Psych Test 4
IQ Formula
(Mental Age/Chronological Age)x100
fluid intelligence
(ability to reason speedily) declines with age, but not
The Educational Testing Service conducted a study of 23,000 students who took the SAT and then, four years later, took the GRE. The correlation between their SAT verbal scores and GRE verbal scores was _____, indicating a remarkably stable aptitude for test-taking.
+.86
Prenatal Development
-A zygote is a fertilized cell with 100 cells, which become increasingly diverse. At about 14 days the zygote turns into an embryo. -At 9 weeks an embryo turns into a fetus (c and d). Teratogens are chemicals or viruses that can enter the placenta and harm the developing fetus.
Brain Maturation
-Birth to 3 yrs: Branching neural networks enable walking, talking, and remembering. -3 to 6 yrs: Frontal lobes develop, enabling rational planning. -6-13 yrs : Association areas proliferate, enriching thinking, memory, language and reading skills.
Bias in Intelligence Testing
-Critics argue that intelligence tests reflect cultural knowledge and values of dominan cultures, leading to lower scores among minority groups. -Stereotype threat can lower test scores in people who are aware that they belong to negatively viewed groups.
Controversies about Intelligence
-Is intelligence a single overall ability or several specific abilities? -With modern neuroscience techniques can we locate and measure intelligence within the brain?
Gender Similarities and Differences
-Male and female average scores for overall intelligenceare nearly identical. -Gender differences have been demonstrated in specificabilities (females better at verbal memory, males at spatial abilities). -Researchers cite evolutionary, brain-based, cultural explanations for gender differences.
Ethnic Similarities and Differences
-Racial groups differ in their average intelligence scores. -High-scoring people (and groups) are more likely to attain high levels of education and income.
Biological evidence for the existence of emotional intelligence includes _____.
Brain Damage
Some specific kinds of _____ are associated with the loss of emotional intelligence.
Brain Damage
Genetic Influences 2
Brain scans show similarities in gray matter and brain areas associated with intelligence among identical twins.
Conventional Morality:
Byearly adolescence social rules and laws are upheld for their own sake.
Sandra has been told that her infant has an extra _____ in his genetic makeup. This suggests that the infant will suffer from Down Syndrome.
Chromosome 21
Piaget Stage 3:
Concrete Operational (7 - 12 yrs) Children learn howvarious actions or "operations" can affect or transform "concrete" objects
_____ intelligence increases with age.
Crystallized
David Wechsler
Developed the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) and later the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC), an intelligence test for preschoolers.
Environmental Effects
Differences in intelligence among these groups is largely environmental, as if one environment was more fertile to develop these abilities than another.
Sandra has been told that her infant has an extra chromosome 21 in his genetic makeup. This suggests that the infant will suffer from _____.
Down syndrome
Frontal Cortex
During adolescence neurons in the frontal cortex grow myelin which speeds up nerve conduction. Frontal cortex lags behind limbic system development. Hormonal surges and limbic system may explain teens' occasional impulsiveness.
Maturation and Infant Memory
Earliest age of conscious memory is around 3½ years (Bauer, 2002). A 5-year-old has a sense of self and an increased long-term memory, thus organization of memory is different from 3-4 years.
Early Intervention Effects
Early neglect from caregivers leads children to develop a lack personal control over the environment and also impoverishes their intelligence.
Emerging Adulthood
Emerging adulthood spans from 18-25 years. During this time young adults live with their parents and aPend college or work. They marry on average in their mid-twenties.
_____ conditions can override genetic influences on cognitive development, especially among children raised in poverty.
Environmental
Mary wonders why people exist and is trying to determine her purpose in life. Mary has _____intelligence.
Existanceanal
_____ intelligence is the ability to ponder large questions about life, death, and existence.
Existential
_____ is a statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items on a test.
Factor Analysis
According to the results of your study, which type of intelligence declines with age?
Fluid intelligence
Increasing years of schooling over the last half century has most likely contributed to the _____ effect.
Flynn
Some people have been fearful that higher twentieth-century birth rates among those with lower intelligence scores would push human intelligence scores progressively downward. This fear has been most directly alleviated by the discovery of the _____ effect.
Flynn
Over the past 100 years, intelligence test performance has increased. This is known as the:
Flynn effect.
Piaget Stage 4:
Formal Operational (12 yrs - Adulthood) -People can solve nonphysical problems; they can think logically about abstract concepts
Howard Gardner
Gardner proposes eight types of intelligences and speculates about a ninth one — existential intelligence — the ability to ponder about question of life, death and existence. Linguistic, Logical-Mathematical, Spatial, Bodily-kinestetic, Intrapersonal (Self), Interpersonal (others), Naturalist.
