 or higher in children

A fear of strangers is referred to as

xenophobia.

Vygotsky defines ___ as the difference between what a child can do alone and what that child can do with help.

zone of proximal development

fertilized egg cell is called a ___.

zygote

Which of the following was NOT one of the reasons that Masters and Johnson's research was considered controversial?

They participated in sexual activity with their subjects

Which of the following terms is associated with social cognition?

Thinking about others

Which of the following describes the cannon-bard theory of emotion?

i am shaking and feeling afraid at the same time

Your sorority sister argues that AI machines will become intent on domination of the human race as soon as they realize that they are intellectually superior to humans. As a psychology major, you scoff at this position and argue that AI machines will never come to the realization that they are smarter than humans because they

Do not have the self awareness necessary to come to this conclusion.

Which of the following is defined as a gene that controls the appearance of a certain trait? a) recessive b) mutated c) recombinant d) dominant

Dominant

Projective tests tend to make use of ________ stimuli

Ambiguous

The theory that we experience emotion first with physical arousal(e.g.,increased heart rate, shaky hands) which then leads to awareness of the emotion is the (pg 365)

-Lange theory of emotion

Which statement is CORRECT concerning the cultural components of eating disorders? A) Eating disorders are found in both Western and non-Western cultures. B) Anorexia and bulimia are only found in Western, high-socioeconomic cultures. C) Chinese women never report suffering from anorexia. D) African American women rarely, if ever, suffer from eating disorders.

A. Eating disorders are found in both Western and non-Western cultures

Humans have a total of _______ chromosomes in normal developmental cases.

According to the Janus report, what percentage of females reported premarital sex?

46 percent

The tendency of people to comply with a second, lesser request after refusing a larger one is called the ______ technique. A) door-in-the-face B) lowball C) foot-in-the-door D) bait-and-switch

A. Door-in-the-face

Coping with stress in the Vietnamese culture typically includes which of the following? A) eating certain foods B) using biofeedback C) exercising D) engaging in a hobby

A. Eating certain foods

Luis picks up a pack of cigarettes and reads, "Cigarette smoking is harmful to your health." Which one of the following statements leads one to believe Luis is actually having cognitive dissonance? A) "I know these cigarettes are killing me but I just can't stop." B) "No one I know who smokes is sick." C) "That is not true. Cigarettes are not that harmful." D) "I've been smoking my whole life and I don't have health problems."

A. "I know these cigarettes are killing me but I just can't stop"

Obesity is defined as the condition of being at least _____ percent over the ideal body weight. A) 20 B) 40 C) 30 D) 10

A. 20

Research by Teresa Amabile shows that time pressure has ________impact on one's ability to be creative. A) a negative B) a positive C) some D) no

A. A negative

What is the correct sequence of stages in the general adaptation syndrome? A) alarm, resistance, exhaustion B) exhaustion, resistance, alarm C) resistance, alarm, exhaustion D) alarm, exhaustion, resistance

A. Alarm, resistance, exhaustion

Which of the following life events is not found in the list of major life events that cause a significant amount of stress according to the social readjustment rating scale (SRRS)? A) All of the above are found on the SRRS. B) going on vacation C) marriage D) pregnancy

A. All of the above are found on the SRRS

Which communicator would likely be the most persuasive? A) an attractive person who is an expert B) a moderately attractive person who is an expert C) a moderately attractive person who has moderate expertise D) an attractive person who has moderate expertise

A. An attractive person who is an expert

Which of the following is the most stressful of all conflicts, causing many people to go back and forth between one decision and the other, or be unable to decide for or against the event? A) approach-avoidance B) incompatible demands C) avoidance-avoidance D) approach-approach

A. Approach-avoidance

The realistic conflict theory focuses on conflict ______. A) between two groups B) within an in-group C) between two members of an in-group D) within an out-group

A. Between two groups

All of the following statements are true about bulimia EXCEPT __________. A) bulimia is not as damaging as anorexia nervosa B) bulimics have a distorted body image C) bulimics have a distorted view of how much food is too much food D) binge eating and vomiting are common symptoms

A. Bulimia is not as damaging as anorexia nervosa

The Type C behavior pattern is a significant predictor of ______. A) cancer B) mental illness C) coronary heart disease D) respiratory illnesses

A. Cancer

Which of the following is the term used to describe unpredictable, large-scale events that create a great deal of stress and feelings of threat? A) catastrophes B) major life events C) eustress D) hassles

A. Catastrophes

The advice to "keep it simple stupid" suggests that political and other messages should be simple so that the audience will understand the content without distractions. This is an example of which type of processing suggested by the elaboration likelihood model? A) central-route processing B) peripheral-route processing C) under-route processing D) classic-route processing

A. Central-route processing

Behavior that is initiated or changed in response to a request as opposed to a command or direct order is an example of _______. A) compliance B) obedience C) conformity D) persuasion

A. Compliance

In what way is compliance different from conformity? A) Compliance is a response to a direct request, whereas conformity is a response to indirect social pressure. B) Conformity involves direct group pressure for change, whereas compliance involves orders or commands. C) Compliance involves eliciting reaction on the part of group members, whereas conformity involves subliminal persuasion. D) Conformity and compliance are very similar; the distinction depends on whether one is a male or female.

A. Compliance is a response to a direct request, whereas conformity is a response to indirect social pressure.

Which one of the following activities will NOT reduce cognitive dissonance? A) continuing the behavior in spite of the conflicting thoughts B) developing new thoughts to justify the behavior C) changing the behavior to match the attitude D) changing the thought to justify the behavior

A. Continuing the behavior in spite of the conflicting thoughts

Which of the following are considered mental symptoms of stress? A) difficulty making decisions, loss of sense of humor, difficulty concentrating B) depression, fear, irritability C) sleeping irregularity, frequent colds, anger D) chest pains, nausea, memory loss

A. Difficulty making decisions, loss of sense of humor, difficulty concentrating

Which of the following individuals is the most likely candidate to join a cult? A) Glenn who lives with his strict parents, never fights back when people call him names, and builds Star Trek symbols out of wood B) Brenda who is disappointed with the president, lives with her sister, and has a great job C) Jane who is a straight A student and has a great relationship with her parents but just broke up with her boyfriend D) Dan who just got a job, has a great marriage but is unhappy with his religion

A. Glenn who lives with his strict parents, never rights back when people call him names, and builds Star Trek symbols out of wood

Carlos and his work associates form a close, friendly group, and they usually work well together. However, they may face a problem involving an extreme form of conformity called ______________. A) groupthink B) fundamental attribution error C) self-serving bias D) generational identity

A. Groupthink

Burning your toast, having trouble opening an e-mail attachment, breaking a glass, and running late for an appointment are all examples of ___________. A) hassles B) uplifts C) distress D) downturns

A. Hassles

The method in which the minority person tries to maintain a sense of original cultural identity while also trying to form a positive relationship with members of the dominant culture is called_____________. A) integration B) separation C) assimilation D) marginalization

A. Integration

What term do psychologists use to describe our liking of other people? A) interpersonal attraction B) love C) appeal D) cognitive dissonance

A. Interpersonal attraction

Attitude formation is the result of a number of influences. What they have in common is that they are all forms of ________________. A) learning B) intuition C) conformity D) reinforcement

A. Learning

Thomas Holmes and Richard Rahe developed the Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS) to measure change due to_________. A) major life events B) negative life events C) natural disasters D) social difficulties

A. Major life events

The term hassles refers to__________. A) minor annoyances of everyday life B) personal limitations that make it impossible for someone to pursue a desired goal C) minor health problems that cause a person to miss at least one day of work D) the necessity to interact with persons we dislike in order to obtain our goals

A. Minor annoyances of everyday life

Frustration that occurs when a goal or need cannot be attained due to personal characteristics is called_________. A) personal frustration B) external frustration C) a hassle D) internal conflict

A. Personal frustration

A disorder resulting from exposure to a major stressor, with symptoms of anxiety, nightmares, poor sleep, reliving the event, and concentration problems, lasting for more than one month is called_________. A) post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) B) external locus of control C) catastrophic stress D) acute stress disorder

A. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

Each of the following is a symptom of bulimia EXCEPT ______. A) refusal to maintain body weight at or above minimal normal weight for age and height B) recurrent episodes of binge eating C) body shape and weight excessively influencing the person's self-image D) recurrent inappropriate behaviors, such as self-induced vomiting, to try and prevent weight gain

A. Refusal to maintain body weight at or above minimal normal weight for age and height

A person in the _________________ stage of the general adaptation syndrome may feel better even though he or she continues to secrete hormones to help the body fight a stressor. A) resistance B) termination C) alarm D) exhaustion

A. Resistance

What term do social psychologists use for the process of making people in an out-group responsible for the problems of people in the in-group? A) scapegoating B) deindividuation C) groupthink D) pariah formation

A. Scapegoating

What was the grade level of the students with whom Jane Elliott performed her famous blue eye-brown eye demonstration? A) second grade B) kindergarten C) third grade D) first grade

A. Second grade

_________ is the term used to describe the physical, emotional, cognitive, and behavioral responses to events that are threatening or challenging. A) Stress B) Distress C) Burnout D) Dysphoria

A. Stress

Sexual problems that result from psychological causes are referred to as _________. A) stress-induced dysfunctions B) GOPs (gonad operative problems) C) cortical erectile difficulties D) organic dysfunctions

A. Stress-induced dysfunctions

Which part of the nervous system reacts when the human body is subjected to stress? A) sympathetic B) somatic C) central D) parasympathetic

A. Sympathetic

When the teacher was handing out this test, you noticed that your respiration rate and heartbeat increased, your palms got sweaty, and your hand shook a little. Your pretest behaviors were triggered by the__________. Upon completion of the exam, your body returned to its normal state by way of the _________. A) sympathetic nervous system; parasympathetic nervous system B) somatic nervous system; autonomic nervous system C) autonomic nervous system; somatic nervous system D) parasympathetic nervous system; sympathetic nervous system

A. Sympathetic nervous system; parasympathetic nervous system

Optimists tend to use alternative thinking to__________. A) come up with explanations that do not reflect badly on them personally for why undesirable events occur B) improve their cognitive abilities C) find a scapegoat D) make themselves feel better by comparing their performance to that of less competent others

A. Tend to come up with explanations that do not reflect badly on them personally for why undesirable events occur

A car crash woke John from his afternoon nap. When he looked out his apartment window, he saw several people milling around two smashed cars. He decided not to dial 911 because he assumed someone had already called. John's reaction is an example of ______. A) the bystander effect B) obedience to authority C) conformity to social norms help. D) pluralistic compliance

A. The bystander effect

Dr. Cirillo divided her first-period class into two groups. One group had to read 20 pages in a boring psychology text but would get 2 extra points on the next test. The other group also read 20 pages but were given 25 points added to the next test. The class members were then asked to tell the second-period class how interesting the book was. According to the results of the Festinger and Carlsmith study, what predictions could one make about the remarks of the first-period class? A) The first-period class would say the pages were interesting but the second-period class would say the pages were boring. B) The first-period class would say the pages were boring but the second-period class would not. C) Both groups would say the pages were interesting. D) Both groups would say the pages were boring.

