Psych: Test 3 Chapter 11 Outlook

Abby is 6 years old while Sheena is 13 years old. Compared to Abby's self-description, Sheena's self-description is likely to be a.more abstract.c.more closely linked to possessions. b.based more on physical characteristics.d.less future-oriented.

a

Adolescents are more likely to reach achievement status when their parents a.recognize their children's autonomy.c.discourage personal experimentation. b.discourage discussion.d.simply tell them what identity to adopt.

a

Although 15-year-old Vince hasn't thought about it much, he has decided to become a priest when he grows up because that's what his mother wants. Marcia would describe Vince as being in the __________ phase of achieving identity. a.foreclosurec.achievement b.diffusiond.moratorium

a

An individual's self-esteem a.becomes more differentiated with age. b.tends to be at similar levels across different domains. c.is usually highest during the junior high school years. d.is not affected by how others view them.

a

At which age would you be most likely to find the highest levels of self-esteem? a.preschool yearsc.late elementary-school years b.early elementary-school yearsd.junior high years

a

Fifteen-year-old Angela's belief that she is, in effect, an actor whose performance is watched constantly by her peers is a phenomenon referred to as a.the imaginary audience.c.the illusion of invulnerability. b.the personal fable.d.perspective-taking.

a

Older adolescents are more likely than younger ones to have achieved an ethnic identity because. a.they are more likely to have had opportunities to explore their cultural heritage. b.they have parents who encourage them to cling to the "old ways," rather than embracing the new culture. c.they strongly identify with American culture. d.they have lower self-esteem.

a

Teenagers' tendency to believe that their experiences and feelings are unique, and that no one has ever felt or thought as they do is known as a.the personal fable.c.the illusion of invulnerability. b.the imaginary audience.d.hypothetical reasoning.

a

The attitudes, behaviors, and values that a person believes make him or her a unique individual are referred to as the person's a.self-concept.c.imaginary audience. b.specification.d.personal fable.

a

Two-year-old Chris "helps" his dad change the oil in the car and ends up with a black oil streak on his cheek. When they come into the house, his dad takes him into the bathroom to clean up. Based on what you know about self-awareness in 2-year-olds, what would you expect Chris to do when he looks in the mirror? a.Reach up and touch the black spot on his cheek. b.Touch the black spot he sees on the mirror. c.Look at his dad to see if he, too, has oil on his face. d.Not show any indication that he notices the spot.

a

When Kristin makes the transition from elementary school to junior high school, you would expect her self-esteem to a.decrease.c.fluctuate up and down unpredictably. b.increase.d.remain stable.

a

When describing himself, Kento, a Chinese preschooler, is more likely than David, an American preschooler, to say a. I play with Daisuke at school .c.I have brown eyes. b. I have trucks. d.I like ice cream.

a

Which of the following most accurately describes a typical preschooler in terms of self-esteem? a.full of confidencec.at the bottom of the "pecking order" b.full of self-doubtd.very differentiated

a

Who is likely to have the highest self-esteem? a.John, who works hard in school b.David, who has trouble getting along with his peers c.Dustin, who doesn't participate in extracurricular activities d.James, who often has disciplinary problems

a

Who is likely to have the lowest self-esteem? a.Darrin, whose parents don't set rules b.Donald, whose parents discuss their rules with him c.Stephen, whose parents are affectionate toward him d.Troy, whose parents are involved in his extra-curricular activities

a

Adolescents tend to believe that misfortune only happens to others, a belief that is referred to as a.the personal fable.c.the imaginary audience. b.the illusion of invulnerability.d.hypothetical reasoning.

b

As children grow from preschoolers to adolescents, their self-concepts become a.more concrete.c.less psychological. b.more elaborate and richer.d.less future-oriented.

b

As children move from being preschoolers to becoming adolescents a.they are less likely to compare themselves to peers. b.self-esteem becomes more differentiated. c.self-esteem shows large increases. d.girls' self-esteem drops more than boys' after the transition to junior high.