The existence of savant syndrome seems to support
Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences.
Mental Retardation
Mentally retarded individuals required constant supervision a few decades ago, but with supportive family environment and special education can now care for themselves.
Visual Abilities: What do newborns like to look at?
Mostly: -Angles -Contrasts (Especially black and white) -Eyes/Faces -Primary Colors -Circles/Bullseyes
Middle Adulthood
Muscular strength, reaction time, sensory abilities and cardiac output begin to decline after midtwenties. Around 50, women go through menopause; and men experience decreased levels of hormones and fertility.
Savant Syndrome
People with savant syndrome excel in abilities not related to general intelligence.
Theory of mind
People's ideas about their own and others' mental states—about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts, and the behaviors these might predict.
Emotional Intelligence: Components
Perceive emotion -Recognize emotions in faces, music and stories Understand emotion- Predict emotions, how they change and blend Manage emotion- Express emotions in different situations Use emotion- Utilize emotions to adapt or be creative
Cognitive Development
Piaget believed that the driving force behind intellectual development is our biological development amidst experiences with the environment. Our cognitive development is shaped by errors we make.
Egocentrism
Piaget concluded that preschool children are egocentric. They cannot perceive things from another's point of view.
Secure Attachment
Placed in a strange situation, 60% children express secure aPachment, i.e., they explore their environment happily in the presence of their mothers. When mother leaves they show distress.
Piaget Stage 2:
Preoperational (2 - 7 yrs): -Children have a preliminary understanding of the physical world.
Sarah comes from a loving but poor family. Her family wants her to do well in school, and she is in the program _____ to boost her cognitive and social skills.
Project Head Start
Block Design
Put the blocks together to make the picture on the right
Is Intelligence Neurologically Measurable?
Recent Studies indicate some correlation (about +. 40) between brain size and intelligence. As brain size decreases with age, scores on verbal intelligence also decrease.
Environmental Influences
Recent research has identified chromosomal regions important to intelligence and specific genes that appear to influence intelligence..
The Stanford-Binet, the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, and the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children yield consistent results, for example on retesting. In other words, these tests have high
Reliability
Some people who score below average on intelligence tests have an island of brilliance, which refers to some incredible ability, such as heightened musical memory. This condition is known as:
Savant Syndrome
Schemas
Schemas are mental molds into which we pour our experiences.
Schooling Effects
Schooling is an intervention that pays dividends, reflected in intelligence scores. Increased schooling is related to higher intelligence scores.
Self-Concept
Self-concept, a sense of one's identity and personal worth emerges gradually around 6 months. Around 15-18 months they can recognize themselves in the mirror. By 8-10 years, their self-image is stable.
Piaget Stage 1:
Sensorimotor (Birth - 2 yrs) -Infants acquire information about the world by sensing it and moving around within it. -Object permanence—the idea that objects continue to exist even when they are not visible
Sherry's 75-year-old aunt wrote essays in her teens that indicated she had high verbal abilities. What can she predict about her aunt's cognitive function as she ages?
She is less at risk for Alzheimer's disease than same-aged women who showed less verbal ability.
Normal Curve
Standardized tests establish a normal distribution of scores on a tested population — a bell-shaped pattern called the normal curve.
_______ ______ can lead to poor performance on tests by undermining test-takers' belief that they can do well on the test.
Stereotype threat
Robert Sternberg
Sternberg (1985, 1999, 2003) also agrees with Gardner, but suggests three intelligences rather than eight. 1. Analytical Intelligence: Assessed by intelligence tests. 2. Creative Intelligence: Intelligence that makes us adapt to novel situations, generating novel ideas. 3. Practical Intelligence: Intelligence required for everyday tasks (e.g. street smart).
Brain Function
Studies of brain functioning show that people who score high on intelligence tests perceive stimuli faster, retrieve information from memory quickly, and show faster brain response times.
Genetic Influences
Studies of twins, family members and adopted children together support the idea that there is a significant genetic contribution to intelligence.
Sherry's brother is considering adopting an infant from an orphanage that has a reputation for minimal child-caregiver interaction. A 1-year-old boy is available for adoption, but he is passive and not speaking yet. What advice would Sherry give her brother?
The chances are good that the boy will learn to talk if he is provided with responsive caregiving.
Maturation
The development of the brain unfolds based on genetic instructions, leading various bodily and mental functions to occur in sequence— standing before walking, babbling before talking
Conservation
The notion that properties such as a mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects.
Insecure Attachment
The other 30% show insecure attachment, these children cling to their mothers or caregivers, and are less likely to explore the environment.