A. The fist period class would say the pages were interesting but the second-period class would say the pages were boring

You observe a person at the grocery store get angry and yell at the cashier. Which of these attributions illustrates the fundamental attribution error? A) the yeller is a mean, angry person B) the cashier is overworked C) the yeller has had a bad day D) the cashier has had a bad day

A. The yeller is a mean, angry person

A group of Ray's friends have been waiting for Ray for an hour. One says, "He never remembers anything." Another says, "He's probably caught in rush hour traffic." What are these friends doing that might be of interest to a social psychologist? A) They are making attributions. B) They are forming initial impressions of Ray. C) They are conforming to the group's norms. D) They are reducing dissonance levels.

A. They are making attributions

Which of the following was a finding in the classic study by Festinger and Carlsmith (1959)? A) Those who got $1 to perform a boring task said the task was more interesting than did those who got $20. B) Women performed the tasks for less money than men. C) Those who got $20 to perform a boring task said the task was more interesting than did those who got $1. D) Paid groups said the task was less boring than did nonpaid groups.

A. Those who got $1 to perform a boring task said the task was more interesting that did those who got $20

You overhear a psychologist presenting a lecture to an introductory psychology class. The teacher mentions "purposeful or goal-directed behavior that may vary in intensity from one occasion to another." You recognize that he is talking about which type of behavior? A. motivated B. emotional C. frustrated D. preconscious

A. motivated

The Yerkes-Dodson Law says __________. A. performance is affected by levels of arousal B. the more money you make the better your job will be C. nausea from bad food causes a reluctance to eat that food again D. performance on tests is better in the morning

A. performance is affected by levels of arousal

Physiologically based drives that are unlearned are called __________ drives. A. primary B. reflexive C. acquired D. tertiary

A. primary

Facial feedback hypothesis is defined as __________. A. the process by which the facial muscles send messages to the brain about the basic emotion being expressed B. a state of arousal involving facial and bodily changes, brain activation, cognitive appraisals, subjective feelings, and tendencies toward action, all of which are shaped by cultural rules C. an irrational aspect of our mammalian heritage that no longer has an adaptive function in human behavior D. a set of social and cultural rules that regulates when, how, and where a person may express (or must suppress) emotions

A. the process by which the facial muscles send messages to the brain about the basic emotion being expressed

The theory of emotion in which a person would process emotion by thinking "my stomach is fluttering, therefore, I must be nervous," is the

James- Lange theory

If you had to write a research paper on ego defense mechanisms, which of the following would be the most appropriate summary position?

The use of defense mechanisms can be beneficial to psychological health.

Which of the following statements about creative people is TRUE?

They are not afraid to be different

The study of the judgments people make as to whether someone else's behavior is due to something about that person or due to the person's situation is called ______. A) the primacy effect B) attribution theory C) cognitive dissonance D) stereotyping

B. Attribution theory

Which of the following is NOT one of the processes associated with social identity theory? A) social categorization B) authoritarianism C) social comparison D) identification

B. Authoritarianism

What term refers to helping behavior that is performed voluntarily for the benefit of another person, with no anticipation of reward?

Altruism

A person experiencing a manic episode may

All of these.

According to Rogers, which of the following behaviors should receive unconditional positive regard?

All of these.

According to the biopsychosocial model of psychological disorders, abnormal behavior can be influenced by

All of these.

Anxiety disorders involve fears that are

All of these.

Charlie focuses all of his attention on money, prestige, and his physical appearance. Compared to Matthew who places more value on organismic needs, Charlie is likely to experience

All of these.

Chaz has been on antipsychotic medication for several weeks now. When he returns home, he will likely have difficulty

All of these.

Jasmine is an attractive, well-dressed female who appears normal to those individuals she works with. However, Jasmine may still be considered abnormal if

All of these.

Martin refuses to leave his house because he believes that his body odor is toxic to those around him. Martin's behavior is an example of

All of these.

Which of the following people could be considered a self-actualizes according to Maslow?

All of these.

Who is experiencing the benefits of social support?

Ava joined a weight-watchers club.

Which axes on the DSM-IV focus on the actual classification of psychological disorders?

Axes I and II

Adelaide hears a rattling sound as she hikes through the desert. Her muscles tense and her blood pressure rises. According to Hans Selye, she is in the___________. A) resistance phase B) alarm phase C) chronic stress phase D) exhaustion phase

B. Alarm phase

Which of the following is correct concerning the interaction of culture and food? A) There were no differences in the eating habits of American and Japanese men and women. B) American women eat when they are depressed whereas Japanese women eat because of social demands. C) American men and women both eat to reduce depression whereas Japanese men and women eat to reduce anger. D) Japanese men ate more than both American men and women.

B. American woman eat when they are depressed whereas Japanese women eat because of social demands

A response, either positive or negative, toward a certain person, idea, object, or situation is called _____________. A) conformity B) an attitude C) bystander apathy D) groupthink

B. An attitude

People who are attempting to become extremely thin by refusing to eat suffer from __________________. A) dissociation B) anorexia nervosa C) bulimia nervosa D) obesity phobia

B. Anorexia nervosa

Which of the following is the type of conflict that occurs when a person must choose or not choose one goal or event that has both positive and negative aspects? A) approach-approach B) approach-avoidance C) multiple approach-avoidance D) avoidance-avoidance

B. Approach-avoidance

Which of the following methods of acculturation will most likely result in the lowest degree of acculturative stress? A) living a life that does not depend on adopting any set of values and customs B) developing a new set of values that is a compromise between the old and the new cultures C) rejecting the majority culture's ways and maintaining one's original cultural identity D) completely adopting the values and customs of the new culture

B. Developing a new set of values that is a compromise between the old and the new cultures

Luther operates a small nightclub that specializes in soul music and features up-and-coming African American singing groups. He actively discourages white couples from coming in and always gives them the worst seats if they insist on being admitted. Luther's behavior is BEST described as an example of ______. A) prejudice B) discrimination C) ambiguity D) oppression

B. Discrimination

A sexual ___________ is a problem with sexual functioning, or the actual physical workings of the sex act. A) deviation B) dysfunction C) shortcoming D) malapropism

B. Dysfunction

Edgar is learning deep-breathing techniques to reduce anxiety about having been robbed at knifepoint. This is an example of__________________. A) avoidance B) emotion-focused coping C) problem-focused coping D) reappraisal

B. Emotion-focused coping

Tad seems to thrive when faced with difficult challenges and usually feels in control of his life. He would probably be labeled a ________ personality. A) stressed B) hardy C) Type B D) Type C

B. Hardy

Which aspect of culture tends to decrease rates of conformity? A) high levels of societal dependence B) high level of individualism C) low socioeconomic status D) sex-role stereotypes

B. High levels of individualism

The system of cells, organs, and chemicals of the body that responds to attacks from diseases and injuries is called the ________. A) endocrine system B) immune system C) respiratory system D) sympathetic nervous system

B. Immune system

"Look! Up in the sky! It's a bird. It's a plane. It's Superman!" If you looked up, would you be conforming? A) Yes. You would be looking up because you were told to do so. B) No. Conformity requires that you base your behavior on what other people are doing, not being told to do so. C) Yes. Conformity means doing what you are told or else. D) No. Looking up only means you are curious.

B. No. Conformity requires that you base your behavior on what other people are doing, not being told to do so

You are in the market for a new car. You go from dealer to dealer and find they all follow the same procedure: every salesperson offers you a soda and asks you to take a test drive. Which two psychological techniques are behind the offer of the soda and the test drive? A) groupthink and social facilitation B) norm of reciprocity and foot-in-the-door C) that's-not-all and foot-in-the-door D) social facilitation and norm of reciprocity

B. Norm of reciprocity and foot-in-the-door

When looking at a glass that is neither completely full nor completely empty, a(n) __________ might say "that glass is half full," while a(n) ____________ might say " no, that glass is half empty!" A) pessimist; optimist B) optimist; pessimist C) optimist; realist D) realist; pessimist

B. Optimist; pessimist

Joey put a quarter in the gumball machine only to find that the machine was not working. He continued to turn the dial on the machine in the hope that he would retrieve a gumball. Joey's behavior is called ____________. A) increasing efforts B) persistence C) varying efforts D) aggression

B. Persistence

One of the most startling implications of Selye's theory is that ________. A) sensitivity to stress is genetically programmed B) psychological stress may cause diseases such as ulcers and high blood pressure C) self-actualization tendencies lead to severe stress D) most people are able to effectively cope with long-term stress

B. Psychological stress may cause diseases such as ulcers and high blood pressure

There is currently a long history of fighting between the Israelis and Palestinians, and many attempts to resolve these conflicts have failed. According to the ____________ theory, the prejudice and discrimination that exists between the two groups will continue to rise as the conflict over limited land in Israel continues. A) social diffusion B) realistic conflict C) genesis of bias D) prosocial inhibition

B. Realistic conflict

Researchers conducted a study to determine the effects of stress on the immune system by measuring immune system chemicals. To accomplish this goal, they compared college students who were undergoing a stressful series of exams to a group of similar students relaxing during a time of no classes and no exams. Results of this study indicate_____________. A) the relaxed group showed no change over the course of the study B) the exam group tested lower for immune system chemicals C) the exam group tested higher for immune system chemicals D) the relaxed group tested lower for immune system chemicals

B. The exam group tested lower for immune system chemicals

At the supermarket, a demonstrator gives away free samples of a new pizza. He also gives each taster a coupon worth $1 off his or her grocery bill. This manufacturer is depending on the social process of ________ to increase sales. A) social facilitation B) the norm of reciprocity C) group polarization D) deindividuation

B. The norm of reciprocity

Which of the following statements is NOT true about hassles at different developmental stages? A) For children ages 3 to 5, the biggest hassle is getting teased. B) Younger adults are more strongly affected by hassles such as going shopping, doctor's appointments, and bad weather than are elderly people. C) Youth 11 to 15 years old report feeling pressure to use drugs. D) Elderly people are more strongly affected by hassles such as going shopping, doctor's appointments, and bad weather than are children and younger adults.

B. Younger adults are more strongly affected by hassles such as going shopping, doctor's appointments, and bad weather than are elderly people.