b

Courtney loves the way she looks, especially her long, thick hair and big, dark brown eyes. Courtney's self-worth is high in the domain of a.athletic competence.c.social acceptance. b.physical appearance.d.behavioral conduct.

b

Dr. Jones conducts a study in which he places a red mark on toddlers' noses and then places them in front of a mirror. Dr. Jones appears to be interested in a.identity statuses.c.egocentrism. b.self-awareness.d.self-esteem.

b

If Hunter is a typical adolescent, he will a.be rebellious.c.not share many of his parents' values. b.rely upon his parents for advice.d.be unhappy.

b

In Marcia's theory, __________ describes individuals who have identities that are determined largely by adults, rather than from personal exploration. a.diffusionc.moratorium b.foreclosured.achievement

b

Individuals who have explored alternatives and have deliberately chosen a specific identity are in Marcia's __________ identity status. a.diffusionc.moratorium b.achievementd.foreclosure

b

Marcia's achievement identity status a.occurs more in younger than in older adolescents. b.occurs more in older than in younger adolescents. c.is not related to age. d.is achieved in all aspects of identity at the same time.

b

Rina's self-concept includes mention of emotions, social groups to which she belongs, and comparisons of herself to others. How old is Rina? a.3 years oldc.13 years old b.8 years oldd.17 years old

b

Sixteen-year-old Ingrid discovered a spot on her blouse after she arrived at school. Ingrid is afraid that everyone will notice the spot and think she is stupid. Which of the following best describes Ingrid's beliefs? a.adolescent egocentrismc.personal fable b.imaginary audienced.illusion of invulnerability

b

Stella is a depressed adolescent. She is likely to a.blame others for her failures. b.have reduced levels of neurotransmitters. c.not find psychotherapy a successful way to treat her depression. d.experience long-lasting treatment effects through short-term drug therapy.

b

The foundation or first step of developing a self-concept occurs when children a.begin to wonder who they are. b.become aware that they exist independently of other people and objects in the environment. c.mention emotions when describing themselves. d.begin to describe themselves in relation to their peers.

b

What advice would you give teachers to help them enhance their students' self-esteem? a.Don't expect children to work to the best of their ability. b.Show interest in your students' progress. c.Discourage children from participating in extracurricular activities. d.Don't listen to most of what your students say to you.

b

When children have one European American parent and the other is African American, Asian American, or Hispanic, children tend to adopt the a. European American identity.c.the ethnic identity of their father. b.ethnic minority identity.d.the ethnic identity of their mother.

b

Which factor accounts for some of the decrease in self-esteem seen during the elementary school years? a.parents setting more rules b.children beginning to compare themselves with peers c.teachers becoming more involved with students d.a school emphasis on individualized instruction

b

Which of the following adolescents is MOST likely to achieve identity? a.Boris, whose is discouraged by his parents from experimenting personally. b.Ashley, whose parents encourage discussion and recognize her autonomy. c.Elizabeth, whose parents set rules with little justification and enforce them without explanation. d.Nicolas, whose parents pressure him to follow their suggestions.

b

Which of the following statements about parent-child relations during adolescence is true? a.Parent-adolescent relations can be accurately summed up as being full of storm-and-stress. b.Parent-adolescent relationships become more egalitarian throughout adolescence. c.Parents and adolescents continue to spend the same amount of time together as they did when the adolescent was a child. d.Adolescents show their parents more affection than they did as children.

b

compared to other children, children with low self-esteem a.are likely to have good relations with peers. b.are more prone to psychological disorders such as depression. c.are less likely to be involved in antisocial behavior. d.are more likely to do well in school.

b

Adolescent egocentrism is characterized by a.an inability to understand that others have different perspectives of the world. b.an indifference about what other people think about them. c.a belief that they are the focus of others' thinking. d.having attained identity achievement.

c

Anne participates in a study in which she is asked "how much" statements, such as "I'm very good at schoolwork" and "I find it very easy to make friends" apply to her. The study involves measuring a.perspective-taking.c.self-esteem. b.stranger anxiety.d.ethnic identity.