Heritability
The percentage of variation within a given population that is due to heredity • Currently, the heritability of intelligence for the general population is estimated at approximately 50 percent.
Assimilation and Accommodation
The process of assimilation involves incorporating new experiences into our current understanding (schema). The process of adjusting a schema and modifying it is called accommodation.
Picture Arrangement
These pictures tell a story, but they are in the wrong order. Put them in the right order so that they tell a story.
Longitudinal studies
These suggest that intelligenceremains relatively stable as we age.
Rachel graduated with honors from Harvard. Before college, she scored in the top 2 percent on the SAT. One could argue that this is evidence that the SAT is _____.
Valid
Well Being Across the Life Span
Well being and people's feelings of satisfaction are stable across the life span.
Old Age: Dementia
With increasing age the risk of dementia also increases. Dementia is not a normal part of growing old.
Insecurely attached infants
alternately cling to or ignore caregivers and are reluctant to explore their surroundings.
Younger adults are more likely to be influenced by anxiety, depression, and _____ when making decisions than older adults.
anger
Zach has been doing back flips and cart wheels since he learned to walk. He is constantly flipping around inside the house and when he is outside playing. His parents decided to enroll him in gymnastics classes. When Zach was evaluated by the coach, he was surprised that Zach had not had any formal gymnastics training in the past, noting that Zach was already at a level 4 in ability and was too advanced for recreational training. Zach was placed on the competition team. He is six years old. Zach's parents did which of the following?
appropriate developmental placement
Jean, a 10-year-old who consistently scores within the top 3 to 5 percent on any intelligence test, is being segregated from his peers in order for him to take special courses and receive other academic enrichments. This is an example of:
appropriate educational placement.
Alessa achieved an intelligence test score of 100 on a current version of the Stanford-Binet test. This indicates that relative to other adults her age her intellectual abilities:
are supposedly average.
Adolescence
begins with puberty (sexual maturation). Puberty occurs earlier in females (11 years) than males (13 years). Thus height in females increases before males.
The environmental influence that has the clearest, most profound effect on intellectual development is
being raised in conditions of extreme deprivation.
Compared to North American students, Asian students perform:
better on math aptitude and achievements tests and they spend more time studying.
Securely attached infants
bond easily with their caregivers and are apt to explore their environment independently
Men and women are more similar _____ than they are different; brains are not structurally distinct.
cognitively
A person's accumulated knowledge and verbal skills is referred to as _____ intelligence.
crystallized
our 25 year-old friend asks you whether her intelligence will decline when she is age 85. You tell her that her logical reasoning ability is likely to:
decrease.
Which of the following is a statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items on a test?
factor analysis
Dr. Rich is a psychologist who studies social influences on behavior. She has published ten articles and three books in the past three years, which is quite an accomplishment for a psychological scientist. This is probably because her _____ is currently at its peak.
fluid intelligence
Intimacy
forming close relationships
The results of the intelligence test developed by Alfred Binet provide a _____intelligence factor.
general
Jackie has an extremely low intelligence quotient (IQ) of 65. She lives at an assisted living center where she works part time in the kitchen cleaning dishes. Jackie's ability to work effectively displays:
practical skills.
The fact that different racial groups differ in their average intelligence score gives one _____ basis for judging individuals.
little
Research studies that retest the same group of people throughout their lives are classified as _____ studies.
longitudinal
WAIS
measures overall intelligence, and in addition 11 other aspects related to intelligence designed to assess clinical and educational problems.
Most people with savant syndrome typically have low scores on most indexes of intelligence but score very high in one or two areas. This suggests that there are _______.
multiple intelligences
Mary's bathroom scale always overstates people's actual weight by exactly six pounds. The scale has high _____ and low validity.
reliability
Cross-sectional studies found that _____ gave fewer correct answers on intelligence tests than did _____.
older adults; younger adults
The intervention of nutritional supplements is most likely to positively impact the cognitive development of students from families who live in _____.
poverty
Being able to take care of one's daily habits, such as diet and personal hygiene, is a form of _____ skills.
practical
Although he is unable to speak coherently and has been diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder, 18-year-old Andrew can produce intricate and detailed drawings of scenes he has viewed only once. Andrew illustrates a condition known as:
savant syndrome.
Though she is performing at the first grade level in most of her other classes, Sarah is doing very well in college-level algebra. This may be an example of:
savant syndrome.
Because of _____, people of the same ability may be classified differently depending on when they were tested.
the Flynn effect
Intelligence
the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations.