Which division of the nervous system is working when we experience emotions? A. nonsympathetic division of the nervous system B. sympathetic division of the nervous system C. parasympathetic division of the somatic nervous system D. central nervous system

B. sympathetic division of the nervous system

Asch found that the likelihood of conformity increased with group size until ______ confederates were present. A) five B) three C) four D) six

C. Four

While watching Jeopardy, your roommate says, "Alex Trebek knows all the answers. He must be a genius." You tell your roommate she probably would not have said that if she had attended class the day the instructor discussed the topic of ______. A) social facilitation B) stereotyping illusions C) fundamental attribution errors D) internal attribution biases

C. Fundamental attribution errors

Bettina is 6 feet tall and desires to become a ballerina. Unfortunately, she is having difficulty being accepted into a ballet troupe because of her height. Bettina is experiencing __________. A) internal conflict B) external frustration C) internal frustration D) external conflict

C. Internal frustration

What percentage of men and women report some sort of sexual dysfunction? A) 10-20 percent B) 90-100 percent C) 30-40 percent D) 20-30 percent

C. 30-40 percent

In the Stanley Milgram obedience experiment, the teachers were given a "sample shock" of _______ volts. A) 25 B) 30 C) 45 D) 10

C. 45

C. A sterotype

Jenny has an intense interest in food but eats sparingly and with disgust. She has an intense fear of becoming obese, and even though she looks emaciated, she still claims she "feels fat" and refuses to eat enough to maintain even a minimal normal body weight for her frame. She is most likely suffering from __________. A) leptin reduction B) hormone under secretion C) anorexia nervosa D) bulimia

C. Anorexia nerviosa

For someone who likes both movies and concerts, choosing between going to one or the other represents an ______ conflict. A) incompatible demands B) approach-avoidance C) approach-approach D) avoidance-avoidance

C. Approach-approach

In a(n) __________conflict, a person must choose between two desirable goals. A) avoidance-avoidance B) double approach-avoidance C) approach-approach D) approach-avoidance

C. Approach-approach

Ken wants to go to law school because he believes being a lawyer will bring him prestige and a good income. However, he is not sure he should attend because he is very concerned about the hard work law school will involve and the money it will cost. Ken is faced with a(n) ______ conflict. A) approach-approach B) avoidance-avoidance C) approach-avoidance D) double approach-avoidance

C. Approach-avoidance

_________ is the optimal amount of stress that people need to promote health and well-being. A) Distress B) Catastrophic stress C) Eustress D) Acute stress

C. Eustress

In order to reduce groupthink, which of the following strategies would NOT be employed? A) voting for a choice by secret ballot rather than with a show of hands B) making sure that group leaders remain impartial C) finding holes in all arguments that go against the group's desires D) seeing opinions of people outside of the group

C. Finding holes in all arguments that go against the group's desires

One of the problems associated with asthma is that once patients experience difficulty breathing, they often make their symptoms worse by concentrating on them and/or worrying about them. Consequently, many doctors include relaxation exercises as part of a treatment program to prevent patients from making their asthmatic reactions worse. This example of how our awareness of physiological changes can influence or even cause subsequent emotions is most supportive of which of the following theories of emotion? A. Plutchik B. Cannon-Bard C. James-Lange D. Yerkes-Dodson

C. James-Lange

The _______control one has, the _______the degree of stress. A) less; lower B) Control has nothing to do with stress. C) less; greater D) more; greater

C. Less; greater

Min-Jee is currently very concerned about a recent increase in fighting among her family members. When talking with her therapist, she notes that this has been her biggest concern lately. According to the research into the severity of different hassles, which of the following statements is probably true about Min-Jee's age? A) Min-Jee is an adolescent B) Min-Jee is elderly C) Min-Jee is an adult D) Min-Jee is 4 years old

C. Min-Jee is an adult

A bank loan officer thinks people who speak with an accent are lazy; consequently, he refuses to grant them loans. The loan officer's belief is an example of _____ . His refusal to grant them loans is an example of _____. A) attribution; stereotyping B) discrimination; prejudice C) prejudice; discrimination D) stereotyping; attribution

C. Prejudic; discrimination

All of the following are ways to reduce prejudice EXCEPT ______________. A) equal status contact B) intergroup contact C) scapegoating D) mutual interdependence

C. Scapegoating

How does the jigsaw classroom operate? A) Students are all given separate puzzles to solve. B) Students are told that one student holds the key to solving a problem and they must find out who it is. C) Students are each given a piece of information that must be shared to solve a problem. D) Students compete to win a top award.

C. Students are each given a piece of information that must be shared to solve a problem

Research on the effects of stress on the immune system suggests which of the following? A) Only certain types of stressors affect the immune system. B) The immune system is not affected by stress. C) Suppression of immune system functioning by stress can apparently continue even after the stress itself is over. D) Suppression of immune system functioning by stress always ends immediately after the stressful period ends.

C. Suppression of immune system functioning by stress can apparently continue even after the stress itself is over

According to drive-reduction theory, what occurs each time a behavior results in drive reduction? A. Tension is increased. B. Stability is reduced. C. Tension is reduced. D. Drives are increased.

C. Tension is reduced.

Jordan is very frustrated because another patron at the bar is talking to the woman with whom Jordan was just dancing. According to Berkowitz's reformulation of the frustration-aggression hypothesis, which of the following factors makes Jordan unlikely to lash out in a physically aggressive manner? A) Jordan already has a criminal charge for assault. B) The woman makes it clear that she is not interested in Jordan C) The other man is much larger and stronger than Jordan. D) Jordan is alone and has no friends to back him up.

C. The other man is much larger and stronger than Jordan

During the alarm stage of the general adaptation syndrome,_________. A) synaptic activity and the somatic nervous system activate to send messages from the CNS to muscles B) the central and somatic systems are activated C) the sympathetic nervous system is activated and adrenal glands release hormones D) neurotransmitter levels and the central nervous system are activated

C. The sympathetic nervous system is activated and adrenal glands release hormones

Why do we engage in the stereotyping of people? A) to validate our assumptions B) to provide more complete information about individuals C) to reduce the amount of information we need to process D) to help us perceive people more accurately

C. To reduce the amount of information we need to process

You are walking in the forest and see a bear. According to the Cannon-Bard theory, what happens next? A. You experience physiological changes followed by fear. B. You feel fear followed by physiological changes. C. You experience physiological changes and a feeling of fear simultaneously. D. You experience physiological changes and context appraisal followed by fear.

C. You experience physiological changes and a feeling of fear simultaneously.

Indiana Jones goes off to foreign lands in search of artifacts hidden in dangerous places and guarded by fierce protectors. Dr. Jones would be described as __________ in arousal theory. A. foolhardy B. a person high in nPow C. a sensation seeker D. a person high in nAff

C. a sensation seeker

Which individual has the highest risk for developing anorexia nervosa? A) a lower-class 26-year-old European man B) an upper-class 16-year-old American boy C) an upper-class 16-year-old American girl D) a lower-class 26-year-old European woman

C. an upper-class 16-year-old American girl

The Angry/Happy Man experiment (Schachter & Singer, 1962) demonstrated that identical physiological activation could be felt as two quite divergent emotions. This demonstrated the importance of ___________ interpretation in determing emotions. A. primary drives B. secondary drives C. cognitive D. self-actualization

C. cognitive

According to the facial feedback hypothesis, when Jose complies with instructions to look angry, it is most likely that __________. A. he will be amused to be simulating anger B. he will be pleased that he does it so well C. his positive feelings will decrease D. his reaction will depend on his age

C. his positive feelings will decrease

Schachter and Singer proposed that two things have to happen before emotion occurs: __________ and __________. A. physical arousal; fight or flight B. cognition; behavior C. physical arousal; labeling D. behavior; physical arousal

C. physical arousal; labeling

According to Abraham Maslow's hierarchy, which needs must be met first? A. esteem B. safety C. physiological D. belongingness and love

C. physiological

At home Carrie is moody, self-centered and bossy. At social events, Carrie is the life of the party. She is funny, happy, and demonstrates social graces that none of her family ever see at home. What is Jung's explanation of Carrie's behavior

Carrie adopts her persona at parties.

Kevin knows that he needs to start an exercise program. He has begun to check the programming offered by a number of the fitness centers in his area. According to the stages of change model, Kevin is at the _____ stage.

Contemplation

Jennie's father comes home after a long day of work and has a couple of strong drinks to help him relax. His motive for drinking would be characterized as

Coping

Which of the following illustrates the power of complementary traits? A) Two tennis players become good friends. B) A girl and a boy who both like jogging fall in love. C) A girl marries the boy next door. D) A dominant woman marries a submissive man.

D. A dominant woman marries a submissive man

The Type A behavior pattern is a significant predictor of ________. A) mental illness B) cancer C) respiratory illnesses D) coronary heart disease

D. Coronary heart disease

After a group of gang members learned that their friend had died in a seemingly random accident, several of the friends started blaming a rival gang for the death. Even though there was no evidence whatsoever that the death had been intentional, the more the friends talked the more passionate they became in their belief that an act of revenge was necessary. The members who didn't necessarily think this was a good idea said nothing. What concept from social psychology may contribute to an act of violent revenge in this case? A) social influence B) prosocial behavior C) altruism D) groupthink

D. Groupthink

Which psychologist is credited with proposing the general adaptation syndrome? A) Lazarus B) Berkowitz C) Holmes and Rahe D) Hans Selye

D. Hans Selye

Eating a healthy breakfast __________. A) has been shown to increase the risk of obesity B) has been shown to increase the need for a morning nap C) has been shown to decrease the ability to concentrate D) has been shown to decrease the risk of obesity

D. Has been shown to decrease the risk of obesity

Lupe works 50 hours each week. However, she plays tennis twice a week and attends a book group every Tuesday night. By engaging in fun activities each week, Lupe is_________. A) going to experience burnout B) a workaholic C) a type A personality D) helping herself avoid burnout

D. Helping herself avoid burnout

Which type A personality characteristic is the key trait that is linked to heart disease? A) compulsiveness B) competitiveness C) chronic irritability D) hostility

D. Hostility

When we make situational attributions we are identifying the cause of an action as something _____. A) with an unconscious motivation B) that is a biological trait C) in the person's disposition D) in the environment

D. In the environment

We tend to _________ attractive people more than we do less attractive people. A) ignore B) dislike C) hate D) like

D. Like

"Jeremy, can you possibly give me a ride to the airport this Sunday," your friend Ben asks. Not thinking that this is a big deal, you agree to do this favor for Ben. "Oh, that's great! Thanks so much. And by the way, I forgot that the plane leaves at 8:30 am so I'll have to be at the airport by 6:30 am. Pick me up at 6:00. See you then," Ben adds. You are still likely to do the favor for Ben because you have just been a victim of the _____________ technique. A) norm of reciprocity B) obedience C) door-in-the-face D) lowball

D. Lowball

A dealer persuades a customer to buy a new car by reducing the price to well below that of his competitors. Once the customer has agreed to buy the car, the terms of the sale are shifted by lowering the value of the trade-in and requiring the purchase of expensive extra equipment. Now the car costs well above the current market rate. This is an example of the ______ technique. A) bait-and-switch B) foot-in-the-door C) primacy D) lowball

D. Lowball

Which of the following individuals is most likely to make the fundamental attribution error? A) Anut, a 46-year old Pakistani woman B) Maggie, a 24-year old Caucasian woman C) Jethro, a 18-year old Caucasian man D) Mona, a 72-year old Hawaiian woman

D. Mona, a 72-year old Hawaiian woman

Asch's studies showed that overall conformity to group pressure occurred about ______ of the time. A) one-fifth B) three-fourths C) one-half D) one-third

D. One-third

Which statement best describes an important finding of Milgram's classic research? A) Individuals easily conform to group norms. B) The presence of other people makes aggression more likely. C) Agreeing to a small request makes it more likely you will agree to a big request. D) People will easily obey an authority figure and do harm to others.