c

As adolescents progress towards achieving an identity a.adolescent egocentrism increases, while the imaginary audience, personal fables, and the illusion of invulnerability become less common. b.adolescent egocentrism decreases, while the imaginary audience, personal fables, and the illusion of invulnerability become more common. c.adolescent egocentrism, the imaginary audience, personal fables, and the illusion of invulnerability become less common. d.adolescent egocentrism, the imaginary audience, personal fables, and the illusion of invulnerability become more common.

c

Between the ages of 6 and 8, children's descriptions of themselves are likely to a.be based on personality traits. b.be future-oriented. c.mention emotions and social groups to which they belong. d.vary with the setting.

c

Children are more likely to have higher levels of self-esteem if a.they are provided with negative feedback from their peers. b.their parents do not set rules for them. c.they believe that their peers think highly of them. d.their parents do not discuss rules and discipline with them.

c

How popular a child feels in social interactions with parents and peers is called a.scholastic competence.c.social competence. b.athletic competence.d.behavioral conduct.

c

In Marcia's theory, __________ describes individuals who are still examining different alternative identities. a.diffusionc.moratorium b.foreclosured.achievement

c

In the elementary-school years, four specialized areas of self-esteem stand out. Which of the following is NOT one of these areas? a.scholastic competencec.behavioral conduct b.athletic competenced.physical appearance

c

Michael, 15, was just dumped by his girlfriend, Lisa. Michael's dad told him that he knows how he feels, but that in time he will feel better. Michael is convinced that his dad does not know how it feels to be dumped by a girlfriend and that his dad does not know what he is talking about. Which of the following terms best describes Michael's beliefs? a.adolescent egocentrismc.personal fable

c

On Laurel's 16th birthday, her parents gave her a new car and a Republican bumper sticker. Laurel was happy to accept the car, but didn't want to display the bumper sticker. She had begun to read and think about different political parties and, although she hadn't yet decided which political party she supported, she didn't want to be a Republican just because her parents were. In terms of her political beliefs, Laurel appears to be in Marcia's __________ identity status. a.diffusion c.moratorium b.achievement d.foreclosure

c

Self-awareness is usually well-established by the age of a.6 months.c.2 years. b.1 year.d.3 years.

c

The self-absorption characteristic of the teenage search for identity is called a.diffusion.c.adolescent egocentrism. b.theory of mind.d.specification.

c

Which of the following adolescents is MOST likely to achieve identity? a.Maximus, who has few close friends. b.Paulette, who is living in poverty. c.Othello, who is open to experience and is friendly and helpful. d.Ursula, who had to drop out of high school to help support her family.

c

Which of the following is correct regarding how ethnicity and culture each influence self-esteem? a.Compared to European Americans, Hispanic Americans have higher self-esteem during most of the elementary-school years. b.Compared to European Americans, African Americans have higher self-esteem during most of the elementary-school years. c.Compared to European Americans, African Americans have higher self-esteem during adolescence. d.Compared to European American, Hispanic Americans have higher self-esteem during adolescence.

c

Who is most likely to reach achievement status? a.Gabriel, whose parents discourage discussion b.Amanda, whose parents give her explicit direction for her choices c.Kathryn, whose parents encourage her to explore alternatives on her own d.Ashley, whose parents set rules with little justification

c

________ is defined as a person's judgment and feelings about his or her own worth. a.Self-conceptc.Self-esteem b.Self-recognitiond.Self-awareness

c

A strong, well-defined ethnic identity is associated with a.younger rather than older adolescents. b.lower school achievement. c.a weakened tie to mainstream culture for all ethnic groups. d.higher self-esteem.

d

Adolescents who have achieved a strong ethnic identity a.have lower self-esteem. b.find interactions with family and friends less satisfying. c.do poorly in school. d.have parents who encouraged them to explore alternative identities.

d

Are parent-child relationships in adolescence always positive? a.Yes — adolescents rarely have disagreements with their parents since they usually share the same tastes, desires, and values. b.Yes — as teens grow older they spend less time with their parents reduces negative interactions between the parents and adolescents. c.No — for a majority of families parent-child conflicts in adolescence are serious and associated with behavior problems. d.No — parents of adolescents sometimes fear that arguments over personal choices (like attire or hairstyle) reflect much more fundamental disagreements about values.