Seven-year-old Jarrod is in the second grade. He is quite bright and can do the work of a 9-year-old child in the fourth grade. If Jarrod was scored based on Alfred Binet's original scoring system, he would likely have:
the mental age of 9.
Sexual Characteristics
the nonreproductive traits such as breast and hips in girls and facial hair and deepening of voice in boys develop. Pubic hair and hair in armpit grow in both sexes.
To say that the heritability of intelligence is about 50 percent means that 50 percent of
the variation in intelligence within a group of people is attributable to genetic factors.
Charlotte's identical twin sons are participating in a research study that includes MRI scans. The MRI findings will most likely indicate that:
they have very similar gray matter volume.
Comparing the academic accomplishments of those who have low scores with those who have high scores on intelligence tests is an effective way to highlight the _____ of the tests.
validity
Identical twins Skyler and Sloane live with their biological parents. Skyler took an intelligence test when he was 9 years old and got a score of 100. Sloane took the same test. What would one predict Sloane's score to be?
very close to 100
A magazine columnist would probably score highest on what portion of the WAIS?
vocabulary
Research Intelligence definition
whatever the intelligence tests measure ... which tends to be school smarts.
Generativity—
—being productive and supporting future generations
Prenatal Development: Risks
-The placenta transfers nutrients and oxygen from mother tofetus and filters harmful substances fromreaching theembryo or fetus - Teratogens are harmful substances such as viruses (HIV, rubella) and drugs (cocaine, alchohol, nicotine) that can slip through and cause abnormal development or birth defects. - Fetal Alchohol Syndrome (FAS) is marked by a small, misproportioned head, with unusual facial features and lifelong brain abnormalities.
Adolescents' ability to reason gives them a new level of social awareness. In particular they can think about:
1. Their own thinking. 2. What others are thinking. 3. And think about what others are thinking about them. 4. How ideals can be reached. Criticize society, parents and even themselves.
The average intelligence score is _____.
100
At age 16, Angel's intelligence score was 110. What will her score be close to at age 32?
110
On the original Stanford-Binet test, an 8-year-old who responds with the proficiency of an average 10-year-old would have an intelligence quotient (IQ) of _____.
125
Abilities while aging
A number of cognitive abilities decline with age. However, vocabulary and general knowledge increases with age.
Conception
A single sperm cell (male) penetrates the outer coating of the egg (female) and fuse to form one fertilized cell.
The WAIS subtest that measures one's ability for visual abstract processing is _____ design.
Block
Extremes of Intelligence
A valid intelligence test divides two groups of people into two extremes. The mentally retarded (IQ 70) and individuals with high intelligence (IQ 135) are significantly different.
ternberg's three types of intelligence are
Academic, Practical, Creative
Developing Reasoning Power
According to Piaget adolescents can handle abstract problems, i.e., they can perform formal operations. Adolescents can judge good from evil, truth and justice, and think about God in deeper terms.
Crystalline intelligence
Accumulated knowledge and skills
Postconventional Morality:
Affirms people's agreed upon rights or follows personally perceived ethical principles.
Old Age: Sensory Abilities
After age 70, hearing, distance perception, and the sense of smell diminish, as do muscle strength, reaction time and stamina. After 80, neural processes slow down, especially for complex tasks.
Alfred Binet
Alfred Binet and his colleague Théodore Simon started modern intelligence testing by developing questions that would predict children's future progress in the Paris school system.
If one is giving a speech about the reasons Asian students outperform North American students on math achievement and aptitude tests, which of the following findings might be cited?
All of these findings can be cited.
Alzheimer's Disease
Alzheimer's disease also increases with age. Individuals who are in the early stages of this disease show more MRI activity in the brain than normals of the same age.
It is toward the end of Juan's junior year in high school, and he wants to apply to college, but he must first take the SAT as a requirement of his application. The SAT is supposedly a(n)_____ test.
Aptitude
The IQ of a 6-year-old with a measured mental age of 9 would be
Around 150
Formal Operational Stage
Around age 12, our reasoning ability expands from concrete thinking to abstract thinking. We can now use symbols and imagined realities to systematically reason, what Piaget called formal operational thinking.
Which of the following statements is FALSE based on what you have learned in this activity?
As people age, their vocabulary knowledge decreases.
Age and Memory
As we age weremember some things well. These include recent past events and events that happened a decade or two back. However, recalling names declines.
Old Age: Motor Abilities
At 70, our motor abilities also decline. A 70-year old is no match for a 20 year old individual. Fatal accidents also increase around this age.
Preconventional Morality:
Before age 9, children show morality to avoid punishment or gain reward.
The French government commissioned Alfred Binet to help identify children with special needs because they were concerned that teacher evaluations of student learning potential might be _____.