D. People will easily obey an authority figure and do harm to others.

According to the research of Latané and Darley, which of the following situations would be the most likely in which someone would offer to help? A) person on the side of the road with a flat tire during rush hour B) person asking for help in a crowded stadium parking lot C) a student falling off a ladder outside a full classroom D) person falling down coming out of an elevator with only one other person in it

D. Person falling down coming out of an elevator with only one other person in it

You've always disliked a particular coworker who strikes you as dishonest, but he is nice to you and does you favors, so you become friendly with him despite your misgivings. One day you learn that he stole personal items from your desk. You now decide to discontinue the friendship. Your negative attitude toward this coworker is strengthened through ___________. A) instrumental learning B) operant conditioning C) classical conditioning D) reduction of cognitive dissonance

D. Reduction of cognitive dissonance

Which of the following methods of acculturation will most likely result in the highest degree of acculturative stress? A) completely adopting the values and customs of the new culture B) developing a new set of values that is a compromise between the old and the new cultures C) living a life that does not depend on adopting any set of values and customs D) rejecting the majority culture's ways and maintaining one's original cultural identity

D. Rejecting the majority culture's ways and maintaining one's original cultural identity

Which of the following is one of the ways in which religion helps people reduce or cope with stress? A) Most religions promote psychological defense mechanisms. B) Religion isolates people from those who are different. C) Religion includes rituals that get people to dwell on their failings. D) Religion can provide a strong social support system.

D. Religion can provide a strong social support system

Which of the following is NOT one of the methods that people should use to keep a positive outlook? A) alternative thinking B) relaxation C) downward social comparison D) scapegoating

D. Scapegoating

After we have decided that a certain event is a stressor, we must decide how we will deal with it and what resources are available for coping with the stressor. This process is called________. A) primary appraisal B) distress-eustress dichotomy C) tertiary appraisal D) secondary appraisal

D. Secondary appraisal

A group of four friends, two men and two women, are out for an evening on the town. "I'd like to go to the bookstore and get coffee," one of the women says. "Nah, lets go over to that club and have drinks while we listen to the band," one of the men replies. What does Solomon Asch's research suggest will be the likely outcome? A) The group will probably do both tasks, as Asch found that in a group with both men and women compromise tends to be the likely outcome. B) The group will end up going in two separate ways - the women to the bookstore and the men to the club- as Asch found that women prefer quieter environments and men prefer louder environments. C) The group will probably go to the bookstore, as Asch found that men are more willing to comply to the demands of women then the demands of other men. D) The group will probably go to the club, as Asch found that women tend to conform more then men when a public response is required.

D. The group will probably go to the club, as Asch found that women tend to conform more then men when a public response is required.

In Solomon Asch's study, which factor increased the rate of conformity? A) the task difficulty was increased B) the confederates were all adults C) the participants were given two chances at responding D) the number of confederates increased

D. The number of confederates increased

Each of the following is true of people with anorexia nervosa EXCEPT _________. A) they have a distorted view of their own body B) they may have had a troubled childhood and adolescence C) they have an intense interest in food but eat with disgust D) they are usually "out of control"

D. They are usually "out of control"

Upon arriving at college and meeting your roommate, you sigh mightily as you listen to his endless droning on about how wonderful his girlfriend back home is. "I miss her so much and I can't wait to see her during Thanksgiving break," he comments. Knowing a bit about social psychology and the rules of interpersonal attraction, what are you most likely to think to yourself? A) This relationship will never work out because research suggests that students going away to college change so much that they become unrecognizable to those with whom they formerly had relationships. B) I wish he'd realize that everything he's saying makes it sound like they are too similar for each other, and people who date others with whom they share a lot of similarities usually end up breaking up. C) I'm going to have to listen to this all year, because relationships that have some distance usually get stronger in the long run. D) This relationship is doomed, because the rule of proximity says that people are most attracted to those who are nearby, not far away.

D. This relationship is doomed, because the rule of proximity says that people are most attracted to those who are nearby, not far away

People who respond to life events with a laid back, relaxed, easygoing attitude, and are slow to anger are said to have a ____________ personality. A) Type C B) Type S C) Type A D) Type B

D. Type B

Which statement is the best explanation of the fundamental attribution error? A) We rely on the first information we receive to make internal attributions. B) We tend to attribute our successes to our own efforts and failures to the shortcomings of others. C) We attribute most of what people do to the influence of situations. D) We are more likely to attribute another's behavior to internal rather than to situational causes.

D. We are more likely to attribute another's behavior to internal rather than to situational causes

The practice of behaviors and lifestyle choices that promote both physical and mental health is called________. A) meditation B) health C) religious beliefs D) wellness

D. Wellness

Which of the following qualities would make members of a target audience easier to persuade? A) highly educated members B) older members C) experts in the field D) younger members

D. Younger members

On the first day of class Jason sat in the 5th seat in the 10th row in the lecture hall. He has sat in that seat for every class since then. Today another student was already sitting in "his" seat when Jason came into the room. Jason is upset and immediately experienced negative feelings toward this "interloper." Jason's territorial attitude may be best explained by the _____. A. extrinsic approach B. intrinsic approach C. drive-reduction approach D. instinct approach

D. instinct approach

Which statement is correct concerning cross-cultural research on the fundamental attribution error?

Eastern cultures like Japan seem to make more situational attributions than Western cultures such as the United States.

Psychologist _____ believes that the biological differences between males and females help to create different contexts in which boys and girls are raised

Eleanor Maccoby

Ryan is sad because his girlfriend just broke up with him. Ryan's father assures him that he has lots of desirable traits and that he will be okay. Ryan's father is primarily providing what kind of social support?

Emotional support

Brittany loves the rush she gets after a couple of shots of vodka. Brittany's motive for drinking would be characterized as

Enhancement

Leo worries all of the time. He worries about his money, his children, and his dog. His muscles are always tense and sore, he has trouble sleeping, is often irritable, and has difficulty concentrating. Leo's symptoms sound most like ______.

Generalized anxiety disorder

Warty growths on the gentitalia are caused by

HPV

In a wealthy _______ family in _______, the body of a deceased relative stays at the family home until it is time for cremation. Before cremation, the body will be washed by family members.

Hindu; India

At age thirty-three, Ricky is a top partner in a law firm. He lives alone because he cannot seem to maintain a relationship. He has a nice house with an elaborate security system and drives an expensive sports car. According to Maslow, why is he still miserable?

His need to belong is not being met.

Which of the following questions is a behavioral therapist more likely to ask than a psychoanalyst?

How much did your anxiety subside after you washed your hands?

What did Freud perceive as the outcome of a successful resolution of the Oedipus complex?

Identification with the same-sex parent

___________ is a type of motivation in which a person performs an action because the act itself is rewarding or satisfying in some internal matter

Intrinsic motivation

Paris thinks her best friend, Nicole, may be suffering from an undiagnosed case of anorexia nervosa. She shares her concerns with Nicole, but Nicole insists that anorexia nervosa is "no big deal." What is the most serious consequence of anorexia nervosa?

It has the highest mortality rate of any psychological disorder.

How does Lazarus's cognitive-mediational theory differ from the Schachter-Singer cognitive arousal theory?

Lazarus's theory suggests that we appraise a stimulus first, then cognitively label the emotion, and then feel a physical response

Each day, while Sid is sitting at his desk at work, he continually thinks about germs. Each time this occurs, he washes his hands. Sid probably suffers from ___________.

Obsessive-compulsive disorder

Which of the following statements about optimism and coping is FALSE?

Optimists avoid paying attention to news that is negative.

Dan plays the trumpet, is on the debate team, bites his nails, and chews gum. Freud might say Dan was fixated in the ________ stage.

Oral

According to the Yerkes- Dodson law, how is performance related to arousal during difficult tasks?

Performance is best when arousal is low-moderate

The period of five to ten years during which a woman's reproductive system begins to decline is called _______.

Perimenopause

Arlene has an irrational fear of flying in airplanes. She is probably suffering from a(n) ______.

Phobia

Personality assessments conducted by behaviorists sometimes make use of _______.

Rating scales and frequency counts

Which of the following individuals is demonstrating divided attention?

Riley is listening to her teacher and her friend Misty.

Dani have only two words for color yet can distinguish between many different colors. This finding supports the language theory of ___.

Rosch

A patient in a psychiatric hospital exhibits disordered thinking, bizarre behavior, and hallucinations. This person is probably suffering from ___________.

Schizophrenia

People adapt very quickly to the procedures and behaviors that are appropriate in a church setting. The general knowledge of how to behave in church is called a

Script

What was the grade level of the students with whom Jane Elliott performed her famous blue eye-brown eye demonstration?

Second grade

You tell your friends about the great time you had at a famous amusement park. Most of the visual and auditory sensations that you experienced and have now forgotten were initially processed in your _____ memory

Sensory

Maria is extremely active in politics. She has strong conservative beliefs about what is correct and what is not. Each day when she reads the newspaper, she pays close attention to the editorial section in particular. According to confirmation bias, what will she do when she reads them?

She will only read the editorials that she agrees with.

Which of the following persons is engaging in reflective speech?

Tabitha - after listening to Gus talk about his frustration with his boss, she tells him that it sounds like he is facing obstacles at work.

Which individual will cope most successfully with stress?

Tara exercises regularly.

The argument that people with spinal cord injuries can experience emotions without physical feed back from the sympathetic organs to the cortex initially seemed to support which emotional theory?

The Cannon-Bard theory

The study of obedience took on a renewed importance in the wake of ________.

The atrocities committed by soldiers in Nazi Germany

When resistance occurs in therapy, what event is taking place?

The client is using unconscious defense strategies that prevent progress.

Ray played basketball all of his life because he loved the sport. He became so good that he was given the opportunity to play professionally and eventually he signed a very lucrative contract. After that contract ran out, the team offered him slightly more money, but he decided that it was not enough. Which of the following best explains Ray's behavior from a motivational perspective?

The extrinsic motivation had replaced Ray's intrinsic motivation to play.

When Freud referred to the sexual drive of babies and young children, to what was he really referring?

The fact that children focus on their bodies to give them physical pleasure

A client is asked to look at a picture and to tell a story that describes what she thinks is happening in the picture. Her therapist will use the content of the story to make inferences about the client's personality. The client is likely taking the

Thematic Apperception Test.

Jorge's parents talked and communicated with him a great deal from the time he was born. Based on the research in the text, which of the following statements is TRUE in regards to Jorge's IQ?

The stimulation provided by Jorge's parents will positively affect his IQ.

After experiencing fear that morning at school due to the loud noise of the fire alarm before a fire drill, a little boy later jumps at the sound of the phone ringing at home. After he realizes it was just the phone, the boy relaxes. According to the research of Dr.Joseph LeDoux, how is the boy's initial reaction to the phone

The stimulus traveled to the boy's amygdala first through the subcortical route, which notified his brain of the potential danger before he could assess the situation more carefully and take control of his emotions

You have been asked to review a set of test items that are being considered for a standardized intelligence test. The test constructors want to eliminate all items that contain any possible cultural bias. With this task in mind, which of the following questions would you eliminate first?

What is the name of the main character in the Wizard of Oz

If you have problems with homeostasis, which of the following is most likely to occur?

When you exercise, your heart beats faster.

Debbie is interested in working on projects that will help fight childhood obesity. She is offered a job in a laboratory where researchers are studying the effects of leptin on weight control. Should she take the job?

Yes; leptin is a hormone that has been linked to human weight control issues.

According to the research on implicit personality theory, who among the following is most likely to think that personality is a changeable thing?

Yonghang, a Chinese American born in Hong Kong

Finding multiple different ways to successfully complete a video-game level without losing any lives would be related to what type of creative thinking? a. Divergent thinking b. Emotional intelligence c. Convergent thinking d. Critical thinking

Which of the following is the term that refers to the difference between what a child can do alone and what that child can do with the help of a teacher?