d

As individuals move from early adolescence to young adulthood, Marcia's __________ and __________ identity statuses become less common while __________ and __________ become more common. a.achievement, moratorium; foreclosure, diffusion b.moratorium, diffusion; foreclosure, achievement c.foreclosure, moratorium; diffusion, achievement d.foreclosure, diffusion; moratorium, achievement

d

Because Danielle, a junior high school student, has low self-esteem, she is a.likely to get along well with peers. b.unlikely to become depressed. c.unlikely to be involved in bully and aggressive behavior. d.likely to do poorly in school.

d

Chan's self-concept includes statements about his attitudes, personality traits, religious beliefs, and occupational goals. How old is Chan? a.3 years oldc.8 years old b.5 years oldd.15 years old

d

Darnel is eager to try any sport and feels that he's pretty good at most of them. Mason doesn't enjoy any sports, mainly because he doesn't think he's very good at them. Darnel's and Mason's perceived competencies are different in the domain of a.scholastic competence.c.physical appearance. b.behavioral conduct.d.athletic competence.

d

Depression-prone adolescents a.have higher levels of norepinephrine and serotonin. b.are more likely to be boys than girls. c.are likely to become depressed even when there is no triggering event. d.are more likely to blame themselves for their failures.

d

During adolescence other domains of self-esteem are added. Which of the following is NOT one of these domains? a.romantic appealc.job competence b.close friendshipsd.financial independence

d

During the elementary school years a.self-esteem reaches its peak. b.self-esteem becomes less differentiated. c.children become less likely to compare themselves with peers. d.self-esteem usually drops.

d

Evidence for growing self-awareness between the ages of 18 and 24 months includes the fact that children of this age a.cannot recognize themselves in a mirror. b.look less at photographs of themselves than at photos of other children. c.do not refer to themselves by name. d.sometimes know their own age and gender.

d

Fourteen-year-old Tyler is overwhelmed by the task of achieving an identity and has done little to achieve one. Tyler appears to be in Marcia's __________ identity status. a.moratoriumc.foreclosure b.achievementd.diffusion

d

If you ask Eva, a preschooler, to describe herself she is most likely to say a."I am on the soccer team."c."I'm the fastest runner in my preschool class." b."I'm usually happy."d."I have blond hair."

d

Scholastic competence is measured by how a.popular or accepted the child feels in social interactions with peers. b.adequate the child feels about behaving the way one is supposed to. c.competent the child feels at sports and games requiring physical skill and athletic ability. d.competent or smart the child feels in doing schoolwork.

d

Sixteen-year-old Edward is sexually active, but doesn't practice safe sex. He thinks becoming infected with AIDS is something that would happen to other people, but not to him. Which of the following concepts best explains Edward's belief? a.hypothetical reasoningc.the imaginary audience b.the personal fabled.the illusion of invulnerability

d

Troy, a college student, is in the achievement status for career. What does that tell you about his identity status for religion and politics? a.Troy is in the achievement status for religion and politics. b.Troy is not in the achievement status for religion and politics. c.Troy is in the achievement status for religion, but not for politics. d.It is not possible to determine Troy's identity status for religion and politics by knowing his identity status for career.

d

Veronica describes herself as an "ambitious, fun-loving Catholic who is going to be a nurse someday." Veronica is probably a.a toddler.c.an elementary school age child. b.a preschooler.d.an adolescent.

d

Which of the following is correct regarding depression during adolescence? a.Adolescent boys are more often affected by depression than are adolescent girls. b.Children who are more able to regulate their emotions are, as adolescents, more prone to depression. c.Adolescents more often become depressed because they have high levels of neurotransmitters, which make it difficult for them to experience pleasurable emotions. d.Adolescents are more likely to become depressed when they have parents who rely on punitive discipline.

d

Who is likely to have the highest self-esteem? a.Abe, who just started high schoolc.Gus, who is in early elementary school b.Tex, who just started junior high schoold.Len, who is in preschool

d