Biased
Zelda was adopted when she was an infant. Her adoptive parents' intelligence test scores are in the average range. Her biological parents, on the other hand, have test scores well above average. When Zelda is 30, based on her performance on an intelligence test we can predict that it will be more similar to her _____ parents' test scores.
Biological
Origins of Attachment
Harlow (1971) showed that infants bond with surrogate mothers because of bodily contact and not nourishment.
With his concern for "mental orthopedics," Alfred Binet would have been most enthusiastic about:
Head Start programs.
High Intelligence
High-scoring people on intelligence tests—contrary to popular beliefs—tend to be healthy, well adjusted, and unusually successful academically.
Forming an Identity
In Western cultures many adolescents try out different selves before sePling into a consistent and comfortable identity. Having such an identity leads to forming close relationships.
The Competent Newborn
Infants are born with reflexes that aid survival, including the rooting reflex that helps them locate food.
Motor Development
Infants begin to roll over first followed by siPing unsupported, crawling, and finally walking. Experience has little effect on this sequence.
An instructor has just asked the class, "What is intelligence?" Of the following, which statement embodies the spirit of psychology's simplest answer?
Intelligence is whatever intelligence tests measure.
Stability or Change?
Intelligence scores become stable after about seven years of age. In numerous studies such stability of intelligence scores have been ascertained (Angoff, 1988; Deary et al., 2004).
More intelligent children and adults tend to live healthier and longer lives. Which of the following is NOT a possible reason for this phenomenon?
Intelligent people have slower reaction times, making it less likely that they will put themselves at risk.
Aptitude test
Intended to predict your ability to learn a new skill
Achievement test
Intended to reflect what you have already learned.
Cognitive Development in the Newborn
Investigators study infants gePing habituated to objects over some duration of time. New objects are paid more aPention than habituated ones, showing learning.
Zelda was adopted when she was an infant. Her adoptive parents' intelligence test scores are in the average range. Her biological parents, on the other hand, have test scores that are well above average. When Zelda is 30, what can be predicted about her performance on an intelligence test?
It will be more similar to her biological parents' test scores.
Developing Morality
Kohlberg (1981, 1984) sought to describe the development of moral reasoning. Kohlberg posed moral dilemmas, like "Whether a person should steal medicine to save a loved one's life," to children and adolescents and found stages of moral development.
Charles Spearman expressed the belief that intelligence was best characterized as:
a general ability.
Validity
ability of a test to measure what it is intended to measure.
Reliability
ability of a test to produce consistent results when administered on repeated occasions under similar conditions.
Lewis Terman
adapted Binet's test for American school children and named the test the Stanford-Binet Test. The formula of Intelligence Quotient (IQ) introduced byWilliam Stern is:
Standardization
administration of a test to a large, representative sample of people under uniform conditions for the purpose of establishing norm
Which of the following is a form of social intelligence?
emotional intelligence
Actors are very good at being able to express feelings for a variety of situations. It can safely be assumed that these actors would score high on measures of:
emotional intelligence.
Bethany's roommates play video games every night for a week, right outside her room. Bethany would love to play, but she chooses to stay in her room and study that week instead because she keeps thinking of her eventual goal of becoming a veterinarian. Based on this explanation, Bethany may have high:
emotional intelligence.
Willis again picked the wrong day to ask his boss for a day off, especially with the multimillion-dollar project proposal due in a couple of days. This best illustrates a lack of:
emotional intelligence.
Although malnutrition, sensory deprivation, and social isolation can retard normal brain development there is no _____ recipe for turning a normal infant into a genius.
environmental
Mike is wondering what happens to a person after death. This is an example of _____ intelligence.
existential
Carol Dweck describes the belief that intelligence is changeable, determined, and improves with practice and training as a:
growth mindset.
The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) is best able to tell us
how the test-taker compares with other adults in vocabulary and arithmetic reasoning.
The strongest support for heredity's influence on intelligence is the finding that
identical twins, but not other siblings, have nearly identical intelligence test scores.
General Intelligence
intelligence can be described as asingle factor called general intelligence, or the g factor.
The first extremely large-scale administration of an intelligence test was performed in which context?
testing army recruits in World War I
Before publishing her test of musical aptitude, Professor Reed first administered the test to a representative sample of people. This was most clearly necessary for test _____.
standardization
Before publishing her test of musical aptitude, Professor Reed first administered the test to a representative sample of people. This was most clearly necessary for test:
standardization.
Women have been found to score lower on math tests when they are tested alongside men. This best illustrates the impact of:
stereotype threat.
Emotionally intelligent people tend to
succeed in their careers.