Zone of proximal development

A male has a thin, frail-looking area on his X chromosome of the 23rd pair. This is known as a. fragile X syndrome. b. Down syndrome. c. fetal alcohol syndrome. d. familial disability.

According to Kohlberg, postconventional morality involves a. behaviour motivated by doing what is best for the greatest number of people. b. behaviour motivated by doing what is best for the individual. c. behaviour motivated by doing what is expected of you by authority figures. d. behaviour motivated by doing what is expected of you by peers.

According to Piaget, egocentrism involves a. the perception that others view the world as you do. b. the perception that things exist even if not picked up by your senses. c. the perception that you might be incorrect in your judgments. d. the perception that others view the world differently than you do.

According to Robert Sternberg, __________________ refers to the ability to break problems down into component parts, or analysis, for problem solving. This is the type of intelligence that is measured by intelligence tests and academic achievement tests. a. analytical intelligence b. creative intelligence c. practical intelligence d. exponential intelligence

According to a panel of experts in 1921, intelligence consists of the abilities to do all of the following except a. reason concretely. b. learn to adapt to environmental circumstances. c. acquire knowledge. d. benefit from experience.

Autonomy is to shame and doubt like ________ is to despair. a. ego integrity b. initiative c. identity d. stagnation

Based on IQ score information, a student with an IQ score of 120 is likely to a. answer IQ test questions like someone who is age 12 even though the student is only 10. b. answer IQ test questions like someone who is age 10 even though the student is only 8. c. answer IQ test questions like someone who is age 10, even though the student is 12. d. answer IQ test questions like someone who is age 12 even though the student is only 11.

Culture-fair tests attempt to measure a. the intelligence of people coming from outside the culture in which the test was devised. b. the intelligence of people coming from inside the culture in which the test was devised. c. cultural background. d. the effects of culture on people's intellectual and creative skills.

Dr. Smith believes people who are very aggressive have become so because of their life experiences. Dr. Goldberg believes people are more or less aggressive from birth because of genetic factors. Which of the following terms best describes an issue in human development that is highlighted by their disagreement? a. Nature versus nurture b. Cognition versus emotion c. Classical versus operant conditioning d. Cross-sectional studies versus longitudinal studies

Dr. Spinella's research focuses on the effects of early parenting practices on future behavioural tendencies of children. It is most likely that Dr. Spinella is a(n) ________ psychologist. a. developmental b. industrial/organizational c. physiological d. environmental

During the 1920s in Canada, which of the following individuals would have been most likely to be accepted for immigration into Canada following IQ testing? a. James, from Britain, who had an IQ of 91. b. Sasha, from Russia, who had an IQ of 100. c. Altan, from Turkey, who had an IQ of 92. d. Renada, from Italy, who had an IQ of 83.

During the autonomy versus shame and doubt stage of development, the key social agent influencing the resolution of the crisis is likely to be a. parents. b. friends. c. television and media. d. society of peers.

The partial reinforcement effect refers to the fact that a response that is reinforced after some, but not all, correct responses ________. a. will be more resistant to extinction than a response that receives continuous reinforcement (a reinforcer for each and every correct response) b. will be less resistant to extinction than a response that receives continuous reinforcement (a reinforcer for each and every correct response) c. will be more variable in its resistance to extinction than a response that receives continuous reinforcement (a reinforcer for each and every correct response) d. will be totally resistant to extinction unlike a response that receives continuous reinforcement (a reinforcer for each and every correct response)

a. will be more resistant to extinction than a response that receives continuous reinforcement (a reinforcer for each and every correct response)

Xavier has a strong desire to succeed in attaining goals. he currently has a medical degree and is in the process of earning a law degree. Xavier has a need for

achievement

people who are always looking for a challenge may be high in the need for ___.

achievement

Joni recently quit smoking. She constantly wants to chew gum or have something in her mouth. This is an example of an

acquired drive

Your heart begins to race as your teacher announces that there is a pop quiz on the reading material that was assigned last night. What stage of the GAS are you experiencing?

alarm

Which of the following accurately describes the sequence of stages in the general adaptation syndrome?

alarm, resistance, and exhaustion

what type of problem-solving strategy would be best to use when solving a problem in algebra class?

algorithm

Which of the following is likely to create a flashbulb memory?

all of these

If homosexuality were definitively found to be due to genetic or hormonal influences, then

all of these are true

Juan and Carlos are identical twins. Juan was raised by his father and mother, and Carlos was accidentally placed with another family after a "mix up" at the hospital. At the age of 15, both boys "ran into each other" at a football game and noticed how they appeared to be "mirror images of each other." After proving they were twins by genetic testing, the families discussed some of the differences between the boys. Juan is very athletic and intelligent and excels in basketball but does not take school seriously and has F's in all subjects. Carlos is also athletic and intelligent, and excels in baseball and makes straight A's as a result of his strict home life and study routine. Although they are identical twins, what do you think accounts for the differences in their academic performance based on the research? a. Nature b. Nurture c. School district superintendent d. Teacher appraisals of performance

Karen has the impulse to shoplift, but when she begins thinking about how others would be disappointed with her actions, she resists. Karen's thinking illustrates ________ reasoning. a. formal conventional b. conventional c. postconventional d. preconventional

Lucy has been blind from birth, and is getting her intelligence tested through the school board to determine what resources she will need to succeed in school. According to Galton's original ideas about intelligence, Lucy would be expected to a. demonstrate normal intelligence because intelligence is crystallized. b. have limited intelligence because her sensory capabilities are limited. c. demonstrate high intelligence because all her senses other than vision would be more specialized. d. display advanced abilities for abstract thinking but difficulties with concrete thought.

Mariska's mother has just left her in a strange situation. She responds with panic initially, and when her mother returns, seeks attention from her mother by reaching for her but yet squirms when her mother picks her up. It is most likely that Mariska has a(n) _______________ attachment style. a. secure b. anxious c. avoidant d. disorganized

Marko believed that all red go-carts were fast until he drove a very slow one at the fair. Marko's revised views on red go-carts illustrates a. equilibration. b. accommodation. c. conservation. d. assimilation.

Most contemporary theories of cognitive development differ from both Piaget and Vygotsky as they argue that learning is a. dependent on personality factors. b. gradual rather than stagelike. c. based on general domains rather than modules. d. dependent on innate knowledge not social interaction.

Mothers who were unresponsive, insensitive, and coldly rejecting were associated with ___________ attached infants. a. securely b. avoidant c. ambivalent d. disorganized

Mr. Cutty is a businessman who is running intelligence tests on potential employees to determine which would be the best to hire and have the highest job performance. Which types of intelligence should Mr. Cutty be MOST interested in? a. Analytical and linguistic intelligences b. Practical and creative intelligences c. Specific and intrapersonal intelligences d. Crystallized and analytical intelligences

One's accumulated knowledge gained over time is called a. formal intelligence. b. crystallized intelligence. c. emotional intelligence. d. fluid intelligence.

Piaget's term for the knowledge that an object exists even when it is out of sight is a. conservation. b. object permanence. c. centration. d. egocentrism.

Professor Sanchez is interested in studying development of motor skills. She collects data from 200 one-year-olds and follows and assesses them for a period of five years. What type of research design is Professor Sanchez using? a. Cohort b. Longitudinal c. Correlational d. Cross-sectional

Psychological tests that yield relatively consistent results are said to be a. valid. b. reliable. c. standardized. d. normal.

Recent findings associated with aging and cognitive functioning show that older adults outscore younger adults on a. memory tests. b. vocabulary tests. c. auditory tests. d. visual tests.

Regarding the stability of IQ test scores throughout the lifespan, which is generally assumed to be true? a. IQ scores in infancy are strongly correlated with IQ scores in adulthood. b. IQ scores in infancy are not strongly correlated with IQ scores in adulthood. c. IQ scores in infancy are negatively correlated with IQ scores in adulthood. d. IQ scores obtained in infancy are relatively stable over time.

Research involving the "Strange Situation" stress test reveals that a. most infants are happy when their mothers leave and are upset when they return. b. most infants are upset when their mothers leave and are happy when they return. c. most infants are not upset when their mothers leave because they believe that she will return shortly. d. most infants are upset when their mothers leave and when they return because they feel neglected.

Researchers who study ___________________ examine how children learn, think, reason, communicate, and remember. a. moral development b. cognitive development c. psychosocial development d. emotional development

Sally has genes that predispose her to anxiety problems. However, she was not an anxious person until she was the victim of a mugging. This provides an example of the phenomenon of _______________. a. nature via nurture b. gene expression c. infant determinism d. gene-environment interaction

Standardized exams, such as the SAT or GRE, often don't appear predictive of university or graduate school grades due to a phenomenon called _________________. a. deviation IQ b. restriction of range c. metacognitive bias d. the double curse of incompetence

Sternberg is to Spearman as ______________ is to ______________. a. general (g) intelligence; practical intelligence b. analytical intelligence; general (g) intelligence c. multiple intelligences; specific abilities d. creative intelligence; crystallized intelligence

Sven is especially skilled when it comes to chart reading, map reading, and graph reading tasks. According to Gardner, Sven's skills reflect ________ intelligence. a. logic-mathematical b. spatial c. linguistic d. naturalistic

Which of the following subscales of the WAIS is most likely to contain culturally biased items? a. Digit span b. Block design c. Arithmetic d. Comprehension

The subscale of the WAIS that most substantially assesses short-term memory is a. similarities. b. digit span. c. arithmetic. d. vocabulary.

The term ________ refers to a ball of identical cells early in pregnancy that have not yet begun to take on any specific function in a body part. a. embryo b. blastocyst c. fetus d. neonate

Twin studies have found that while certain aspects of intelligence appear to have a genetic basis, ________ intelligence has been explained better by environmental factors. a. performance b. verbal c. interpersonal d. practical

What are some of the common consequences to a child whose mother smoked while pregnant? a. Increased birth weight and lethargy b. Lower birth weight and short stature c. Severe hearing loss and heart defects d. Severely deformed limbs and muscle spasms

What is one of the most difficult mathematical concepts for children to master? a. Counting in a numerical series. b. That the size of entities is irrelevant to quantity. c. Numeric words refer to specific quantities of an object. d. The ordinality of numbers.

What is the IQ of a 12-year-old with a mental age of 17? a. 147 b. 141 c. 70 d. 145

What is the critical flaw associated with Stern's calculations of Intelligence Quotient? a. IQ doesn't represent multiple different types of intelligences. b. Mental age levels off around the age of 16 years old and skews computations. c. The calculation is only appropriate for examining IQ in adult populations. d. IQ rapidly declines as adults get older, especially over the age of 65.

Which is true regarding correlational research that focuses on family size and IQ? a. Children from larger families report higher IQs than children from smaller families. b. Children from smaller families report higher IQs than children from larger families. c. Positive correlations between family size and IQ have mainly been found. d. The IQ correlations of children from large families are similar to the IQ correlations of children from small families.

Which of the following describes the embryonic period? a. The period during which the zygote moves down to the uterus and begins to implant in the lining b. The period during which the major organs and structures of the organism first develop c. The period during which the umbilical cord develops d. The period during which tremendous growth occurs and the organs continue to develop and become functional

Which of the following infants is most likely to have the fastest motor development? a. An infant born in Peru b. An infant born in the West Indies c. An infant born in Northern Canada to an Inuit family d. An infant born in China

Which of the following is not one of the diagnostic criteria for intellectual disability? a. Onset prior to adulthood b. Evidence of brain damage c. IQ below approximately 70 d. Inadequate adaptive functioning

Which of the following is not one of the explanations for the Flynn effect? a. Increased complexity of the modern world b. Poorer nutrition c. Changes at home and school d. Increased test sophistication

Which of the following is not one of the flags of critical thinking that is related to the Mozart Effect? a. Occam's razor b. Ruling out rival hypotheses c. Falsifiability d. Replicability

Which of the following is the best-known culture-fair measure of intelligence? a. Wechsler Intelligence Scale of Children b. Raven's Progressive Matrices c. Stanford-Binet IQ Test d. Scholastic Assessment Test

Research on intelligence testing across different cultures has indicated that if tasks (i.e., reproducing visual patterns) are conducted using a medium that is familiar within background culture of the test-taker, then a. children from privileged countries continue to outperform disadvantaged children. b. children from minority groups will outperform non-minority group children. c. scores tend to be similar when tests are administered in a culture-specific manner. d. overall IQ scores are still lower for non-native language children as they do not assess abstract reasoning.

Researchers studying infant stress levels using the "Strange Situation" method have found that a. most infants are not upset with the mom when she departs because they know she will return shortly. b. most infants are happy with the mom when she departs and they remain happy with her when she returns. c. most infants are upset with the mom when she departs but are happy when she returns. d. most infants are upset with the mom when she departs and remain upset at her when she returns.

Responses to moral dilemmas are only moderately correlated with actual behaviour. Which of the following may be seen to increase the strength of correlations between hypothetical responses and actual behaviour? a. Posing dilemmas focused on life-or-death decisions that will lead to more honest responding b. Posing dilemmas focused on light-hearted subjects that will put respondents more at ease c. Posing dilemmas focused on realistic situations that are likely to be faced on a regular basis d. Posing dilemmas focused on abstract situations not likely to be faced by respondents

Sandra is 4-years old and has been left alone in a room with a plate of cookies and a bell. Sandra was instructed by Dr. Mischel that if she could wait 15 minutes, she could get an even bigger reward, like two cookies, but if she could not wait she was to ring the bell to summon the experimenter. Sandra was able to wait for the bigger reward across several trials. What does this predict about Sandra's behaviour as an adolescent? a. Although she is able to delay gratification now, she will experience a rebound effect and engage in frequent impulsive behaviour in her teenage years. b. Sandra has a calm temperament but restrained individuals who constantly delay their gratification tend to explode violently as adults. c. Sandra will likely have a superior ability to cope with stress and frustration in adolescence and not engage in as much impulsive and reckless behaviours as other teenagers. d. Although Sandra displays early self-control, these behaviours are unrelated to her behaviour in adolescence.

Sarah is being tested for dyslexia (a type of reading disability) after receiving substandard scores on the WAIS. Which subscale of the WAIS would provide the best information about Sarah's reading disability? a. Vocabulary b. Similarities c. Picture completion d. Information

Sarah is in her forties. Her menstrual cycle is irregular and she is experiencing "hot flashes" that are keeping her awake at night. The changes Sarah is experiencing are called a. climacteric. b. perimenopause. c. menopause. d. postmenopause.

Shalissa is described as being tactful and able to manipulate situations to her advantage. She is probably high in a. analytical intelligence. b. creative intelligence. c. practical intelligence. d. exponential intelligence.

Sheldon is seeking a mating partner who is either at or above his own IQ of 147, as he feels that if he is going to invest in an offspring, the child must be highly intelligent. He is unwilling to consider individuals who have lower IQ scores because this may "taint" the gene pool. In this example, Sheldon is using principles of __________________ to guide his selection of an appropriate mate. a. negative eugenics b. sterilization plans c. positive eugenics d. genetic stockholding

Sonya is being administered the WAIS-IV, and is being assessed on her ability to perceive and analyze patterns in designs presented to her. She is most likely being tested on which of the following subtests? a. Picture arrangement b. Similarities c. Block design d. Picture completion

Sternberg's _______ model of intelligence offers a theory of multiple intelligences. a. crystallized b. fluid c. triarchic d. triangular

The Carmichaels do not believe in punishing their children; instead they shape their children's behaviours by praising them and showering them with affection. This parenting style most closely resembles a. authoritarian parenting. b. authoritative parenting. c. permissive parenting. d. uninvolved parenting.

The _________ severe the intellectual disability, the __________ likely it is to run in families. a. more; more b. less; more c. more; less d. less; less

The cessation of menstruation and ovulation is called a. climacteric. b. perimenopause. c. menopause. d. postmenopause.

The deviation IQ refers to a. dividing mental age by chronological age and multiplying by 100. b. adding/subtracting mental age to chronological age and multiplying by 100. c. an expression of each individual's IQ relative to their same-aged peers. d. an evaluation of the normative data that reflects typical IQ scores according to mental age.

The emotional bond that forms between an infant and a primary caregiver is called a. temperament. b. trust. c. attachment. d. habituation.

The first true longitudinal study of the effects of giftedness on social success was conducted by a. Weschler. b. Spearman. c. Terman. d. Gardiner.

The hypothetical factor that accounts for overall differences in intellect is referred to by a lower-case a. a. b. f. c. g. d. i.

While women do better than men on _________________, men tend to outperform women on _______________. a. emotion recognition; verbal tasks b. abstract reasoning; logical reasoning c. biological tasks; mathematical tasks d. verbal tasks; mental rotation tasks

What is the best explanation for why the age of menarche has decreased over the past century from around 15 to around 13 years of age? a. Advances in technology correspond to an earlier age of being able to carry an infant to term. b. Evolutionary changes are linked to taller and more physically strong women that develop earlier. c. The change is probably due primarily to better nutrition and health care. d. The decrease reflects the revolving cycle where women are having children younger and, in turn, the age of reproduction of their children is younger, and so on.

What percentage of the population is described as gifted, according to IQ standards, and would qualify for membership in an organization called Mensa? a. .01 percent b. 1 percent c. 2 percent d. 10 percent

What term is used to describe a child's inability to see the world through anyone else's eyes except his or her own? a. Disparity b. Narcissism c. Egocentrism d. Autonomy

What three types of intelligence constitute Sternberg's Triarchic theory of intelligence? a. Global, intuitive, and special b. General, global, and specific c. Analytical, creative, and practical d. Mathematical, reasoning, and verbal

When placed in "Strange Situations" with surrogate mothers, Harlow's monkeys demonstrated signs of a. imprinting. b. authoritative attachment. c. insecure attachment. d. stranger anxiety.

When we consider intelligence, it is important to remember that although _______ sets limits on a child's potential, it is the _______ that permits that potential to be actualized. a. learning; opportunity b. opportunity; learning c. heredity; environment d. environment; heredity

Whereas Piaget saw cognitive development as a result of individual discovery and a child's interaction with objects, Vygotsky attributed cognitive development to a. biological changes in the brain. b. unconscious factors. c. interaction between a child and skilled people. d. completing activities in isolation.

Which developmental theorist is likely to be most criticized for the use of broad age ranges in various stages of his theory? a. Ainsworth b. Piaget c. Erikson d. Vygotsky

Which is true concerning research related to the "Mozart Effect"? a. No evidence exists supporting the claims that exposure to classical music improves cognitive functioning. b. Currently the market for classical music videos and toys has dropped off. c. Weak evidence exists supporting the claims that exposure to classical music improves cognitive functioning. d. Strong evidence exists supporting the claims that exposure to classical music improves cognitive functioning.

Which of the following correlations of intelligence level would provide evidence for an environmental influence on intelligence? a. Brothers and sisters who have high intelligence b. Children and their parents who all have low intelligence c. Adopted children and their adoptive parents who have high intelligence d. Adopted children and their biological parents who have low intelligence

Which of the following individuals is likely to have an IQ that is most closely related to Darrell? a. Darrell's neighbour Dave b. Darrell's cousin Sarah c. Darrell's sister Debra d. Darrell's cousin Derreck

Which of the following is an example of imprinting? a. A young child imitates the behaviours of older siblings. b. A young child's behaviour is influenced by peer pressure. c. Young geese demonstrate an attachment to a round ball. d. Young geese scatter away in fear when a ball approaches them.

Which of the following is not a criticism of Piaget's theory of cognitive development? a. The methodologies may be culturally biased. b. Children's ability to report their reasoning influenced interpretations. c. Children's development may be more stagelike than Piaget believed. d. Some children operated at different stage levels for different tasks.

Which of the following is not an example of a teratogen? a. A mother contracting the H1N1 flu during pregnancy b. A mother consuming alcoholic beverages during pregnancy c. A mother who uses harsh chemicals to colour and perm her hair d. A mother who suffers from depression while she is pregnant

Which of the following is not one of Gardner's multiple intelligences? a. Intrapersonal b. Naturalistic c. Holistic d. Kinesthetic

Which of the following is not one of the intersections of nature and nurture in developmental psychology? a. Gene expression b. Gene-environment interactions c. Natural selection of traits d. Nature via nurture

Which of the following is not one of the major scores yielded by the WAIS-IV? a. Overall IQ score b. Verbal comprehension c. Mathematical-logical skill d. Processing speed

Which of the following is not one of the three major temperamental styles? a. Slow-to-warm-up b. Difficult c. Anxious d. Easy

Which of the following is the correct order of Piaget's stages of cognitive development? a. Preoperational; concrete operations; sensorimotor; formal operations b. Concrete operations; sensorimotor; preoperational; formal operations c. Sensorimotor; preoperational; concrete operations; formal operations d. Preoperational; sensorimotor; concrete operations; formal operations

Which of the following represents cross-cultural differences in attachment study research? a. More infants from Japan fall into the insecure-avoidant category as compared to North American infants. b. Infants from Japan are more likely to react to their mom's departure with indifference as compared to North American infants. c. More infants from Japan fall into the insecure-anxious category as compared to North American infants. d. More infants from North America display disorganized attachments as compared to infants from Japan.

Which of the following statements about gifted people is true? a. They are more likely to suffer from mental illnesses. b. They are physically weaker than non-gifted persons. c. They are often skilled leaders. d. They are socially unskilled.

Which of the following statements about heredity and intelligence is true? a. Similarities in intelligence between identical twins who were separated at birth and raised in different houses must be due to heredity. b. Differences in intelligence between identical twins must be due to differences in their environments. c. If identical twins are separated at birth and raised in different homes, yet still have similar intelligence scores, the similarity in their scores must be due to hereditary influences. d. Prenatal influences have little, if any, influence on intelligence and need not be taken into account when studying environmental influences.

Which of the following statements is true concerning the relationship between brain size and intelligence? a. The higher the brain volume is, the lower the intelligence test scores. b. Higher brain volume causes higher intelligence test scores. c. The higher the brain volume is, the higher the intelligence test scores. d. Higher brain volume is unrelated to intelligence test scores.

Which of the following statements reflects the correct match between gender and enhanced specific mental ability? a. A male performing arithmetic calculations b. Male distinguishing the type of emotion on people's faces c. A female repeating a tongue twister over and over again d. A female deriving a mathematical proof in geometry

Which of the following subscales of the WAIS is least likely to contain culturally biased items? a. Comprehension b. Vocabulary c. Picture completion d. Similarities

Which of the following subtests of the WAIS-IV assesses understanding of social situations and relationships? a. Similarities b. Picture arrangement c. Comprehension d. Object assembly

Which of the following would be considered the biggest (and anxiety-inducing) life transition that adults may face? a. Establishing a career b. Falling in love c. Becoming a parent d. Undergoing a midlife crisis

Which was not a finding of the Terman and Oden (1974) study of gifted kids? a. They were socially well adjusted. b. They were more resistant to mental illness. c. They were clearly much more likely to be females. d. They were more likely to attend graduate school.

Who was the inventor of correlational research methods who later studied the effects of sensory skills on intelligence? a. Charles Spearman b. Henri Simon c. Sir Francis Galton d. Alfred Binet

William Stern's formula for the intelligence quotient was mental age/chronological age × 100. What is the IQ of a 12-year-old with a mental age of 9? a. 125 b. 135 c. 75 d. 85

Your little sister picks up objects, feels every part of them, and then puts them in her mouth. What stage of Jean Piaget's model of cognitive development does this behaviour suggest she is in? a. Formal operational b. Preoperational c. Sensorimotor d. Concrete operational

_______ refers to when a test that predicts outcomes, such as grades or occupational success, better in one group than in another. a. Deviation IQ b. Confirmation bias c. Test bias d. Interrater reliability

____________ attached babies in Ainsworth's study were clinging and unwilling to explore, very upset by the stranger regardless of the mother's presence, protested mightily when the mother left, were hard to soothe, and had mixed reactions upon mother's return. a. Securely b. Avoidant c. Anxious d. Disorganized

______________ tasks are more affected by aging in adulthood relative to ___________ tasks. a. Cognitive; motor b. Simple; cognitive c. Complex; simple d. Motor; complex

_______________ is learned through trial and error, whereas _______________ is a reflexive behaviour. a. Grasping; rooting b. Walking; grasping c. Crawling; sucking d. Standing; crawling

_______________ refers to the idea that intelligence is whatever intelligence tests measure. a. Spearman's general intelligence b. Cattell's fluid intelligence c. Boring's dictum d. Gardner's multiple intelligences

Who among the following people might be a likely candidate for hypnosis? a. Anthony, a hyperactive 9-year-old boy b. Glenn, a 32-year-old man who opposes all suggestions directed at him c. Dan, a 40-year-old man who fantasizes frequently and owns a waterbed store d. Carrie, a 29-year-old woman who is a copy editor for a newspaper and unwilling to allow anyone to hypnotize her

c. Dan, a 40-year-old man who fantasizes frequently and owns a waterbed store

Ben rescues a cat from an alley in his neighbourhood. The cat is about 2 years old and appears to have lived on the street since it was born. Despite what Ben tries, he is having a lot of trouble getting the cat behave less "wildly" and to bond with him. According to attachment research, what is the best explanation for this situation? a. Kittens have a critical period for bonding to humans within the first week after birth. b. Wild cats take awhile to respond to touch but will eventually experience contact comfort. c. Animals that have been abandoned also develop insecure attachment styles. d. Cats appear to have a sensitive period after which bonding to humans is difficult.

Binet and Galton would have likely disagreed about a. the extent to which intelligence tests were objective measures. b. the extent to which intelligence tests were reliable. c. the extent to which tests can measure intelligence. d. the extent to which our senses influence intelligence.

Brad is 17 and is looking into career options. He is currently deciding whether he wants to become a gourmet chef or a race car driver. Brad is at what stage of Erik Erikson's psychosocial development? a. Integrity versus despair b. Intimacy versus isolation c. Generativity versus stagnation d. Identity versus role confusion

Brad is in an electronics store with his parents. He looks at the CDs and thinks for a moment that he could grab one and put it beneath his coat. As he considers this possibility, he decides not to do it because he might get caught and his parents would punish him. What stage of moral development does Brad's decision represent? a. Formal conventional b. Postconventional c. Conventional d. Preconventional

Brenda's parents are political conservatives while she identifies more with liberal political views. When asked her political orientation, Brenda seems uncertain and does not respond. Brenda is dealing with the ________ crisis. a. ego integrity versus despair b. autonomy versus shame and doubt c. industry versus inferiority d. identity versus role confusion

Children involved in "Strange Situation" research change attachment styles frequently in follow-up studies, meaning that this method of measuring attachment style lacks a. honesty. b. integrity. c. validity. d. reliability.

Concerning intelligence and memory, which statement is true? a. Intelligence test scores tend to be inversely correlated with scores on short-term memory tests. b. Intelligence test scores tend to be negatively correlated with scores on short-term memory tests. c. Intelligence test scores tend to be unrelated to scores on short-term memory tests. d. Intelligence test scores tend to be positively correlated with scores on short-term memory tests.

Danille and Tanya have both scored highly on an intelligence test, whereas Andrea and Ashlee scored much lower on the intelligence test. All four women are participating in an experiment that requires them to respond as quickly as possible to the presence of a stimulus by pushing a button on a keyboard. Which two women will likely have the lowest reaction times? a. Andrea and Ashlee b. Ashlee and Tanya c. Danille and Andrea d. Tanya and Danille

During the ________ stage of development, a child will not have developed object permanence. a. concrete operational b. formal operational c. preoperational d. sensorimotor

Elementary school teachers from China would likely employ a(n)________ style of teaching. a. permissive b. uninvolved c. authoritative d. authoritarian

Erikson saw the major challenge of young adulthood as that of a. initiative versus guilt. b. generativity versus stagnation. c. ego integrity versus despair. d. intimacy versus isolation.

Foster hasn't performed as well as he could have in school, but seems to have a good head on his shoulders, does well at work, understands others, and could be said to have "street smarts". In this example, what type of intelligence is most applicable to Foster? a. Creative intelligence b. General intelligence c. Naturalistic intelligence d. Practical intelligence

Frederica is an infant who is easily scared by unfamiliar faces, loud noises, or moving toys. Her temperament style would be classified as _________________. a. slow-to-warm-up b. difficult c. anxious d. behavioural inhibition

Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences divides intelligence into ______ independent abilities. a. 3 b. 5 c. 7 d. 9

Greta's child has facial deformities, a smaller than normal head, heart defects, mental retardation, learning difficulties, and delayed growth. If these defects can be traced to a teratogen used by Greta when she was pregnant, which was she most likely abusing? a. Nicotine b. Cocaine c. Marijuana d. Alcohol

If you track the frequency by which popcorn kernels pop, few kernels pop early or late; most pop around the same time. This frequency chart is a good example of a ________ frequency graph. a. flat b. positively skewed c. negatively skewed d. normal bell

If you track the frequency of watch chimes in a crowded classroom, most watches will chime at the top of the hour, fewer will chime either slightly early or late, and fewer still will chime especially early or late. This frequency chart is a good example of a ________ frequency graph. a. flat b. positively skewed c. negatively skewed d. normal bell

In Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development between 7 and 11 years of age, in which an individual becomes capable of logical thought processes but is not yet capable of abstract thinking, is the ______ stage. a. formal operational b. preoperational c. sensorimotor d. concrete operational

In which of Piaget's stages does the child develop conservation? a. Formal operational b. Preoperational c. Sensorimotor d. Concrete operational

Johnny has never been harassed by the school bully, but most of his friends have. Johnny's decision to stand up to the bully to protect his friends represents a type of ________ morality. a. preconventional b. conventional c. formal conventional d. postconventional

Joseph refuses to vote in major elections because he believes that most political candidates seeking office are motivated by personal gain and not to create positive social change. Joseph's reasoning reflects a. formal conventional reasoning. b. preconventional reasoning. c. conventional reasoning. d. postconventional reasoning.

Tyrell is applying for a job at a law office after finishing his law degree, and Abigail has applied for a job at the local meat packing plant in her home town after being away at university for many years. What should the employers consider most when trying to predict job performance? a. IQ is highly predictive of job performance, independent of the occupation. b. Both employers should pay attention to the interview as it will demonstrate interpersonal intelligence. c. The meat packing plant should evaluate IQ and interview equally as being predictive of job success. d. The law office should pay more attention to the candidate's IQ score relative to the meat packing plant.

What is a major possible confound in adoption studies that could limit their conclusions? a. Children who are adopted may have other psychological disturbances that influence IQ. b. Adoptive children may have experienced lacking environments depending on time in foster care. c. Adopted children may have more enriched environments than their biological counterparts. d. Adoption agencies frequently place children in homes similar to those of the biological parents.

What is the range of IQ scores that fall in the middle of the distribution, encompassing 95 percent of all people? a. 100-125 b. 90-120 c. 80-140 d. 70-130

What was Mary Ainsworth trying to determine when she devised an experimental method called the Strange Situation? a. The nature of gestural communication between mothers and babies b. Aspects of purposeful exploration as the baby investigates a strange environment c. Parental discipline styles in the first year of life d. The nature of attachment between caretakers and babies

When faced with a conflict between law and conscience, Liz follows her conscience despite the personal risk. This would be characteristic of__________ morality. a. formal conventional b. postconventional c. conventional d. preconventional

Which of Erik Erikson's psychosocial crises revolves around the child's learning to direct his or her own behaviour? a. Trust versus mistrust b. Initiative versus guilt c. Industry versus inferiority d. Autonomy versus shame and doubt

Which of the following conclusions about the effects of breast-feeding on IQ is accurate? a. Breast-feeding increases IQ due to better nutritional health and advanced myelinization. b. Breast-feeding may increase IQ not due to health effects but the influence of a social bond between mother and infant. c. There is no difference between breast-feeding or bottle-feeding as both provide the necessary nutrition for brain development. d. While there appears to be a positive relation, there are too many confounds that prevent causal conclusions.

Which of the following describes the fetal period? a. The period during which the zygote moves down to the uterus and begins to implant in the lining b. The period during which the major organs and structures of the organism first develop c. The period during which the umbilical cord develops d. The period during which tremendous growth occurs and the organs continue to develop and become functional

Which of the following groups of children is most likely to have the most similar IQ scores? a. Identical twins reared apart b. Same-sex fraternal twins c. Siblings reared together d. Identical twins reared together

Which of the following individuals would be the most susceptible to empty-nest syndrome? a. Cierra, a lawyer, who devoted as much time to her children as she could while they were growing up but feels guilty that she did not have more time to spend with them b. Victoria, a homemaker, who was very involved in her kids lives, and also volunteered for several charities and women's leagues, and made quilts that were donated to World Aid programs c. Wilma, a professor, who spent equal time on her career and children, and aided them with their academic progress and tutoring as well as being their mother d. Lisa, a homemaker, who spent all her time and energy caring for her children and being involved as a volunteer in their many activities while they were growing up

Which of the following is a disadvantage of the longitudinal design? a. Individuals of different ages are being compared to one another. b. It is relatively inexpensive. c. It takes a shorter amount of time than a cross-sectional design. d. Participants may drop out due to moving, loss of interest, or death.

Which of the following is a limitation on the cognitive life of children in Piaget's preoperational stage? a. Abstract concepts b. Object permanence c. Hypothetical thinking d. Egocentrism

Which of the following is likely to produce increased correlations between SAT scores and college GPA? a. Admitting more students to college who have not taken the SAT b. Admitting more high-SAT-scoring students to colleges c. Admitting fewer low-SAT-scoring students to colleges d. Admitting more low-SAT-scoring students to colleges

Which of the following is not one of the subtests on the WAIS-IV? a. Picture completion b. Block design c. Digit symbol d. Word stem completion

Which of the following is not one of the three areas of intelligence described by Sternberg? a. Analytical b. Practical c. Creative d. Exponential

Which of the following is representative of Sir Francis Galton's perspective on the causes of IQ? a. Galton believed that intelligence was a trait that changed significantly over time. b. Galton believed that intelligence was determined 50% by environment and 50% by genes. c. Galton was an environmentalist and believed that social factors significantly influenced IQ. d. Galton was a hereditarian and believed that genes significantly influenced IQ.

Which of the following is true concerning the nature-nurture debate? a. Most researchers are either pro-nature or pro-nurture when describing the causes of human behaviour. b. People with genetic predispositions for anxiety will eventually express this type of behaviour. c. Gene expression is not substantially influenced by the environment. d. Most researchers believe that genes and environment interact to influence human behaviour.

Which of the following is true regarding parenting research? a. Fathers spend more time with their babies on average than do mothers. b. Children tend to select mothers over fathers as playmates. c. Fathers display similar levels of affection toward their babies as do mothers. d. Children of single fathers do just as well on measures of well-being as do children of single mothers.

Lionel works with a bomb disposal unit and does not worry about his safety. Which defense mechanism does he engage in at work?

denial

Riley routinely blows every little setback out of proportion. For example, when she forgot to turn in her algebra homework she was convinced that she would fail the class. Riley is at risk for developing

depression

according to Kuber-Ross, when bargaining fails, ___ usually results.

depression

Elizabeth visited a psychiatrist who, after interviewing her, recommended either Paxil or Prozac. These are generally used to treat

depression.

You stayed up all night to study for a math exam. After the test, you returned to your dorm room and slept for seven hours. Your sleeping behavior was regulated by the body's tendency to maintain

homeostasis.

A classification system for psychological disorders allows clinicians to do all of the following except make predictions about

how other people might react to the diagnosis of a disorder.

Belinda is in counseling and feels that she is on the brink of bursting through her psychological cocoon and becoming a butterfly. Belinda's therapist agrees with Belinda and feels strongly that Belinda has the innate ability to cope with stress and to control her life. Belinda's therapist is most likely a

humanist.

Mary has been working with a therapist because she has felt very confused and unsure about herself for the past few years. Mary's therapist tends to be very non-directive and devotes a great deal of the session to allowing Mary to explore her identity, wants, and dreams for the future. The therapist rarely gives direct advice and instead is primarily interested in helping Mary clarify her own ideas and feelings. Mary's therapist is most likely associated with the _____perspective of psycholtherapy.

humanistic

scientists believe that some people become obese because their ancestors were ___ and more likely to store up fat for future times of famine.

hunter-gatherers

Rosemary is interested in studying the relationships between emotion, the nervous system, and the immune system. She would be most interested in the field of

psychoneuroimmunology.

Which of the following is the LEAST used biomedical intervention?

psychosurgery

Dr. Saline is testing the water supplies of small villages in a remote region of Africa to ascertain the water's purity. Dr. Saline is interested in

public health.

If Freddie's id was in charge when his boss told him that he was an incompetent fool, Freddie

punch his boss in the face

The second step in systematic desensitization is

putting the list of fears in order of severity.

most basic needs in Maslow's hierarchy are ___ needs.

pyschological

Judy thinks she is depressed because of her teacher's criticism of her term paper. Judy's therapist explains to her that Judy's own irrational belief--that the criticism means she is stupid--is really why she is depressed. Judy is likely to be seeing a therapist who is providing _____ therapy.

rational-emotive

How did Brenda Reimer, the child who was surgically assigned to be a female after a surgical mishap, adjust to life as a female?

she was unhappy and committed suicide

A babysitter has put the children to sleep. it is dark and quite in the house. she hears what sounds like a door knob turning an hour the parents are expected to be home, making her think that perhaps a stranger is trying to break into the house. According to Lazarus's cognitive-mediational theory, how would the babysitter experience an emotion in this situation?

she would first go to the door to see what is causing the door knob to turn. If the parents are home early, she would feel relieved, but if it was a stranger she would feel afraid

The work of Simon LeVay on the brain structures of homosexual humans led to similar findings with

sheep

Which is NOT a finding that supports a biological contribution to sexual orientation?

size differences in the right brain hemispheres in homosexuals as compared to heterosexuals

If gender differences in cognition are decreasing, this is probably due to

the effects of more equal treatment of men and women in our society

samantha refuses to go to school because her chin has a "huge" pimple on it and she is afraid that everyone will laugh at her and point. Samantha is a victim of ___.

the imaginary audience

An implication of the medical model of psychological disorders is that

the individual should not be blamed for the disorder.

Encoding failure occurs when

the information was never entered into long-term memory.

Which area of the brain has been linked to the processing of positive emotions?(pg 362)

the left frontal lobe

MRI technology has demonstrated that men listen with

the left hemisphere of the brain

Which of the following does not play a role in determining the body's weight set point?

the size of the stomach

James obtained sexual arousal and pleasure by wearing women's clothing. He has a condition known as

transvestism

Cognitive appraisal refers to the way an individual

interprets life events.

Implicit memory, procedural memory, and priming are all associated with _____ memory.

nondeclarative

In John's favorite picture, he is riding with his father on a lawnmower. John also likes the smell of freshly mowed grass, Which of the following cues do you predict will elicit the strongest emotional memory in John?

smell of freshly cut grass

Mike waits until the night before his big exam to start studying. He maintains that last minute cramming keeps the information fresh in his memory. What does connectionist network research tell us about the effectiveness of cramming?

It is very ineffective because information is not tied into related nodes.

In terms of short-term memory, the magic number seven refers to

capacity

Your roommate argues that computers can perform several complex tasks better and more accurately than humans. You counter her argument with the mention of . a task that only humans can perform.

developing new learning goals

If a child's mental age is higher than her chronological age, this means that

her IQ is higher than normal.

Many smokers like to point to the late George Burns, a famous actor who smoked cigars continuously for many years and lived to be nearly a hundred, as evidence that smoking is relatively harmless. These individuals tend to ignore the thousands of people who die every year from lung cancer. They are utilizing

confirmation bias.

When scores on an intelligence test relate to important outcomes such as job performance, then the intelligence test has high

criterion validity.

Priming is a phenomenon that has been found to result in

enhanced retrieval of memories.

Levi Hutchins, a young clockmaker, resolved to rise at 4 A.M. every morning. This resolution motivated Hutchins to invent the alarm clock. The most likely first step in solving the problem of waking up early was for Hutchins to

find and frame the problem.

On the ride home from her senior prom, Mary's date ran a red light and crashed into another vehicle. Twenty years later, Mary can still remember the song that was playing on the radio at the time of the crash. This memory is best described as a(n) _____memory.

flashbulb

Which of the following would businesses need to avoid in order to be successful over a period of many years?

functional fixedness

Although you had never been to the Fancy Foods Restaurant in your town, you were not at all surprised when the hostess seated you, handed you the menu, and informed you that your server would soon take your dinner order. Sure enough, a man in a tuxedo came to your table and asked you what you would like to eat. You knew all of this was going to happen at the restaurant because you

have a script for what happens in a restaurant.

Every week during football season, Fred and his friends have fun following the local high school teams. Before the games, Fred never really talks too much about how the games will turn out. On Monday, however, it is a different scenario altogether. Fred is more than happy to share with his friends that the games came out exactly as he thought they would and why. Fred is demonstrating

hindsight bias.

Bertha met two students from another school at a convention. She enjoyed their company a great deal and was very impressed with how nice they were. Bertha now believes that all of the students from that school must also be nice and is considering transferring there. Bertha is using

inductive

Evidence of the role of language in cognitive activities includes the fact that

memory is stored in the form of words

Repression is

motivated forgetting

Which of the following does NOT describe a critical thinker?

relies on the opinion of more experienced others

According to the Atkinson-Shiffrin theory of memory, memory storage involves which of the following three systems?

sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory

Which of the following concepts is most similar to the idea of focusing on something for an extended amount of time?

sustaining attention

Which of the following is NOT one of the three main memory processes?

thinking

The California children who were kidnapped at gunpoint on a school bus, and then buried for 16 hours before escaping, were documented as having the classic signs of _____ memory.

traumatic

A 6-year-old child with a mental age of 6 would have a ratio IQ of

100

Unrehearsed information stored in short-term memory lasts no more than

30 seconds.

_____ memory is the conscious recollection of facts and events that you can verbally communicate.

Declarative

_____ thinking occurs during brainstorming.

Divergent

Dr. Feelgood and Dr. Nogood both work at the local emergency room. Dr. Feelgood is almost always in a good mood whereas Dr. Nogood is seldom happy about anything. According to research, which physician would you want on duty if you have a medical emergency and why?

Dr. Feelgood - he is likely to come to the correct diagnosis more quickly than Dr. Nogood.

George just graduated from college and is going on his first job interview. He has learned that there are two other candidates. Because of the information he has learned about the serial position effect, George asks to be either the first or the last candidate interviewed. Why?

Either the first or the last candidate will be best remembered.

Your friend, Vince, suffered serious injury to his cerebellum in a motorcycle accident. What effect will this have on Vince's life?

He will not remember how to ride his motorcycle.

Your mom is always giving you grief about how you surf the web and send text messages while you are studying. You explain that multitasking does not affect your grades. Is your position supported by the information presented in the textbook?

No; studies have confirmed that individuals do not do well on memory tests of information that was acquired while performing other tasks.

Cognitive psychologists are interested in examining all of the following except

classical conditioning.

Bonnie and Clyde have decided to purchase a new entertainment center. Because this will be a major financial investment, they spend a lot of time researching their options. You, a psychology student, advise them to distract themselves with an alternate activity before they come to any purchase decisions. Is this really good advice?

Yes, research has shown that people who approach complex decisions after being distracted are more likely to make better decisions.

When the field of cognitive psychology first became prominent, it was considered a revolutionary development because it was a radical departure from

behaviorism

You have to study four chapters of information for your next test. If you decide to use the problem solving strategy of using subgoals, you must

breakdown the topics to be studied and focus on each in an organized sequence.

When asked to memorize the 15 letters, C I A C B S A B C F B I I R S, Mary reorganized them into CIA, CBS, ABC, FBI, and IRS. Mary used the tactic of

chunking

Carlos believes that all of the people from another part of his town are snobs. He believes that the students from this area are rich and spoiled. He is scheduled to perform with some of these students in an. all-county musical presentation. If he assumes that these students are also rich and snobby, he is using

deductive

Whenever scientists use theories and intuitions to make specific predictions and then evaluate their predictions by making further observations,

deductive reasoning

Top down processing is to _____ reasoning as bottom up processing is to ______ reasoning.

deductive; inductive

Fifteen-year old Matt and his father are in an electronics store looking at video game systems. Matt gives his father a complete breakdown of the pros and cons of each of the different video game systems on display. Matt is able to accurately recall all of these details because he has

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